CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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Hits 1 to 20 of 103

_id caadria2009_018
id caadria2009_018
authors Ambrose, Michael; Benjamin G. Callam, Joseph Kunkel and Luc Wilson
year 2009
title How To Make A Digi-Brick
source Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 5-12
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.005
summary This project examines a non-traditional method of construction generated through a digital design process that leverages digital fabrication techniques related to masonry construction. Where as architects’ use of computers first affected shape and structure, it is now additionally affecting material, construction, and craft. This design proposal explores these concepts through the production of a wall using simple configuration and reconfiguration of a repeated module adaptable to differing and unique contexts and site conditions. The masonry module is designed and built through the exploration of a CAD-CAM process. The prototypes produced investigate the repetition of a single module unit, manipulated and interlocked resulting in a continuous surface that is more than just the sum of its individual parts. The material, construction and craft of each unit informs and challenges the entire project to question the making of the masonry module into a wall.
keywords Digital fabrication, design theory, digital design methods
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ijac20097408
id ijac20097408
authors Biloria, Nimish; Valentina Sumini
year 2009
title Performative Building Skin Systems: A Morphogenomic Approach Towards Developing Real-Time Adaptive Building Skin Systems
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 7 - no. 4, 643-676
summary Morphogenomics, a relatively new research area, involves understanding the role played by information regulation in the emergence of diverse natural and artificially generated morphologies. Performative building skin systems as a bottom-up parametric formation of context aware interdependent, ubiquitously communicating components leading to the development of continually performative systems is one of the multi-scalar derivations of the aforementioned Morphogenomic understanding. The agenda of adaptations for these building skins specifically corresponds to three domains of adaptation: structural, behavioral and physiological adaptations resulting in kinetic adaptability, energy generation, conservation, transport and usage principles as well as material property based changes per component. The developed skins adapt in real time via operating upon ubiquitous communication and data-regulation protocols for sensing and processing contextual information. Computational processes and information technology based tools and techniques such as parametric design, real-time simulation using game design software, environmental information mapping, sensing and actuating systems coupled with inbuilt control systems as well as manufacturing physical models in collaboration with praxis form a vital part of these skin systems. These experiments and analysis based on developing intrinsic inter-dependencies between contextual data, structure and material logistics thus lay the foundation for a new era of continually performing, self powering, real-time adaptive intelligent building skin systems.
series journal
last changed 2010/09/06 08:02

_id 4f1b
id 4f1b
authors Booth, Peter
year 2009
title Digital Materiality: emergent computational fabrication
source Performative Ecologies in the Built Environment: Sustainability Research Accross Disciplines: 43rd Annual Conference of the Australian and New Zealand Architectural Science Association
summary Fundamentally architecture is a material-based practice that implies that making and the close engagement of materiality is intrinsic to design process. With the rapid uptake of new computational tools and fabrication techniques by the architectural profession there is potential for the connection between architecture and materiality to be diminished. Innovative digital technologies are redefining the relationship between design and construction encoding in the process new ways of thinking about architecture. A new archetype of sustainable architectural process is emerging, often cited as Digital Materialism. Advanced computational processes are moving digital toolsets away from a representational mode towards being integral to the design process. These methods are allowing complex design variables (material, fabrication, environment, etc.) to be interplayed within the design process, allowing an active relationship between performative criteria and design sustainability to be embedded within design methodology.
keywords Digital, Process, Material, Fabrication
series other
type normal paper
email
last changed 2010/03/06 02:53

_id 96d8
id 96d8
authors Booth, Peter; Loo, Stephen
year 2009
title Beyond Equilibrium: Sustainable Digital Design
source Sustainable theory/ theorizing sustainability Proceedings from the 5th International Conference of the Association of Architecture Victoria University, New Zealand, 4-5 September 2009
summary Implicit in current understandings of sustainability is the presence of a closed system with the capacity of equilibration. Sustainable practices, including design practices, are therefore assumed to possess a redemptive role: design is deployed (as environmentally sustainable design, etc.) to change habits, develop new technologies and recover marginalized practices in the hope of righting the balance between the environment and human endeavours.

Recent developments in experimental digital design have demonstrated non‐linear and highly complex relations between topological transformations, material change, and the temporal dimension of forces. More importantly, this method of design is bottom‐up, because it does not rely on design solutions presaged by conventions, or restricted by representation, but is emergent within the performance of computational design itself. We argue that digital design processes need to move beyond the flux of determinates and solutions in equilibrium, towards a radically continuous but consistent production, which is in effect, an expression of sustainable pedagogy.

