Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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Reformat results as: short short into frame detailed detailed into frame

_id	ecaade2009_145
id	ecaade2009_145
authors	Gün, Onur Yüce
year	2009
title	Value through Precision, Beyond the Realms
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 377-384
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.377
wos	WOS:000334282200045
summary	Today we portray designs with analytical systems and systems with the emerging terminology of computational design. Generative, intelligent, digital, parametric, associative, biomimetic designs sound valuable, whereas the integrity remains questionable. The tool, enabling designer to play with forms, patterns, models is neither granting him the knowledge nor teaching him the appropriate technique. Are we really able to digest and master all the information we’re subject to, to be used in our designs? Or do we have much to learn about the investigations of the renaissance men to reach to a level of proficiency?
keywords	Computation, design, precision, digital, scripting, CAD, data, scripting, visualization, optimization, rationalization
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:49

_id	caadria2009_278
id	caadria2009_278
authors	Lostritto, Carl
year	2009
title	Scripting Animation
source	Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 747-754
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.747
summary	Relationships are amplified and collapsed together as animate surfaces in the formal and spatial manifestation of design parameters. Animation is demonstrated as a medium to express topologies, as each frame is the resultant of a programmed serious of computations, the result of which varies with a parameter: effectively, time. Related conditions are parameterized through the design of algorithms as a means of direct translation into animation. Interrelated forces and limits can conversely congeal into statics with animate qualities. Process and product merge to create a language of phenomenological effects and patterns. While animation is exploited to represent parametric relationships there is a maintained awareness of time and space. The systemization and codification of design “problems” simultaneously facilitates functional, solution-driven architecture. The output is characterized by complex, performative, and specific solutions uniquely relevant to emerging models for fabrication and construction. Usage requirements and site conditions carry the weight of information-based contexts and experience-based symbols as fuel for the inherently cyclical process.
keywords	algorithm: animation; scripting; computation; aesthetics
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	ascaad2009_mai_abdelsalam
id	ascaad2009_mai_abdelsalam
authors	Abdelsalam, Mai
year	2009
title	The Use of the Smart Geometry through Various Design Processes: Using the programming platform (parametric features) and generative components
source	Digitizing Architecture: Formalization and Content [4th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2009) / ISBN 978-99901-06-77-0], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 11-12 May 2009, pp. 297-304
summary	The emergence of parametric generative design tools and prototyping manufacturing technology led to radical changes in architectural morphologies. This change increased the opportunity to develop innovative smart geometries. Integrating these algorithms in the parametric softwares led to variations in building design concepts increasing alternatives and decreasing the repetitive work previously needed in conventional CAD software. The chosen software in this research is Generative Components (GC). It is a software design tool for an associative and parametric design platform. It is tested for using Global Variables with associative functions during the concept creation and form GC comprises features. The results presented in this research may be considered an introduction to the smart geometry revolution. It deals with the generative design which applied in the design process from conceptual design phase, defining the problem, exploring design solutions, then how to develop the design phases. Office building is a building type which encourages new forms that needs computational processes to deal with repetitive functions and modular spaces and enclosed in a flexible creative structural skin. Generative design helps the office buildings to be arranged, analysed, and optimized using parameters in early stages in design process. By the end of the research, the use of the smart geometry in a high rise office building is defined and explained. The research is divided into three parts, first a summary of the basic theories of office buildings design and the sustainable requirements that affect it, and should be integrated. Secondly, the previous experiences in generating office buildings by Norman foster and Sergio Araya. At last, a case study is proposed to test and evaluate the use of the parametric generative methodology in designing an office building with specific emphasis on the function, environmental aspects and form generation using Generative Components (GC) Software.
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2009/06/30 08:12

