CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id ascaad2014_023
id ascaad2014_023
authors Al-Maiyah, Sura and Hisham Elkadi
year 2014
title Assessing the Use of Advanced Daylight Simulation Modelling Tools in Enhancing the Student Learning Experience
source Digital Crafting [7th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2014 / ISBN 978-603-90142-5-6], Jeddah (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia), 31 March - 3 April 2014, pp. 303-313
summary In architecture schools, where the ‘studio culture’ lies at the heart of students’ learning, taught courses, particularly technology ones, are often seen as secondary or supplementary units. Successful delivery of such courses, where students can act effectively, be motivated and engaged, is a rather demanding task requiring careful planning and the use of various teaching styles. A recent challenge that faces architecture education today, and subsequently influences the way technology courses are being designed, is the growing trend in practice towards environmentally responsive design and the need for graduates with new skills in sustainable construction and urban ecology (HEFCE’s consultation document, 2005). This article presents the role of innovative simulation modelling tools in the enhancement of the student learning experience and professional development. Reference is made to a teaching practice that has recently been applied at Portsmouth School of Architecture in the United Kingdom and piloted at Deakin University in Australia. The work focuses on the structure and delivery of one of the two main technology units in the second year architecture programme that underwent two main phases of revision during the academic years 2009/10 and 2010/11. The article examines the inclusion of advanced daylight simulation modelling tools in the unit programme, and measures the effectiveness of enhancing its delivery as a key component of the curriculum on the student learning experience. A main objective of the work was to explain whether or not the introduction of a simulation modelling component, and the later improvement of its integration with the course programme and assessment, has contributed to a better learning experience and level of engagement. Student feedback and the grade distribution pattern over the last three academic years were collected and analyzed. The analysis of student feedback on the revised modelling component showed a positive influence on the learning experience and level of satisfaction and engagement. An improvement in student performance was also recorded over the last two academic years and following the implementation of new assessment design.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2016/02/15 13:09

_id ascaad2009_abdullah_jenaidab
id ascaad2009_abdullah_jenaidab
authors Jenaidab, Abdullah and Mahmoud Ahmed Eissa
year 2009
title Digital Modeling in Traditional Architecture Learning: the method and benefits
source Digitizing Architecture: Formalization and Content [4th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2009) / ISBN 978-99901-06-77-0], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 11-12 May 2009, pp. 153-162
summary This paper looks at learning from The traditional architecture with the aid of digital 3D modelling aimed to support the process of architectural design in a studio environment where designs can be tested without the practicalities of the real world. The process of architectural design in itself is an unknown phenomenon for new students of architecture, so they look to digital 3D modelling to help them in understanding the vernacular or traditional architecture vocabulary. The question therefore, is how can digital 3D modelling underpin a student’s own design philosophy and experience? Also is there any place for the older students, in making this process more productive? The digital 3D modelling of a sample traditional house in historical Jeddah has allowed for a study and learning from of traditional architecture. Observing students over one semester, it was apparent that a more open critical ability developed in understanding the vernacular or traditional architecture vocabulary. Based on feedback from students, we have developed guidelines and recommendations for teaching traditional architecture with the help of 3D digital modelling technologies. We believe we have improved the quality of the Department's small-group teaching and encouraged students to treat communication and 3D modelling skills as valuable. Our results show techniques of creating 3D digital modelling can be very helpful in teaching the vocabulary of our traditional architecture. Digital 3D modelling in this way seems an ideal tool in traditional architectural education which is presently neglected.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2009/06/30 08:12

_id sigradi2009_956
id sigradi2009_956
authors Lajes de Andrade, Isabela; Milla Mara da Cruz Pereira; Fernando da Silva Soares; Thiago Fontes Pereira; Ana Paula Baltazar dos Santos; Flavia Ballerini; José Dos Santos Cabral Filho
year 2009
title Produção de Recursos Multimidiais Para dar Suporte à Implementação de Ambientes Compartilhados de Trabalho Cooperativo e Ensino de Computação Física em Arquitetura [Assembly of multimedia resources to support the implementation of shared environment for collaborative work and teaching of physical computing in architecture]
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary This article is based on a research project that brings together CSCW (Computer Supported Collaborative Work) and Physical Computing. Here, it will be registered some of the experience from three undergraduate students and one graduate student in a work process between two labs: the LAGEAR of UFMG (Laboratório Gráfico para Experimentação Arquitetônica), Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, and the LCG of UFU (Laboratório de Computação Gráfica), Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. The article describes the developing of an Assembly of multimedia resources to support the implementation of shared environment for collaborative work and teaching of physical computing in architecture.
keywords CSCW; Physical Computing; Ambient Displays; Multimedia Educational Resources; Spatialization of TIC’s
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:54