The role of emergent digital techniques has significant impact on the methods in which computation is utilized within both practice and academic environments. This paper outlines a digital design studio on sustainability at the University of Tasmania, Australia that uses parametric modelling, digital performance testing, and topological morphology, concomitant with actual material fabrication, as a potent mode of collaborative design studio practice towards a sustainable design pedagogy.

keywords digital, computation, process, morphogenesis.
series other
type normal paper
email
last changed 2009/09/08 23:21

_id 1ad0
id 1ad0
authors Qu, Yingge; Schnabel, Marc Aurel
year 2009
title Drawing Architecture using Manga Techniques
source Managing IT in Construction / Managing Construction for Tomorrow, CIB W78, Attila Dikbas, Esin Ergen & Heyecan Giritli (eds.), CRC Press/Balkema, Istanbul, Turkey, pp.567-576
summary Manga is a type of stylised bitonal drawings pleasing in terms of screen variety and tidy lines. In this paper, we present a method to draw architecture, spatial compositions and their details, including colours, textures, and tones, using manga drawing techniques. Given a colour image, such as photography, or drawing, our method finds the optimal solution for screening during the bi-tonal transformation, as well as a set of ideally abstracted line drawings. This offers a novel rendering appearance for the communication of architectural design. In our results we demonstrate successfully that our method generates manga-like drawings from an architectural image that preserve architectural key-elements, such as surface or material properties.
keywords representation, visual communication, non-photorealistic rendering, multidimensional scaling, Manga
series other
type normal paper
email
last changed 2010/02/02 08:54

_id ascaad2009_emmanuel_ruffo
id ascaad2009_emmanuel_ruffo
authors Ruffo, Emmanuel
year 2009
title Programming As an Evolutionary Concept for Architectural Education: From natural systems to computer science materialization to emergent and evolutionary embedded architectural design
source Digitizing Architecture: Formalization and Content [4th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2009) / ISBN 978-99901-06-77-0], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 11-12 May 2009, pp. 47-59
summary Logic and evolution in ontogenetic processes for Architectural design was the title for a summer program taught at the Escuela de Arquitectura of the Universidad Anahuac from June to July 2008 in the State of Mexico, Mexico. Every single result in architectural design follows logical steps enclosed in the design processes. These logical processes evolve through space-time sequences in order to generate a diversity of possible solutions. In Biology an ontogenetic process refers to the development of an individual organism, anatomical or behavioral feature from the earliest stage to maturity. Following this development criteria students were encouraged to understand the main logics of natural and physical systems through the aid of computer programming. These logics must be understood as tridimensional geometries digitally generated. Right from the beginning all processes generated during the explorations and investigations had to be visualized as integral design performances. The integral design system must embedded structure, function, form and material capacities through the aid of computer programming, digital fabrication technologies and material assembling techniques. It is important to note that final prototypes had to demonstrate the diversity of capacities of the whole system in order to automate the components in evolution.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2009/06/30 08:12

_id sigradi2009_867
id sigradi2009_867
authors Shadkhou, Shaghayegh; Jean-Claude Bignon
year 2009
title Architectural morphogenesis - Towards a new description of architectural form
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary Introduction of computational techniques and numeric potentials to the process of architectural design has significantly challenged the process of form generation. Architectural morphogenesis denotes the generation of architectural form via its geometric adaptation to materiality and constructability. This work is presented as a part of a research activity which investigates integration of construction information as well as material properties to geometric description of the architectural form. Different aspects of architectural form are explored through analysis of certain examples. Basic issues of the research were examined through a one week workshop experiment with architecture students
keywords Computational form generation; materialization and constructability; geometric adaptation; geometric model; CAD/CAM technologies
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 10:00