_id	sigradi2009_957
id	sigradi2009_957
authors	Baerlecken, Daniel Michael; Gernot Riether
year	2009
title	From texture to volume: an investigation in quasi-crystalline systems
source	SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary	The relation between texture, pattern and massing is a fundamental question in architecture. Classical architecture, as Leon Battista Alberti states in “De re aedificatoria” (Book VI, Chapter 2), is developed through massing and structure first; texture is added afterwards to give the bold massing and structure beauty. Only the ornamentation adds pulcritudo to the raw structure and massing. Rather than starting with a volume and applying texture afterwards, the Digital Girih project started with textural operations that informed the overall volume later. The stereometric, top-down methodology is questioned through the bottom-up methodology of the Girih project. Girih lines of traditional Islamic patterns were used as a starting point. The aspect of 3-dimensionality was developed analogue as well as digital, using the deformability of different materials at various scales and digital construction techniques as parameters. The flexibility within the Girih rules allowed the system to adapt to different tasks and situations and to react to different conditions between 2- and 3- dimensionality. The project in that way explored a bottom-up process of form generation. This paper will describe the process of the project and explain the necessity of digital tools, such as Grasshopper and Rhino, and fabrication tools, such as laser cutter and CNC fabrication technology, that were essential for this process.
keywords	Generative Design; Parametric Design; Tessellation; Form Finding; Scripting
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	caadria2009_137
id	caadria2009_137
authors	Baerlecken, Daniel; Judith Reitz
year	2009
title	Combinatorial Productivity
source	Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 761-770
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.761
summary	The paper investigates knotting techniques as a method for generating wall systems. The essential matter of the paper is to demonstrate the potential of knotted, algorithmic architecture through different research studies, which share the knotting of linear elements as a common methodology for design development. Combinatorial Productivity implies that by combining linear elements hidden properties of a system emerge and thereby the system becomes productive.
keywords	Generative Design; Design methodology; Parametric Form Generation; Knot Theory; Scripting
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	acadia09_226
id	acadia09_226
authors	Benton, Sarah
year	2009
title	reForming: Responding to Our Land in Crisis
source	ACADIA 09: reForm( ) - Building a Better Tomorrow [Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-9842705-0-7] Chicago (Illinois) 22-25 October, 2009), pp. 226-233
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2009.226
summary	An environmental crisis in Australia in early 2009 prompted the architectural design work considered in this paper. Bushfires ravaged the Victorian hinterland, destroying lives and families. The crises inspired me to explore the ACADIA 2009 conference theme, reForm(): how technologies transform the ways in which buildings and spaces perform, act and operate. This paper explores architectural design in distressed contexts and some design technologies used to formalize new housing development and respond to the environmental crisis.
keywords	Parametric design, environment, design logic, landscape, biomimicry
series	ACADIA
type	Normal paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ijac20097408
id	ijac20097408
authors	Biloria, Nimish; Valentina Sumini
year	2009
title	Performative Building Skin Systems: A Morphogenomic Approach Towards Developing Real-Time Adaptive Building Skin Systems
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 7 - no. 4, 643-676
summary	Morphogenomics, a relatively new research area, involves understanding the role played by information regulation in the emergence of diverse natural and artificially generated morphologies. Performative building skin systems as a bottom-up parametric formation of context aware interdependent, ubiquitously communicating components leading to the development of continually performative systems is one of the multi-scalar derivations of the aforementioned Morphogenomic understanding. The agenda of adaptations for these building skins specifically corresponds to three domains of adaptation: structural, behavioral and physiological adaptations resulting in kinetic adaptability, energy generation, conservation, transport and usage principles as well as material property based changes per component. The developed skins adapt in real time via operating upon ubiquitous communication and data-regulation protocols for sensing and processing contextual information. Computational processes and information technology based tools and techniques such as parametric design, real-time simulation using game design software, environmental information mapping, sensing and actuating systems coupled with inbuilt control systems as well as manufacturing physical models in collaboration with praxis form a vital part of these skin systems. These experiments and analysis based on developing intrinsic inter-dependencies between contextual data, structure and material logistics thus lay the foundation for a new era of continually performing, self powering, real-time adaptive intelligent building skin systems.
series	journal
last changed	2010/09/06 08:02