_id sigradi2009_816
id sigradi2009_816
authors Oliveira, Marina Rodrigues de; Márcio Minto Fabrício
year 2009
title Modelos físicos e virtuais como ferramentas do ensino de projeto de arquitetura: relato de uma vivência [Physical and virtual models as tool in teaching architecture design: an experience report]
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary This paper reports the visit at Architectural Association, School of Architecture in London. That experience has enabled better understanding of technological tools, parametric design, virtual and physical prototyping application in the design process and how these models allow changes in the teaching dynamics method. This is an observation work which aims to identify changes in teaching design methods. This research helps to create an international scenario of modeling aided design process.
keywords Physical Model; Virtual Model; Design Process; Design Methods
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:56

_id sigradi2009_1124
id sigradi2009_1124
authors Pupo, Regiane Trevisan; Gabriela Celani; José P. Duarte
year 2009
title Digital materialization for architecture: definitions and techniques
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary The introduction of digital technologies for making models, prototypes, and buildings or building parts in the architectural research, teaching, and practice is a reality today. However, the process is sometimes jeopardized by the lack of clarity regarding the use of certain terms still found in the literature. The goal of this paper is to contribute for overcoming this flaw by providing such a clarification and a possible categorization of the available technologies. The term digital materialization is proposed as a general term to designate all the production technologies available for making physical artifacts.
keywords Rapid prototyping; digital fabrication; rapid manufacturing
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:58

_id ecaade2009_111
id ecaade2009_111
authors Cannaerts, Corneel
year 2009
title Models of / Models for Architecture: Physical and Digital Modelling in Early Design Stages
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.781
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 781-786
summary This paper questions whether physical and digital models can be seen as models for rather than models of architecture. Stressing the mediated nature of the design process, it questions the role models play in the early stage of architectural design. This research draws from an experimental digital & physical modelling workshop. The conclusion argues for a modelling process that incorporates both physical and digital modelling, and acknowledges the mediated nature of the design process.
wos WOS:000334282200095
keywords Modelling, digital, physical
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ascaad2009_000
id ascaad2009_000
authors Abdelhameed, Wael; N. Hamza and A. Bennadji (eds.)
year 2009
title Digitizing Architecture: Formalization and Content
source 4th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2009)[ISBN 978-99901-06-77-0], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 11-12 May 2009, 463 p.
summary CAAD is constantly provoking and raising many potentials, challenges and arguments in academia, practice, and even in the theory of architecture itself. This process starts with the pedagogy of designing and the ongoing questions such as how much of CAAD should be incorporated in teaching, and ends with digital design technologies and the new emerging questions such as how biologically inspired computational processes alter the form of our architecture and the typical design process. Architecture originates from peoples’ needs and beliefs. The new forms of digital architecture generate debates in terms of various important issues, ranging from emotional and social factors to sustainability and warming climate. The focus area of the conference can be shaped, as follows: considering all these potentials, challenges, and arguments, which we have to benefit from and cope with, are there truly legitimate concerns about the future of our architecture and its content in particular from human and environmental dimensions? Can we develop our own ways of benefiting from the technology that cater to our environment and culture? Can we still see the form of architecture in the traditional way or should we change our perspectives? In other words the conference concentrates on bridging between the new digital form and the traditional human content.
series ASCAAD
type normal paper
email
last changed 2010/02/26 07:31

