Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	cf2011_p157
id	cf2011_p157
authors	Boton, Conrad; Kubicki Sylvain, Halin Gilles
year	2011
title	Understanding Pre-Construction Simulation Activities to Adapt Visualization in 4D CAD Collaborative Tools
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 477-492.
summary	Increasing productivity and efficiency is an important issue in the AEC field. This area is mainly characterized by fragmentation, heterogeneous teams with low lifetimes and many uncertainties. 4D CAD is one of the greatest innovations in recent years. It consists in linking a 3D model of the building with the works planning in order to simulate the construction evolution over time. 4D CAD can fill several needs from design to project management through constructivity analysis and tasks planning (Tommelein 2003). The literature shows that several applications have been proposed to improve the 4D CAD use (Chau et al. 2004; Lu et al. 2007; Seok & al. 2009). In addition, studies have shown the real impact of 4D CAD use in construction projects (Staub-French & Khanzode 2007; Dawood & Sika 2007). More recently, Mahalingam et al. (2010) showed that the collaborative use of 4D CAD is particularly useful during the pre-construction phase for comparing the constructability of working methods, for visually identifying conflicts and clashes (overlaps), and as visual tool for practitioners to discuss and to plan project progress. So the advantage of the 4D CAD collaborative use is demonstrated. Moreover, several studies have been conducted both in the scientific community and in the industrial world to improve it (Zhou et al. 2009; Kang et al. 2007). But an important need that remains in collaborative 4D CAD use in construction projects is about the adaptation of visualization to the users business needs. Indeed, construction projects have very specific characteristics (fragmentation, variable team, different roles from one project to another). Moreover, in the AEC field several visualization techniques can represent the same concept and actors choose one or another of these techniques according to their specific needs related to the task they have to perform. For example, the tasks planning may be represented by a Gantt chart or by a PERT network and the building elements can be depicted with a 3D model or a 2D plan. The classical view (3D + Gantt) proposed to all practitioners in the available 4D tools seems therefore not suiting the needs of all. So, our research is based on the hypothesis that adapting the visualization to individual business needs could significantly improve the collaboration. This work relies on previous ones and aim to develop a method 1) to choose the best suited views for performed tasks and 2) to compose adapted multiple views for each actor, that we call ‚Äúbusiness views‚Äù. We propose a 4 steps-method to compose business views. The first step identifies the users‚Äô business needs, defining the individual practices performed by each actor, identifying his business tasks and his information needs. The second step identifies the visualization needs related to the identified business needs. For this purpose, the user‚Äôs interactions and visualization tasks are described. This enables choosing the most appropriate visualization techniques for each need (step 3). At this step, it is important to describe the visualization techniques and to be able to compare them. Therefore, we proposed a business view metamodel. The final step (step 4) selects the adapted views, defines the coordination mechanisms and the interaction principles in order to compose coordinated visualizations. A final step consists in a validation work to ensure that the composed views really match to the described business needs. This paper presents the latest version of the method and especially presents our latest works about its first and second steps. These include making more generic the business tasks description in order to be applicable within most of construction projects and enabling to make correspondence with visualization tasks.
keywords	Pre-construction, Simulation, 4D CAD, Collaboration, Computer Supported Cooperative Work, Human-Computer Interface, Information visualization, Business view, Model driven engineering
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	ecaade2009_117
id	ecaade2009_117
authors	Burry, Jane; Holzer, Dominik
year	2009
title	Sharing Design Space: Remote Concurrent Shared Parametric Modeling
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 333-340
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.333
wos	WOS:000334282200040
summary	This paper reports on research involving researchers and senior undergraduate students investigating the potential for sharing parametric digital design models via a central server using version control software for file sharing and locking. The innovation is introducing remote shared flexible modeling in very early design to observe firstly, the negotiation of protocols for working together in this environment and secondly the generative and constraining impacts of working in a flexible relational model with other unseen hands at work.
