CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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Hits 1 to 20 of 593

_id ascaad2009_amal_al-ali
id ascaad2009_amal_al-ali
authors Al-Ali, Amal and P. Sharma
year 2009
title Creativity and Collaboration in Architecture Education in the UAE
source Digitizing Architecture: Formalization and Content [4th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2009) / ISBN 978-99901-06-77-0], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 11-12 May 2009, pp. 245-256
summary A review of national government literature indicates that today’s knowledge-driven economy demands a workforce equipped with complex skills and attitudes. Examples of these skills and attitudes are general problems solving, meta-cognitive skills, critical thinking and lifelong learning. Reviews of the Architecture, Engineering and Construction industry indicates a gap between architecture practice and education. The Egan report states that there is a need for a change of style, culture and process within the construction industry and it identified five driving forces, the report also recognised that the achievement of these driving forces is linked to training and education. Education must not only teach the necessary technical skills and knowledge, but also the culture of teamwork, collaborative work and creativity. The construction boom in the United Arab Emirates combined with the country’s mission to highly educate and train its nationals to be able to tackle market challenges provoked the necessity of implementing the culture of creativity and collaboration in education system. On the other hand, use of technology in education has been proven to facilitate and enhance the learning process. This paper will highlight the importance of implementing the virtual design studio as a technlogical platform in architecture education in the UAE in a way that aims to promote the culture of creativity and collaboration through the use of technology.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2009/06/30 08:12

_id sigradi2009_1018
id sigradi2009_1018
authors Righi, Thales Filipini; Gabriela Celani; Regina Ruschel
year 2009
title Displays interativos no atelier de projeto: um experimento pedagógico
source SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary This research started with of a literature review about the importance of drawings as a design and a thinking tool, and the changes introduced by digital media in the production of drawings and in the design process. The study led to a discussion about how digital media interferes in the architectural practice, and how digital tools have reduced the use of hand drawings. A pedagogical experiment was developed with senior architecture students in a studio course during one semester. The experiment was preceded by a pilot study, in which the equipment was tested. The equipment used in the experiment was a frontal projection interactive white board. We expect that the results of the experiment will help establishing the systematic use of interactive displays in the studios in our school and elsewhere.
keywords Metodologia de projeto; revolução digital; desenho na arquitetura; lousas Interativas
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:58

_id ascaad2009_mohamed_abdalla
id ascaad2009_mohamed_abdalla
authors Abdalla, Mohamed Saad Atia
year 2009
title 3D Model and Decision Support System for Fire Safety: A case study of Kingdom of Bahrain
source Digitizing Architecture: Formalization and Content [4th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2009) / ISBN 978-99901-06-77-0], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 11-12 May 2009, pp. 419-430
summary Fire agencies on all levels try hard to save lives, properties, and natural resources. Accurate access to critical information is essential in this regard, many agencies around the world have embraced GIS as a tool that helps them balance needs, uses, and hazards to promote sustainability of the environment while identifying and limiting vulnerability. At Kingdom of Bahrain, Ministry of interior established the Geographic Security System (GSS) to enhance the emergency response. The 3D of the GSS Consisted of 3 main parts: (1) 3D for terrain model, (2) 3D model for entire targeted zones, and (3) 3D models for individual buildings. In this paper, the integration between GSS system and 3D model will be illustrated, and how this kind of integration could enhance decision support system (DSS) for fire safety at kingdom of Bahrain. On other hand, we will highlight the technical and legislation difficulties faced in this project. Also, the future steps to enhance DSS will be discussed.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2009/06/30 08:12