_id sigradi2009_709
id sigradi2009_709
authors Angulo, Antonieta; John Fillwalk; Guillermo Vásquez de Velasco
year 2009
title Collaborating in a Virtual Architectural Environment: The Las Americas Virtual Design Studio (LAVDS) populates Second Life
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary The paper describes exploratory work in the design, construction, and habitation of a virtual structure (VS) nested within an Internet-based multi-user environment and serving a geographically distributed collective of architecture students and faculty. In addition to a discourse on the design and implementation parameters that were used, the paper seeks to provide findings that make reference to the quality of teaching/learning experience of users and the effectiveness of the interaction among users while working on a common architectural design project. This experience will further contribute to the knowledge base that will be needed in the design of virtual architecture.
keywords Virtual design studio; Second Life; Multi-user environment; Architectural design and learning
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id sigradi2011_409
id sigradi2011_409
authors Bertoni, Griselda; De Monte, Andrea
year 2011
title Mediaciones perceptivas. Desafíos en la incorporación de la tecnología como instrumento potenciador del proceso de aprendizaje en el TCG [Perceptual mediation. Challenges in incorporating technology as a tool enhacing the learning process in the TCG]
source SIGraDi 2011 [Proceedings of the 15th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Argentina - Santa Fe 16-18 November 2011, pp. 472-475
summary This work presents an introduction to current problems detected in the teaching and learning of perceptual and communication processes in front of the availability of disipositivos installed and digital media courses to students enrolled for Design and Architecture careers of our faculty. The same seeks to clarify a state of affairs to continue studies already carried out (Stipech 2004), (Bertero 2009), in relation to issues of representation in the design disciplines, while rehearsing possibilities updated theory and practice in the field of workshop.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id sigradi2009_947
id sigradi2009_947
authors Brasil, Aléxia Carvalho; Aiade Guerra; Ana Carolina Barros; Cibele Bonfim; Hortênsia Gadelha; Rebeca Gaspar
year 2009
title Os novos meios e o ensino de projeto [Teaching project with new media]
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary This paper aims to develop a reflection about the methodology of design project education mediated by new medias, analyzing the intervention of a digital environment in the design projectual students. From a critical evaluation of the desires of faculty and students of the Course of Architecture and Urbanism, Federal University of Ceará, examines the possibilities of establishing new methodologies and technologies into teaching practices of the studio project. Through the reflections encouraged, this paper seeks to underscore the importance of awareness against the anachronism of the technological education of Architecture and Urbanism in most of the schools in Brazil.
keywords project teaching; new media; digital studio
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id sigradi2009_673
id sigradi2009_673
authors Costa, Fernando José de Medeiros; Marcelo Bezerra de Melo Tinôco
year 2009
title O Uso de Maquetes e Modelos Geométricos Tridimensionais no Ensino de Arquitetura e Urbanismo [The use of 3D geometric models for teaching architecture and urban planning]
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary This research analyzes how schools of architecture in Brazil has responded to technological advances in the field of three-dimensional geometric modeling to support research activity and enhance education
keywords Scale models; geometric models; rapid prototyping; architectureand planning
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:49

_id sigradi2009_715
id sigradi2009_715
authors Fernández Colombo, Mónica Inés; Ricardo Gustavo Piegari; Liliana Bonvecchi
year 2009
title Mutación de la arquitectura de lo analógico a lo digital [Mutation of Architecture, from Analogical to Digital]
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary The combined experience of GIDCAD (Group of Research and Teaching in Applied Computer Design), and LabPra (Laboratory of Architectural Project), pretends to analyze the newest points of view concerning architecture and to mull around the evolution from the traditional to the digital project, incorporating theory to help decode the mutation of Architecture. The goal is to evaluate the changes caused by architecture’s design and communication from the incorporation of digital technologies, and to check its progress and behavior in the Virtual Community to the service of the discipline’s teaching.
keywords Mutación; Concepción; Comunicación Virtual; Enseñanza
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:51

_id sigradi2009_903
id sigradi2009_903
authors Harris, Ana Lúcia Nogueira de Camargo
year 2009
title O Uso da Técnica dos "Planos em Série" com o Desenvolvimento da Computação Gráfica - Uma Experência Didática [The Use of the 'Serial Plan' Technique with the Development of the Computer Graphic - A Teaching Experience]
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary This paper is about comparative didactic experiences where the “Serial plan Technique” defined by Wong (1998), was applied in 2001 and 2008 which computer resources from that time. In 2001 this technique was applied with the help of AutoCAD for generation of the planifications, but in 2008 the appliances of AutoCAd and Sketch Up were used for the virtual construction of objects. The quality of the results showed a didactic potential and an increasement in the possible creative rhythm, mainly because the facility of the three-dimensional virtual visualization and because the speed in the physical execution of the created project.
keywords didactic experiences; serial plan technique; CAD; AutoCAD; Skecht Up
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:53