keywords	collaborative design, digital modeling, parametric design, version control
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ecaade2009_071
id	ecaade2009_071
authors	Thompson, Emine Mine; Horne, Margaret
year	2009
title	Sharing 3D City Models: An Overview
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 261-268
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.261
wos	WOS:000334282200032
summary	This study describes the computing methods now available to enable the sharing of three-dimensional (3D) data between various stakeholders for the purposes of city modeling and considers the need for a seamless approach for sharing, transmitting, and maintaining 3D city models. The study offers an overview of the technologies and the issues related to remote access, collaboration, and version control. It builds upon previous research on 3D city models where issues were raised on utilizing, updating and maintaining 3D city models and providing access to various stakeholders. This paper will also describe a case study which is currently analyzing the remote access requirements for a sustainable computer model of NewcastleGateshead in England. Options available will be examined and areas of future research will be discussed.
keywords	3D City Models, sharing, remote access, virtual NewcastleGateshead
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	ecaade2009_179
id	ecaade2009_179
authors	Halatsch, Jan; Kunze, Antje; Schmitt, Gerhard
year	2009
title	Value Lab: a Collaborative Environment for the Planning of Future Cities
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 507-514
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.507
wos	WOS:000334282200061
summary	This paper describes how the Value Lab is a) developed and b) used in education, research and workshops for (1) Interactive urban design and scenario planning that includes methods to support concurrent collaborative urban design over distances, and scenario planning based on defined case studies; (2) Visualization techniques for the detection and prediction of changes in urban environments; (3) Knowledge transfer to synthesize, interact with and communicate essential knowledge and findings from an array of disciplines for decision making, education, training, demonstration, and public discussions.
keywords	Urban planning, information architecture, multi-touch displays, simulation, city modeling
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	ecaade2012_113
id	ecaade2012_113
authors	Jutraz, Anja ; Zupancic, Tadeja
year	2012
title	Digital system of tools for public participation and education in urban design: Exploring 3D ICC
source	Achten, Henri; Pavlicek, Jiri; Hulin, Jaroslav; Matejovska, Dana (eds.), Digital Physicality - Proceedings of the 30th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1 / ISBN 978-9-4912070-2-0, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Architecture (Czech Republic) 12-14 September 2012, pp. 383-392
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2012.1.383
wos	WOS:000330322400039
summary	This article is a starting point for the development of experiential urban co-design interfaces to enhance public participation in local urban projects and to be also used as a communication and collaboration tool in urban design. It is based on the previous research involving 3D city models utilized as understandable design interfaces for the non-technical public (Jutraz, Zupancic, 2011), where we have already explored different views (pedestrian, intermediate and bird’s-eye view), as well as the means by which the information obtained from these different views may be combined by shifting between viewpoints. Previous work was conducted in the “street lab” as well as the Urban Experimental Lab, which was developed specifi cally for the public’s participation in urban planning (Voigt, Kieferle, Wössner, 2009). Presented in this article is the next step that explores the immersive collaboration environment 3D ICC [1], formerly known as Teleplace. The environment was developed for effi cient collaboration and remote communication and shifts the research focus towards questions regarding how to employ both labs as interfaces between the non-technical public and design professionals. As we are facing the lack of digital systems for public participation and education in urban design, different digital tools for communication and collaboration should be combined into a new holistic platform for design. A digital system of tools needs to be developed that supports the urban design decision-making process and focuses on improved final solutions and increased satisfaction amongst all participants. In this article the system of digital tools for public participation, which include communication, collaboration and education, will be also defi ned, with its basic characteristics and its elements.
keywords	Digital system of tools; collaboration; 3D model; public participation; urban design
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	ijac20109201
id	ijac20109201
authors	Ramsgard Thomsen, Mette; Martin Tamke, Jacob Riiber Nielsen
year	2011
title	Generating a scalar logic: producing the "it's a SMALL world" exhibition
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 9 - no. 2, 115-132
summary	This paper presents the design project “it’s a SMALL world”, an exhibition design developed for the Danish Design Centre in 2009.The project investigates the making of a generative design environment by which multiple design parameters as from program, site or the subsequent digital fabrication and assembly process can be negotiated. In this paper we discuss methods for understanding the emergent interrelationships between encoded parameters, how to manage these and their impact on design.The implementation of the design necessitated a novel design method that allowed to blend the qualities of a generative design approach, that can adapt through recursion gradually to local requirements, with explicit definitions.The project showcases with its new developed manufacturing system for non- standard element how customized digital design and production tools allow for a novel nearness to material and new ways of production and collaboration of architects, engineers and the crafts.