_id	ecaade2009_003
id	ecaade2009_003
authors	Brell-Cokcan, Sigrid; Reis, Martin; Schmiedhofer, Heinz; Braumann, Johannes
year	2009
title	Digital Design to Digital Production: Flank Milling with a 7-Axis CNC-Milling Robot and Parametric Design
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 323-330
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.323
wos	WOS:000334282200039
summary	Just recently Flank Milling has opened up new possibilities in detailing large-scale architectural building envelopes. Whereas examples such as the Hungerburgbahn by Zaha Hadid show the application of Flank Milling at the end of the architectural manufacturing process, our research, in contrast, focuses on the implementation of constraints immanent to manufacturing techniques as early architectural design parameters. This process is explored by the help of generative modeling tools, to allow an intuitive design of freeform parametric curves and surfaces while at the same time obeying crucial geometric conditions. In this paper, we will focus on the “digital design to digital production” process on a 7-axis industrial CNC -robot.
keywords	CNC milling technologies, robot-milling, parametric design, freeform surface, digital architecture
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ecaade2009_117
id	ecaade2009_117
authors	Burry, Jane; Holzer, Dominik
year	2009
title	Sharing Design Space: Remote Concurrent Shared Parametric Modeling
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 333-340
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.333
wos	WOS:000334282200040
summary	This paper reports on research involving researchers and senior undergraduate students investigating the potential for sharing parametric digital design models via a central server using version control software for file sharing and locking. The innovation is introducing remote shared flexible modeling in very early design to observe firstly, the negotiation of protocols for working together in this environment and secondly the generative and constraining impacts of working in a flexible relational model with other unseen hands at work.
keywords	collaborative design, digital modeling, parametric design, version control
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	sigradi2009_1100
id	sigradi2009_1100
authors	Celento, David
year	2009
title	Digital Craft Meets the Ancient Art of Ceramics: Would the Bauhaus Approve?
source	SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary	The Bauhaus was founded upon the controversial premise that emergent mechanical processes offered new and creative ways to explore materials. Today, we encounter equally tendentious scenarios where the designer often appears one step further removed—automated CNC machines are driven by computational machines. Like the early activities of the Bauhaus some view digital pursuits with suspicion; however, digital design/fabrication is the “Nächster Bauhaus Bewegun” offering opportunities for design innovation equal in significance to that of the Bauhaus. This paper partially examines the theoretical implications of digital design/fabrication, then presents a collaboration between an architect and artist re-examining the architectural cladding possibilities using digital tools to shape one of mankind’s most venerable materials—ceramics.
keywords	Ceramics in architecture, mass customization, digital fabrication, parametric design
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:48

_id	ecaade2022_367
id	ecaade2022_367
authors	Doumpioti, Christina and Huang, Jeffrey
year	2022
title	Field Condition - Environmental sensibility of spatial configurations with the use of machine intelligence
source	Pak, B, Wurzer, G and Stouffs, R (eds.), Co-creating the Future: Inclusion in and through Design - Proceedings of the 40th Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2022) - Volume 2, Ghent, 13-16 September 2022, pp. 67–74
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2022.2.067
summary	Within computational environmental design (CED), different Machine Learning (ML) models are gaining ground. They aim for time efficiency by automating simulation and speeding up environmental performance feedback. This study suggests an approach that enhances not the optimization but the generative aspect of environmentally driven ML processes in architectural design. We follow Stan Allen's (2009) idea of 'field conditions' as a bottom-up phenomenon according to which form and space emerge from local invisible and dynamic connections. By employing parametric modeling, environmental analysis data, and conditional Generative Adversarial Networks [cGAN] we introduce a generative approach in design that reverses the typical design process of going from formal interpretation to analysis and encourages the emergence of spatial configurations with embedded environmental intelligence. We call it Intensive-driven Environmental Design Computation [IEDC], and we employ it in a case study on a residential building typology encountered in the Mediterranean. The paper describes the process, emphasizing dataset preparation as the stage where the logic of field conditions is established. The proposed research differentiates from cGAN models that offer automatic environmental performance predictions to one that spatial predictions stem from dynamic fields.
keywords	Field Architecture, Environmental Design, Generative Design, Machine Learning, Residential Typologies
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2024/04/22 07:10