_id ecaade2009_156
id ecaade2009_156
authors Karzel, Rüdiger; Matcha, Heike
year 2009
title Experimental Design-Build: Teaching Parameter-based Design
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.153
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 153-158
summary We present a student design class, in which experimental full-scale parametric objects are planned and built. The class explores the possibilities of digital production chains in which CAAM techniques driven by parametric modeling can expand the range of possibilities for designing and producing architecture. We show how those possibilities and techniques can be integrated into architectural education in facilitating a transition from digital design to actual object. The didactic challenge represents teaching a methodological approach towards parameter-based design, its transfer into a software program and the choice of construction and production method.
wos WOS:000334282200018
keywords Prototyping, parametric design, student design build projects, CAAM methods, evolutionary optimization
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id ecaade2009_103
id ecaade2009_103
authors Kirschner, Ursula; Pratschke, Anja
year 2009
title Experiment Digital Space: Composition with Elements Designed by Mies van der Rohe and the Importance of their Web Presentation: Didactical Design Methods Applied in Design Studios for Architectural and Cultural Sciences in Brazil, University of São Paulo and in Germany, Leuphana University of Lüneburg
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.787
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 787-792
summary This empirical research project is a didactical teaching method intended to introduce students interested in space to theoretical architecture topics using specific computer capacities. In different variations, this teaching method was tested on students of Cultural Sciences and Architecture in Brazil and in Germany. With this method, even students without previous CAD or architecture experience can creatively design spaces. Visualization of the design process as Web design joins the individual aspects to a logical composite and applies the computer as “brain-craft” to complement handcraft. For the creative tasks, this means interaction in a complex information structure where the borders between the disciplines fade.
wos WOS:000334282200096
keywords Design, didactic, CAD, web design, interdisciplinary
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id sigradi2009_1183
id sigradi2009_1183
authors Oliveira, Mariel Lima de
year 2009
title Ensino da Geometría Projetiva nos Cursos de Arquitetura e Urbanismo, em tempos de CAD/BIM [Teaching of Projetive Geometry in Architecture and Urbanism Courses, at age of CAD/BIM]
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary The evolution of the graphical representation of the architecture with the development of procedures for computer-aided designs is causing a shift in the way of thinking about architecture. Traditionally, the teaching of descriptive geometry that allows architects in training cognition full three-dimensional space. Changing this tradition, today we have the construction of the projective drawing by computer, CAD or BIM. We aim to question the way to teach courses in the projective geometry of architecture and urbanism in the face of profound changes in knowledge and representation of the form established by computer graphics technology with CAD and BIM.
keywords Teaching of Architecture and Urbanism; Descriptive Geometry; CAD / BIM; Projective geometry; Digital Design
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:56