series	journal
last changed	2019/05/24 09:55

_id	ecaade2009_022
id	ecaade2009_022
authors	Wurzer, Gabriel
year	2009
title	Systems: Constraining Functions through Processes (and Vice Versa)
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 659-664
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.659
wos	WOS:000334282200079
summary	We propose a novel computer-based design method for planning process-driven buildings. The method binds functions to processes, in order to avoid (1.) functions that are not present in any process and (2.) processes that lack some of their required functions.
keywords	Functional planning, process design, design rigor, diagram
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:57

_id	sigradi2009_934
id	sigradi2009_934
authors	Kobayashi, Yoshihiro; Michael McDearmon
year	2009
title	Rapid SmartCode Modeling - Procedural Modeling for Urban Environments
source	SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary	This paper presents an image-driven method to rapidly generate 3D digital urban models for presentation in a real-time Virtual Reality (VR) environment. Several computational tools and methods are developed in order to give the end user the ability to transform a single 2D image into a realistically textured and rendered a 3D urban model. Using this method, city models based on SmartCode, a template for planning and urban design, are generated and presented in a VR visualization tool. The methods to generate VR city models including inputs, process, output, and pipeline are explained. One generated 3D city model is demonstrated in the results section.
keywords	3D city modeling; urban design; virtual reality; SmartCode, MaxScript
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:54

_id	ascaad2009_a_al_attili
id	ascaad2009_a_al_attili
authors	Al-Attili, A. and M. Androulaki
year	2009
title	Architectural Abstraction and Representation: The embodied familiarity of digital space
source	Digitizing Architecture: Formalization and Content [4th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2009) / ISBN 978-99901-06-77-0], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 11-12 May 2009, pp. 305-321
summary	This paper argues that familiarity is the tool that enables the understanding of space abstraction and representation. Familiarity in this context is independent from embodied interaction, and is crudely based on the connection between the various similar images of space; in this particular case, virtual space. Our investigation into the nature of human interaction with space, its abstraction and its representation is based on the critical contrast between the outcomes of interaction with two virtual versions of a physical reality; the first version is a non-linear interactive graphical abstraction of the space where no assertions or indicators are given as to whether or not there is a relationship between the abstraction and its physical reality, whereas the second is a none-linear interactive 3D virtual environment clearly representing the physical space in question. The paper utilises qualitative methods of investigation in order to gain an insight into human embodied experience in space, its abstraction and representation.
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2009/06/30 08:12

_id	ijac20097304
id	ijac20097304
authors	Datta, Sambit; Hanafin, Stuart; Pitts, Gregory
year	2009
title	Experiments with stochastic processes: Facade subdivision based on wind motion
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 7 - no. 3, 389-402
summary	Constraint based tools for architectural design exploration need to satisfy aesthetic and functional criteria as well as combine discrete and continuous modes of exploration. In this paper, we examine the possibilities for stochastic processes in design space exploration. Specifically, we address the application of a stochastic wind motion model to the subdivision of an external building envelope into smaller discrete components. Instead of deterministic subdivision constraints, we introduce explicit uncertainty into the system of subdivision. To address these aims, we develop a model of stochastic wind motion; create a subdivision scheme that is governed by the wind model and explore a design space of a façade subdivision problem. A discrete version of the façade, composed of light strips and panels, based on the bamboo elements deformed by continuous wind motion, is developed. The results of the experiments are presented in the paper.