_id ecaade2009_036
id ecaade2009_036
authors Tamke, Martin; Thomsen, Mette Ramsgard; Asut, Serdar; Josefsson, Kristoffer
year 2009
title Translating Material and Design Space: Strategies to Design with Curved Creased Surfaces
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 385-390
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.385
wos WOS:000334282200046
summary This paper shares findings from the project DevA (Developable surfaces in Architecture), a research by design based project developed a collaboration between academic and industry partners. The project aims to investigate the use of curved sheet material in architecture using hybridised 3D modelling and pattern cutting techniques. The project investigates how digital design and fabrication technologies enable the development of new structural concepts through the new means of material specification and detailing at unprecedented levels of precision. The paper presents speculative research project as well as the demonstrator Reef Pattern.
keywords Complex surface design, CAD, material behavior in design, industrial and interdisciplinary collaboration, practice based research
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id ecaadesigradi2019_508
id ecaadesigradi2019_508
authors Yenice, Yagmur and Park, Daekwon
year 2019
title V-INCA - Designing a smart geometric configuration for dry masonry wall
source Sousa, JP, Xavier, JP and Castro Henriques, G (eds.), Architecture in the Age of the 4th Industrial Revolution - Proceedings of the 37th eCAADe and 23rd SIGraDi Conference - Volume 2, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, 11-13 September 2019, pp. 515-520
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2019.2.515
summary Soil is still used as a building material in many parts of the world, especially in rural areas. Approximately 30% of the world's population is still living in shelters made by soil (Berge 2009). One of the techniques is using soil in mudbrick form, which is sun dried instead of being fired in kilns. However, mud bricks have low compressive and tensile strength. Instead of enhancing the mix formula, we focus on designing the geometry of the brick itself to improve walls' overall compressive and tensile strength. The goal of the research is to explore an innovative way to build masonry walls through geometrical examination together with computer aided design. Unlike traditional horizontal laying of the rectangular brick elements, 3D designed blocks take advantage of gravity and foster an accelerated assembly without mortar. They create a balance point in the middle of the wall during the construction. The geometry of V-INCA blocks allows dry construction which will reduce the amount of time spent on the site. Load distribution and the friction between two surfaces are sufficient to have a dry construction. Thus, a wall built with V-INCA is stronger intrinsically due to its geometry.
keywords Dry masonry construction; smart geometrical design; on-site material; compressed earth blocks; Inca masonry
series eCAADeSIGraDi
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id acadia22pr_124
id acadia22pr_124
authors Ago, Viola; Tursack, Hans
year 2022
title Understorey - A Pavilion in Parts
source ACADIA 2022: Hybrids and Haecceities [Projects Catalog of the 42nd Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 979-8-9860805-7-4]. University of Pennsylvania Stuart Weitzman School of Design. 27-29 October 2022. edited by M. Akbarzadeh, D. Aviv, H. Jamelle, and R. Stuart-Smith. 124-129.
summary In the summer of 2018, our collaboration was awarded a University Design Fellowship from the Exhibit Columbus organization to design, fabricate, and build a large pavilion in Columbus, Indiana as part of a biannual contemporary architecture exhibition. Our proposal for the competition was a pavilion that would double as an ecological education center. Our inspiration for this program was triggered in part by our reading of Jane Bennett’s materialist philosophy outlined in her book Vibrant Matter (2009). Through Bennett’s lens, our design rendered our site’s context as an animate field, replete with pre-existing material composites that we wanted to celebrate through a series of displays, information boards, and artificial lighting. In this, the installation would feature samples of local plants, minerals, and rocks, indigenous to Southern Indiana.
series ACADIA
type project
email
last changed 2024/02/06 14:06

_id acadia09_82
id acadia09_82
authors Bitonti, Francis
year 2009
title Computational Tectonics
source ACADIA 09: reForm( ) - Building a Better Tomorrow [Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-9842705-0-7] Chicago (Illinois) 22-25 October, 2009), pp. 82-89
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2009.082
summary The goal of this research is to define a methodology for the construction of complex non-repeating surfaces and structures that rely on the formulation of a singular tectonic mechanism. Computational systems like cellular automata seem to suggest that it might be possible for modular material systems to self-assemble into complex organizations. A single series of modular parts could be capable of producing not only complex behavior, but also, depending on initial conditions, simple periodic behavior. The research outlined in this paper uses simple geometric transformations to produce tectonic computers that can be applied to a variety of building systems. This paper outlines a methodology for encoding and decoding material assemblages as discrete computational systems. Exploiting the combinatorial nature of tectonic systems makes it possible to produce a population of “material algorithms” capable of exhibiting a wide range of behaviors. Encoding assemblages as discrete systems affords the designer the ability to enumerate and search all possible permutations of a tectonic system. In this paper, we will discuss the calculations and computational processes used to encode material assemblages as populations of discrete algorithms.
keywords Fabrication, modular system, structure, enumeration systems, material algorithms
series ACADIA
type Normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id ecaade2011_136
id ecaade2011_136
authors Bohnenberger, Sascha; de Rycke, Klaas; Weilandt, Agnes
year 2011
title Lattice Spaces: Form optimisation throgh customization of non developable 3d wood surfaces
source RESPECTING FRAGILE PLACES [29th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-9-4912070-1-3], University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Architecture (Slovenia) 21-24 September 2011, pp.751-758
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2011.751
wos WOS:000335665500087
summary This paper discusses a collaborative project by RDAI architects, Bollinger+Grohmann and the timber construction company Holzbau Amann. The project is located in a former swimming pool in Paris and it is part of the new interior of a flagship store of the French fashion label Hermes. In late 2009, Rena Duma Architects, asked Bollinger+Grohmann to collaborate as structural engineers on a challenging design proposal within a very short timeframe. Three wooden lattice structures, the so-called “bulle” and one monumental staircase with a similar design approach characterize the interior of the new flagship store. The lattice structures are dividing the basement into different retail spaces. They vary in height (8-9 m) and diameter (8-12 m) and have a free-form shaped wicker basket appearance. Wood was the chosen material for these structures to strengthen the idea of the wickerbaskets and to create an interior space with a sustainable and innovative material.
keywords Digital production; parametric design; mass customization; wood; digital crafting
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/05/01 23:21