_id	ecaade2009_043
id	ecaade2009_043
authors	Dounas, Theodoros
year	2009
title	Animation as a Framework for Generative Design
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 213-218
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.213
wos	WOS:000334282200026
summary	The paper presents a framework for parametric and generative design based on shape grammars, implemented inside a 3d animation tool. A simple description is given on how animation works, along with parity features between shape grammars and animation tools. Work covered in previous papers by the writer, namely how the designer constructs individual tools from simple animation mechanisms is here expanded in a framework of algebras that not only function in geometric dimensions but also in time.
keywords	Shape grammars, animation, shape algebras, design generation
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	caadria2009_146
id	caadria2009_146
authors	Fagerström, Gustav
year	2009
title	Dynamic Relaxation of Tensegrity Structures
source	Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 553-562
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.553
summary	The structural hierarchy inherent to tensegrities enables a building skin that performs on multiple levels simultaneously. While having one function in the global building mechanics, its individual components can work as self-contained systems balancing tensile and compressive forces locally within them. The behavior of elements under load is linear and thus describable analytically. When these are aggregated in a tensegrity however, the performance of the assembly as a whole is non-linear. In order to investigate further these relationships a method of dynamic relaxation will be developed. This tool allows for simulation and load analysis of a complex tensegrous network, based on the relationships between force, stiffness and dimension formulated by Young and the computational means provided by a parametric/associative modeling environment. This research investigates the possible formfinding through computational means of a double-layer tensegrity grid.
keywords	Dynamic; relaxation; tensegrity; form finding
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	sigradi2020_9
id	sigradi2020_9
authors	Felipe, Bárbara L.; Nome, Carlos
year	2020
title	Digital Fabrication Techniques: A systematic literature review
source	SIGraDi 2020 [Proceedings of the 24th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISSN: 2318-6968] Online Conference 18 - 20 November 2020, pp. 9-16
summary	The materialization of architectural forms uses new processes aided by digital manufacturing techniques (FD). Five FD techniques stand out: sectioning (serial planes), tessellation, folding, contouring, and forming. This article's objective is to characterize the state of the art of these techniques, from 2009 to 2020 in national and international research bases. The Systematic Literature Review is used from three stages and nine protocol phases. The results indicate the techniques, methods, computer simulations, and applicability in more recurrent materials.
keywords	Digital Fabrication techniques, Digital Fabrication, Algorithmic Architecture; Parametric Design.
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2021/07/16 11:48

_id	sigradi2009_968
id	sigradi2009_968
authors	Figueiredo, Bruno Acácio Ferreira; José P. Duarte
year	2009
title	Making customized tree-like structures: Integrating algorithmic design with digital fabrication
source	SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary	The ultimate goal of this paper is to contribute for the discussion on the role of digital technologies in architecture, focusing on the convergence of generative design systems with digital fabrication processes for expanding design capabilities. It presents a generative design system of customized tree-like structures for supporting irregular roof surfaces, as an alternative to conventional architectural design processes. It discusses the introduction of an algorithmic and parametric approach to design problems as a methodology for promoting design experimentation and enabling the fabrication of complex design configurations.
keywords	Generative Design System; Parametric Design; Digital Fabrication; CAD/CAM; AutoLISP
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:51

_id	ijac20097406
id	ijac20097406
authors	Hanafin, Stuart; Greg Pitts; Sambit Datta
year	2009
title	Non-Deterministic Exploration through Parametric Design
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 7 - no. 4, 605-622
summary	This paper explores non-deterministic parametric modelling as a design tool. Specifically, it addresses the application of parametric variables to the generation of a conceptual bridge design and the use of repeatable discrete components to the conceptual form. In order to control the generation of the bridge form, a set of design variables based on the concept of a law curve have been developed. These design variables are applied and tested through interactive modelling and variation, driven by manipulating the law curve. Combining this process with the application and control of a repeatable element, known as a Representative Volumetric Element (RVE), allows for the development and exploration of a design solution that could not be achieved through the use of conventional computer modelling. The competition brief for the Australian Institute of Architects (AIA) ‘Dialectical Bridge’ has been used as a case study to demonstrate the use of non-deterministic parametric modelling as a design tool. The results of the experimentation with parametric variables, the law curve and representative volumetric elements (RVE) are presented in the paper.
series	journal
last changed	2010/09/06 08:02