series	journal
last changed	2009/10/20 08:02

_id	acadia09_273
id	acadia09_273
authors	Keough, Ian
year	2009
title	goBIM: BIM Review for the iPhone
source	ACADIA 09: reForm( ) - Building a Better Tomorrow [Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-9842705-0-7] Chicago (Illinois) 22-25 October, 2009), pp. 273-277
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2009.273
summary	This paper summarizes the development of goBIM, a model viewer, markup, and data-querying environment that utilizes Apple’s iPhone and Autodesk’s Revit software. Geometric and database information are written to a user defined server location via a custom Revit plugin. Model geometry and database information are loaded at run-time from the web server to the goBIM iPhone application, using a cellular network connection or WiFi. The user can then navigate the 3D environment, selecting objects to view their associated database information. The user has the ability to tag elements in the model with additional data, which can then be pushed back to the server and reloaded in the local version of the Revit model. BIM data can now be accessed anywhere there is a WiFi or cellular network connection available.
series	ACADIA
type	Short paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	ecaade2009_123
id	ecaade2009_123
authors	Achten, Henri; Beetz, Jakob
year	2009
title	What Happened to Collaborative Design?
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 357-366
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.357
wos	WOS:000334282200043
summary	In this paper we present the results of a comprehensive literature survey on the development of collaborative design. We reviewed 324 papers on collaborative design, taken from various sources (conferences, journals, and PhD-theses). We grouped the papers based on common themes, and in that way derived a classification of themes through the last 25 years (1983-2008). Each category is described, its development, and key publications are identified.
keywords	Collaborative design
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ecaade2009_170
id	ecaade2009_170
authors	Alaçam Aslan, Sema; Çagdas, Gülen
year	2009
title	Comparison of Designers’ Modeling Approaches During Architectural Design Process
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 753-758
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.753
wos	WOS:000334282200091
summary	This study has been started as a part of a research, related to exploring impact of novel interfaces during collaborative architectural design process on designers’ way of thinking. However, in this paper it is intended to focus on how the input devices reflect on designers’ modeling behavior in computer environment. Therefore it is intended to compare designer’s modeling approaches in computer environment via a case study. Four master students in architectural design computing graduate program have attended to the case study. The findings of the case study is presented and evaluated in the discussion section.
keywords	Architectural modeling, design interface, interactive techniques, human-computer interaction
series	eCAADe
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ecaade2009_044
id	ecaade2009_044
authors	Arpak, Asli; Sass, Larry; Knight, Terry
year	2009
title	A Meta-Cognitive Inquiry into Digital Fabrication: Exploring the Activity of Designing and Making of a Wall Screen
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 475-482
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.475
wos	WOS:000334282200057
summary	The design process is observed in ‘self-reflection’ by an experiment including visual computing, structure design, joint design, and assembly design. The experiment is defined as the making of a self-supporting timber wall screen, which includes laser-cutting and rapid-prototyping. The reciprocal action between the visual and physical realms is observed through the design activity.
keywords	Fabrication, meta-cognition, self-reflection, visual, physical
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ecaade2009_164
id	ecaade2009_164
authors	Arslan Selçuk, Semra; Gönenç Sorguç, Arzu
year	2009
title	Exploring Complex Forms in Nature Through Mathematical Modeling: a Case on Turritella Terebra
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 665-672
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.665
wos	WOS:000334282200080
summary	Changing paradigm of nature-architecture relationship has being directly affected from developing science and technologies as well as from the impact of biomimetic inventions in various man made designs. Our perception of forms and structures are also shifting through use of computational techniques. From this aspect, mathematical models can be considered as the first step to analyze the complex forms and structures in nature. In this paper it is aimed to initiate a platform in architecture which will serve for discussions to explore the potentials of these interactions under the impact of computational and information technologies, not only in terms of formal/visual way, but also extending to learn more about the formation process in nature.
keywords	Shells, learning from nature, seashells, mathematical modeling
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ecaade2009_087
id	ecaade2009_087
authors	Asanowicz, Aleksander
year	2009
title	Evolution of Design Support Methods – from Formal Systems to Environment
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 817-824
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.817
wos	WOS:000334282200100
summary	In the paper the main stages of the evolution of aided design methods (which led to the formation of new spaces of creation) will be presented. The first way in which human tried make his work easier were direct introduction of scientific researches in practice. Comprehension and studying the structure of design process creates real conditions for increase of its efficiency. Thanks to methodological researches the systematic design methods were developed. The next steep was introducing the IT technologies into the design process. Firstly as a simple tool, and after as the participant of the creative process. Last years an idea of “direct designing” – the use of VR as an environment for the spatial forms creation was elaborated. The environment starts to play a role of an active mediator joining the real world, the men and the computer. In this environment the designer has access to the processes and sources of creative activity. The qualitatively new process of architectural designing arises.