_id ascaad2009_a_al_attili
id ascaad2009_a_al_attili
authors Al-Attili, A. and M. Androulaki
year 2009
title Architectural Abstraction and Representation: The embodied familiarity of digital space
source Digitizing Architecture: Formalization and Content [4th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2009) / ISBN 978-99901-06-77-0], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 11-12 May 2009, pp. 305-321
summary This paper argues that familiarity is the tool that enables the understanding of space abstraction and representation. Familiarity in this context is independent from embodied interaction, and is crudely based on the connection between the various similar images of space; in this particular case, virtual space. Our investigation into the nature of human interaction with space, its abstraction and its representation is based on the critical contrast between the outcomes of interaction with two virtual versions of a physical reality; the first version is a non-linear interactive graphical abstraction of the space where no assertions or indicators are given as to whether or not there is a relationship between the abstraction and its physical reality, whereas the second is a none-linear interactive 3D virtual environment clearly representing the physical space in question. The paper utilises qualitative methods of investigation in order to gain an insight into human embodied experience in space, its abstraction and representation.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2009/06/30 08:12

_id ascaad2009_hafsa_al_omari
id ascaad2009_hafsa_al_omari
authors Al-Omari, Hafsa and Luma Al Dabbagh
year 2009
title Form in Islamic Architecture: A new vision by using 3D Studio Max program
source Digitizing Architecture: Formalization and Content [4th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2009) / ISBN 978-99901-06-77-0], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 11-12 May 2009, pp. 433-450
summary Architecture is a record of human civilization, values, principles and concepts. Form (elements and relations) is one of the visual features of identity and self on one hand and expressive features of place and time (scientific and technical development ) on the other hand. Creating new forms from historical forms is considered one of the greatest challenges that face the architect. Research problem centered on the importance of form in Islamic architecture, and the possibility of investment a new scientific method ( 3D Studio Max program) in creating contemporary architecture using historical and traditional Islamic forms. Research divides to three sections. The first is a theoretical framework that determines the importance and the generation and the potentiality of form in Islamic architecture. The second studies the traditional methods that has been used to create a contemporary Arab-Islamic architecture using historical references, then introduce 3D Studio Max program as alternative new scientific method to traditional methods contribute to create a new vision of contemporary Arab Islamic architecture. The conclusions identify the importance of form in the Islamic civilization and showed that the generation of form affected by its potentiality. Research opens new methods that have not been studied previously in creating contemporary Islamic architecture by using the modifier stack in 3D Studio Max program.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2009/06/30 08:12

_id 4f1b
id 4f1b
authors Booth, Peter
year 2009
title Digital Materiality: emergent computational fabrication
source Performative Ecologies in the Built Environment: Sustainability Research Accross Disciplines: 43rd Annual Conference of the Australian and New Zealand Architectural Science Association
summary Fundamentally architecture is a material-based practice that implies that making and the close engagement of materiality is intrinsic to design process. With the rapid uptake of new computational tools and fabrication techniques by the architectural profession there is potential for the connection between architecture and materiality to be diminished. Innovative digital technologies are redefining the relationship between design and construction encoding in the process new ways of thinking about architecture. A new archetype of sustainable architectural process is emerging, often cited as Digital Materialism. Advanced computational processes are moving digital toolsets away from a representational mode towards being integral to the design process. These methods are allowing complex design variables (material, fabrication, environment, etc.) to be interplayed within the design process, allowing an active relationship between performative criteria and design sustainability to be embedded within design methodology.
keywords Digital, Process, Material, Fabrication
series other
type normal paper
email
last changed 2010/03/06 02:53