_id	ecaade2009_113
id	ecaade2009_113
authors	Henriques, Gonçalo Castro; Duarte, José Pinto; Brito, António Carvalho
year	2009
title	TetraScript: Development of an Integrated System Capable of Optimizing Light in a Circumscribed Space
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 31-38
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.031
wos	WOS:000334282200002
summary	The purpose of this research is to develop a process capable of optimizing the capture of light in a circumscribed space, using a responsive system of skylights. Research is focused on the design of irregular dome-like pavilion spaces circumscribed by curved surfaces, but the envisioned process might be applied to other functional, formal, and spatial typologies. The design of the pavilion starts with the generation of a surface, later tessellated into a matrix of skylights depending on the geographic location and sun orientation. In the constructed pavilion, the skylights react to the variation of daylight intensity during the day to satisfy specified internal lighting needs. Simultaneously, the integration of conception and fabrication using digital tools (CAD-CAM) facilitates the construction of a non-standard, parametric geometry, thereby diminishing the costs of production and allowing for personalization, while assuring global sustainability.
keywords	Scripting, digital fabrication, automation, responsive system
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:49

_id	ascaad2009_marek_hnizda
id	ascaad2009_marek_hnizda
authors	Hnizda, Marek
year	2009
title	Systems-Thinking: Formalization of parametric process
source	Digitizing Architecture: Formalization and Content [4th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2009) / ISBN 978-99901-06-77-0], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 11-12 May 2009, pp. 215-223
summary	This paper details a design process focused on explicit digital parametric modeling as an integral system-outcome design. This investigation isolates and alters a simple geometric form (cylinder) in a constructed architectural design method. Systems are defined as logical, sequential operations inherent to the resultant effects. These operations within each system are composed of various parameters, singular entities containing or referencing data. Given specific data, operations are preformed culminating with corresponding outcomes. The two main components of this research pertain to object extraction and transformation. A single grain silo (cylinder), as the architectural/geometric object under examination, is tested using a system of varied parameters inputted into the program Grasshopper, an “explicit history” graphic plug-in for Rhinoceros. This application is utilized to digitally manipulate parameters as objects in a nodal arrangement. Throughout the operations execution, this isolated silo will be transformed into a multitude of versions, then regrouped into the original cluster of silos to expose the implications from patterning, adjacency, and repetition given the proximity of the each silo and its new parametric characteristics. As the various parameters in specific operations affect the system as a whole, so is each adjacent silo in proximity given the same or similar operation? This then is translated and reflected in the outcome. This research seeks to explore design process by applying constant digital 3-D reductive geometric, modular forms inviting systems thinking in parametric environments that can lead to architectural design implications. By focusing on the technical aspect of the parameterization and valuing functionality rather then style, the process becomes focused on formal qualities as the system-outcome relationships. This research tests the “aesthetic implications” of a varied mode of digital design, namely the investigation of an architectural process utilizing parametric design.
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2009/06/30 08:12

_id	ecaade2009_027
id	ecaade2009_027
authors	Ho, HsinYi; Wang, Ming-Hung
year	2009
title	Meta Form as a Parametric Design Language
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 713-718
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.713
wos	WOS:000334282200086
summary	This study is about building a conceptual architecture called Meta-form that can perform the acts of parametric design to generate various house forms. The study limits its scope to four genotypes of residential houses in the world. Typological Analysis is employed as a technique of distinguishing the key variables shared by the built forms. The result, with respect to each genotype, there are specific meta-form systems account for the generation of cases of phenotype by assigning different values to each corresponding parameter. With its generative power the meta-form system is evidently a useful tool to assist type-based form productions. As such, the parametric values also acquired the descriptive power of specifying built form characters.
keywords	Meta form, genotype, phenotype, typological analysis, parametric design
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	ijac20097201
id	ijac20097201
authors	Hudson, Roly
year	2009
title	Parametric Development of Problem Descriptions
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 7 - no. 2, 199-216
summary	This paper addresses the development of parametric models in contemporary architectural practice. A parametric model can be regarded as a representation of a solution space and in order to structure this, a description of the problem is required. Architectural design tasks are typically ill structured, the goals may not be defined and the means unknown. Moving from an incomplete problem description to a functional parametric model is a difficult task. In this paper the aim is to demonstrate that through a combination of knowledge acquisition and capture a parametric model can develop from an incomplete problem description. This demonstration draws on existing strands of design theory which are then used to outline a theoretical framework. This framework is then used to examine a case study of a live project and practical examples of the described theory in action are given. The practical observations are the result of a case study involving the author as a participant and observer working with Populous to develop a cladding geometry solution for Lansdowne Road Stadium in Dublin (now know as the AVIVA STADIUM).
series	journal
last changed	2009/08/11 08:39

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