_id sigradi2009_913
id sigradi2009_913
authors Bruno, Fernando Batista; José Luis Farinatti Aymone; Fábio Gonçalves Teixeira; Tânia Luisa Koltermann da Silva
year 2009
title Programa de modelagem 3D em VRML para web [VRML 3D modeling software for Web]
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary This work describes a software which is a VRML (Virtual Reality Modeling Language) modeler based on Web and a learning object for this language. The modeler, developed using PHP, HTML and JavaScript, runs directly on a website and it is able to show the model and its VRML code during the creation process, and to record it on the user machine. The software developed is able to model primitive forms, as box, cylinder and sphere, and faceset surfaces, helping users to model 3D objects and to understand VRML syntax. The model material is chosen according to color and transparency.
keywords Web; VRML; 3D Modeling; Virtual Reality
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id caadria2009_318
id caadria2009_318
authors Burke, Anthony
year 2009
title Competing "Intelligences"
source Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 607-611
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.607
summary In this paper, the dominant definitions of intelligence are explored in order to establish a set of working principals towards the development of higher order computational design processes in architecture. A review of intelligence as it has been understood over the last 60 years since Alan Turing (1950) first asked the question “can machines think?” shows the question of intelligence is far from clearly understood. Principals of intelligence however can be identified within the neurophysiological and artificial intelligence (AI) communities that differ significantly from the notion of intelligence as it is commonly used in architecture typically relating to the phenomena of emergence and critical point material physics. While distinct, these definitions provide a foundation for understanding intelligence specifically in computational architecture at a moment when it is necessary to develop a foundational taxonomy of systems thinking and processes. Through critiquing the principals of intelligence as it is understood in these different discipline areas, the thesis of this paper is that it is possible to frame a productive general theory of intelligent systems applicable to design processes, while simultaneously distinguishing the goals of design oriented higher order computational systems from those goals of general Artificial Intelligence research.
keywords Intelligence; computation; design; architecture
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id acadia09_284
id acadia09_284
authors Cheng, Nancy Yen-wen; Hegre, Erik
year 2009
title Serendipity and Discovery in a Machine Age: Craft and a CNC Router
source ACADIA 09: reForm( ) - Building a Better Tomorrow [Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-9842705-0-7] Chicago (Illinois) 22-25 October, 2009), pp. 284-286
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2009.284
summary Our digital carving experiments reveal ways to invite discovery into the design process. Working with sketched lines, handcrafted finishing, geometric overlay, and tool path coding can lead a designer to unexpected results. Concentrating on forming processes moving through material over time encourages open-ended play. Iteratively examining how computer operations generate carved results provides a craftsman’s understanding of tools and materials.
series ACADIA
type Short paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id acadia23_v3_115
id acadia23_v3_115
authors Dade-Robertson, Martyn
year 2023
title Designing with Agential Matter
source ACADIA 2023: Habits of the Anthropocene: Scarcity and Abundance in a Post-Material Economy [Volume 3: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference for the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 979-8-9891764-1-0]. Denver. 26-28 October 2023. edited by A. Crawford, N. Diniz, R. Beckett, J. Vanucchi, M. Swackhamer 24-32.
summary There have been, very broadly, three eras in the understanding of matter in design. The first, associated with an Aristotelian view of matter as inert and as a receptacle of form, has dominated many of the formalisms in Architectural Design from the Renaissance through to Modernism. The second, sometimes described as “new materialism” (Menges 2012), considers matter as active through design processes which work with materials’ inherent tendencies and capacities. This has led to now-familiar design methods, including Material Based Design Computation (Oxman 2009), and many experiments with active materials such as bilayer metals and hygromorphs. These materials can be programmed to respond to their environments and often take inspiration from biology. I want to suggest that we are entering a new era of understanding matter, which I refer to as the “agential era.”
series ACADIA
type keynote
email
last changed 2024/04/17 13:59