_id ascaad2010_075
id ascaad2010_075
authors Schubert, Gerhard; Kaufmann Stefan and Petzold Frank
year 2010
title Project Wave 0.18
source CAAD - Cities - Sustainability [5th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2010 / ISBN 978-1-907349-02-7], Fez (Morocco), 19-21 October 2010, pp. 75-88
summary In recent years a number of projects have been emerged, in which the new possibilities of the computer as a design tool, have been used. Through the digital chain from design to manufacturing the efficiency has increased and allows the implementation of complex architectural structures. With all these new opportunities, also new challenges arise in the teaching and the educational concepts. The paper describes the detailed course concept and the didactic strategy using the example of a parametric designed roof structure, we designed, planed and build up in scale 1:1 within the main course. „Wendepunkt|e im Bauen“ (Turning point|s of building) is the name of an exhibition at the “Pinakothek der Moderne” in Spring 2010. In addition to contributions of the industrialization in the building industry from 1850 to the present day, the exhibition also serves as a platform, to demonstrate new possibilities of computer-aided parametric design and the closely related computer aided manufacturing (CAM). In this context, we took the chance to build a sculpture in Scale 1:1 to show the potential of a constant digital workflow and the digital fabrication. Through the digital chain from design to manufacturing, the efficiency has been increased by the computer and allows the implementation of new complex architectural structures. But the efficiency of the high-degree-automation through the use of computerized machines usually ends in the production of the components. Because this coincidence of the elements in the assembly often proves cost and time, the aim of the project was to optimize both, the production of components and their assembly as well. As part of the wintercourse 2009/2010 different aspects of automation have been reviewed and new solutions have been analyzed. Together with 15 students of the Faculty of Architecture the complete digital chain started with the first design ideas, about parametric programming through production and assembly had been researched, implemented and brought to reality. In the first steps, the students had to learn about the potential, but also about the problems coming with the digital-design and the attached digital-production. There for the course took part at our computerlab. In weekly workshops, all ideas have been implemented and tested directly in the 3-dimensional parametric model. And thanks to the interdisciplinary work with the Department of Structural Design also static factors had been considered, to optimize the form. Parallel to the digital form-finding process, the first prototypes have been produced by the students. By using the chairs 3D-CNC-Mills we were able to check the programmed connection detail in reality and apply the so learned lessons to the further development. After nearly 3 month of research, designing, planning and programming, we were able to produce the over 1000 different parts in only 4 days. By developing a special pre-stressed structure and connection detail it was also possible, to assemble the whole structure (13.5m x 4.5m x 4m) in only one day. The close connection between digital design (CAD) and digital manufacturing (CAM) is an important point of our doctrine. By the fact, that the students operate the machines themselves, but also implement projects on a scale of 1:1, they learn to independently evaluate these new tools and to use them in a meaningful way.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2011/03/01 07:36

_id sigradi2009_1158
id sigradi2009_1158
authors Tiani, André
year 2009
title O Uso do Computador no Ensino de Projeto de Arquitetura: Análise Crítica da Produção dos Seminários SIGraDi e Projetar [The Use of Computer in Teaching Design Architecture: critical analysis of the production of Seminars SIGraDI and PROJETAR ]
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary This work, tied with the research line Education of Architecture, has as objective to reflect on the use of the computer in the education of architecture design in Brazil from the literature review of articles related to the subject published by Brazilian authors in the annals of the seminars SIGraDI and PROJETAR, in the period from 2000 to 2006. The analysis focuses on two issues: (a) the theoretical foundations and practices related to the processes and ways of rapprochement between the computer and the teaching of design, (b) the use of terminology and concepts related to the theme,
keywords Ensino-aprendizagem; Projeto de Arquitetura; Projeto Auxiliado por Computador; SIGraDI; PROJETAR
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 10:01

_id ascaad2009_a_al_attili
id ascaad2009_a_al_attili
authors Al-Attili, A. and M. Androulaki
year 2009
title Architectural Abstraction and Representation: The embodied familiarity of digital space
source Digitizing Architecture: Formalization and Content [4th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2009) / ISBN 978-99901-06-77-0], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 11-12 May 2009, pp. 305-321
summary This paper argues that familiarity is the tool that enables the understanding of space abstraction and representation. Familiarity in this context is independent from embodied interaction, and is crudely based on the connection between the various similar images of space; in this particular case, virtual space. Our investigation into the nature of human interaction with space, its abstraction and its representation is based on the critical contrast between the outcomes of interaction with two virtual versions of a physical reality; the first version is a non-linear interactive graphical abstraction of the space where no assertions or indicators are given as to whether or not there is a relationship between the abstraction and its physical reality, whereas the second is a none-linear interactive 3D virtual environment clearly representing the physical space in question. The paper utilises qualitative methods of investigation in order to gain an insight into human embodied experience in space, its abstraction and representation.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2009/06/30 08:12

_id sigradi2009_984
id sigradi2009_984
authors Araujo, Nieri Soares de
year 2009
title A materialização do modelo digital no processo de ensino [The materialization of the digital model in the education process]
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary The research presents the importance of the experimentations within education of architecture project. Since the studies for traditional and emergent ways with use them digital tools, it values the project inquiries in the simulations of the models in 3D. For many times, the digital model for being tangible cannot present a difficulty in the understanding of constructive details. As in the digital tools, more specifically BIM (Building Information Modeling) possess integrated standards complex. The necessity of the materialization becomes inevitable use of the Rapid Prototype (RP) that it is a technology that allows the materialization of the complex digital models facilitating to the tactile and percipient use for better understanding and taking of decision.
keywords Education Process; Physical and Digital Model; Rapid Prototype
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

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