keywords	Methodology, creativity, design environment
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ecaade2010_215
id	ecaade2010_215
authors	Barczik, Guenter
year	2010
title	Uneasy Coincidence? Massive Urbanization and New Exotic Geometries with Algebraic Geometry as an Extreme Example
source	FUTURE CITIES [28th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-9-6] ETH Zurich (Switzerland) 15-18 September 2010, pp.217-226
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2010.217
wos	WOS:000340629400023
summary	We investigate the recent coincidence of rapid global urbanization and unprecedented formal freedom in architectural design and ask whether this coincidence is an uneasy one. To study an extreme case of the new exotic geometries made possible through CAAD, we employ algebraic surfaces to experimentally design architecture in an university-based research and experimental design project. Such surfaces exhibit unprecedented complexity and new geometric and topological features yet are highly sound and harmonious. We continue and extend our research presented at the eCAADe 2009 conference in Istanbul.
keywords	Algebraic geometry; Shape; Sculpture; design; Tool; Experiment; Methodology; Software
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ecaade2009_157
id	ecaade2009_157
authors	Barczik, Günter; Labs, Oliver; Lordick, Daniel
year	2009
title	Algebraic Geometry in Architectural Design
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 455-464
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.455
wos	WOS:000334282200055
summary	We describe the exploration of the manifold novel shapes found in algebraic geometry and their application in architectural design. These surfaces represent the zero-sets of certain polynomials of varying degrees. They are therefore very structured, coherent and harmonious yet at the same time geometrically and topologically highly complex. Their application in design is mostly unprecedended as they have only recently begun to become accessible through novel software tools. We present and discuss experimental student design and research projects where shapes found in algebraic geometry were developed into pavilion designs. We describe historic precedents for the inspiration of art and architecture through mathematics and show how algebraic surfaces can be used to expand architects’ sculptural vocabulary, make the utmost of three-dimensional sculptural qualities, employ shapes that have a strong internal structure, transcend the imaginable and explore polynomials as a new kind of shape-making tool.
keywords	Geometry, algebraic geometry, shape, sculpture, design, tool, experiment, methodology, software
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ecaade2009_042
id	ecaade2009_042
authors	Barlieb, Christophe; Richter, Christoph; Greschner, Björn; Tamke, Martin
year	2009
title	Whispering Wind: Digital Practice and the Sustainable Agenda
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 543-550
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.543
wos	WOS:000334282200065
summary	Low frequency noise generated by aircraft during pre-takeoff, takeoff, landing and post-landing operations equates to high levels of undesirable ground noise pollution. This phenomenon is gaining heightened popular interest among air transportation specialists and agencies as urban settlements and airports expand beyond post-war city limits to meet demands of the 21st Century. This paper highlights the advantages of employing digital tools in tight collaboration with academics and professionals at the early stages of the design process and revisits ancient architectural design strategies to arrive at more meaningful and sustainable architectural interventions.
keywords	Acoustic, architecture, opensource, passive design, sustainability
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ecaade2009_124
id	ecaade2009_124
authors	Beirão, José Nuno; Duarte, José Pinto; Stouffs, Rudi
year	2009
title	An Urban Grammar for Praia: Towards Generic Shape Grammars for Urban Design
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 575-584
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.575
wos	WOS:000334282200069
summary	This paper presents a shape grammar for planned urban spaces intending an implementation for generative urban design. This implementation will form part of an urban design support tool defined to formulate, generate and evaluate urban designs. The goal is to formulate urban program descriptions according to context conditions using a description grammar and generate alternative design solutions using a shape grammar. The generation is guided by several evaluation processes performed by an evaluation module. In this paper we are focusing on the definition of the generic shape grammar using an existent urban plan as a case study. The aim is to encode the design moves of the urban designer into generic grammar rules amenable for specific instantiations through the customization of rule parameters.
keywords	Shape grammars, patterns, generative urban design
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

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