_id ecaade2009_021
id ecaade2009_021
authors Fleischmann, Moritz; Ahlquist, Sean
year 2009
title Cylindrical Mesh Morphologies: Study of Computational Meshes based on Parameters of Force, Material, and Space for the Design of Tension-Active Structures
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 39-46
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.039
wos WOS:000334282200003
summary In experimenting with digital processes for simulating the behavior of tension-active cable nets, a method was developed for creating informed geometries by utilizing computational meshes that carry properties of structure, space, and material. A spring-based particle system provided the dynamics to simulate the flow of tension force through the geometry. Particular functions were scripted to embed logics for fabrication and analysis of spatial parameters. This formulated a lightweight, reactive design tool for which multiple cable net morphologies could be quickly generated. This paper will describe the experiments in creating the method to generate such cable net morphologies, and discuss the potential application for this computational framework to apply to other architectural systems.
keywords Computation, particle system, spring, dynamic relaxation, processing, fabrication
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id sigradi2009_676
id sigradi2009_676
authors Garcia Alvarado, Rodrigo
year 2009
title Modelos Constructivos por Fabricación Digital [Constructive Models by Digital Fabrication]
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary Digital manufacturing allows to elaborate constructive models to study material conditions and industrialization of building designs. This paper exposes strategies to develop models based on structural sections of 3D volumes, cutting profiles in BIM software, flexible manufacturing of building types and development of constructive systems. These procedures demonstrate combination of design and manufacturing technologies that encourages integrated building and new architectural possibilities.
keywords Digital Manufacturing; Building Industrialization; 3D-modeling; CAD/CAM; BIM
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:52

_id acadia09_110
id acadia09_110
authors Gharleghi, Mehran; Sadeghy, Amin
year 2009
title Adaptive Pneus
source ACADIA 09: reForm( ) - Building a Better Tomorrow [Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-9842705-0-7] Chicago (Illinois) 22-25 October, 2009), pp. 110-117
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2009.110
summary The research focuses on the performative capacities of a pneumatic material system in regards to the specific environmental conditions. The use of Adaptation as a mechanism to modulate environmental performance was the main focus of the design process and research. The location of the sun during the day acts as a trigger to adapt the system, allowing the system to passively augment the environmental conditions. A new form-finding method that combines digital and material processes has been the main method by which the experiments were undertaken. This approach necessitates a dramatic shift in the architectural design, from producing static to environmentally responsive objects. It requires a shift in thinking from buildings as static and non-active systems to material system existing over time within specific environments capable of complex environmental performances.
keywords Responsive design, fabrication, prototyping, form finding, solar shading
series ACADIA
type Normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id ecaade2018_312
id ecaade2018_312
authors Gündüz, Gamze, Oral, Hülya and Yazar, Tu?rul
year 2018
title Integration of Design Geometry with "Computational Making" in Basic Design Studio - A Case Study of Lanterns Project
source Kepczynska-Walczak, A, Bialkowski, S (eds.), Computing for a better tomorrow - Proceedings of the 36th eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland, 19-21 September 2018, pp. 439-448
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2018.2.439
summary Basic design education, as an introduction of design principles to novice students, has two-way of teaching which are design thinking and professional training, since Bauhaus. Initiated in 2009, the Computation-based Basic Design Studio creates a common ground through discussions between students, academics, and professionals from various backgrounds. In this paper, the implementation of parallel courses named Computation-based Basic Design Studio and Design Geometry is discussed upon final assignment of the first semester- New Year's Lanterns. The given assignment structured as a cyclic process through constant feedback between geometric relations, material performance, and, joinery details to achieve novel outcomes that exceed the preliminarily set structural criteria. In relation to individual processes and outcomes of the final assignment, observed tendencies developed by students', at the end of their first-term in design education, will be discussed as final remarks.
keywords design education; basic design; design geometry; polyhedra
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:49

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