_id caadria2009_318
id caadria2009_318
authors Burke, Anthony
year 2009
title Competing "Intelligences"
source Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 607-611
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.607
summary In this paper, the dominant definitions of intelligence are explored in order to establish a set of working principals towards the development of higher order computational design processes in architecture. A review of intelligence as it has been understood over the last 60 years since Alan Turing (1950) first asked the question “can machines think?” shows the question of intelligence is far from clearly understood. Principals of intelligence however can be identified within the neurophysiological and artificial intelligence (AI) communities that differ significantly from the notion of intelligence as it is commonly used in architecture typically relating to the phenomena of emergence and critical point material physics. While distinct, these definitions provide a foundation for understanding intelligence specifically in computational architecture at a moment when it is necessary to develop a foundational taxonomy of systems thinking and processes. Through critiquing the principals of intelligence as it is understood in these different discipline areas, the thesis of this paper is that it is possible to frame a productive general theory of intelligent systems applicable to design processes, while simultaneously distinguishing the goals of design oriented higher order computational systems from those goals of general Artificial Intelligence research.
keywords Intelligence; computation; design; architecture
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ascaad2009_andrea_cammarata
id ascaad2009_andrea_cammarata
authors Cammarata, Andrea
year 2009
title Rebuilding Architecture: An analysis and critical investigation practice
source Digitizing Architecture: Formalization and Content [4th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2009) / ISBN 978-99901-06-77-0], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 11-12 May 2009, pp. 121-134
summary The Cooperative Design Environment Laboratory (CoDE Lab) is carrying out a research with students, trainees and seniors who have previously participated to CAAD-assisted design courses. These courses were developed with the aim of making participants independent from the pre-analytical phase project to the renderings of the final artifact. The programs that have been used so far are Autodesk Revit, Graphisoft Archicad and Nemetschek Allplan.The teaching workgroup has always believed that analyzing, deconstructing and reconstructing the architecture teaches much in terms of understanding. If the process is done correctly, it entirely re-traces the creative dynamics developed by the original designer. Subsequently, the educational practice is to choose a notable architectural work, designed and/or created by a Master of architecture, and to reproduce it in all details: aesthetical-formal, morphological, technological, structural, modular, etc. The final result is an archive of well-developed reconstructed models of great specific interest. The students on the other hand thoroughly learn how to control the tools and all BIM planning procedures.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2009/06/30 08:12

_id caadria2010_055
id caadria2010_055
authors Chen, Zi-Ru; Chung-Yang Wang, Pei-Chien Hung and Yu-Tung Liu
year 2010
title Preliminary tectonic phenomena of diversified architectural spatial forms in digital age
source Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Hong Kong 7-10 April 2010, pp. 599-608
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2010.599
summary The research on tectonics in the architectural field began from the middle of nineteenth century and in recent twenty years digital technology gradually developed and permeated through the field of architecture. Liu and Lim (2006, 2009) integrated classic and digital tectonic factors a present framework of new tectonics. However, the previous studies related to the tectonics in this digital age were only on architectural cases that use a great deal of digital media. The research wants to know what and how the tectonic factors affect the different spatial forms of modern architecture and focused on a case study of the diversified spatial forms, orthogonal, folding and curving. The results show the classic tectonic thinking is imperative until now. It is critical to prove the significance of adding the new digital tectonic factors in digital age.
keywords Digital and classic tectonics; spatial form; digital media
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id ijac20097405
id ijac20097405
authors Derix, Christian
year 2009
title In-Between Architecture Computation
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 7 - no. 4, 565-586
summary In-Between Architecture Computation describes the evolution of the Computational Design approach at the AedasR&D Computational Design and Research group founded in 2004 at Aedas architects in London. The approach has transformed itself from an academic inspired thinking about computing media to a more flexible model of design heuristics and search algorithms that finally start to produce new hybrid design workflows in the industry while also swimming against the industry trend of super-integration software. Only if computing is not exclusively defined through architectural design intent or purely computing logic, does computational design explore new design thinking.
series journal
last changed 2010/09/06 08:02

_id acadia09_18
id acadia09_18
authors d’Estrée Sterk, Tristan
year 2009
title Introduction: Thoughts for Gen X-Speculating about the Rise of Continuous Measurement in Architecture
source ACADIA 09: reForm( ) - Building a Better Tomorrow [Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-9842705-0-7] Chicago (Illinois) 22-25 October, 2009), pp. 18-22
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2009.018
summary We are here, in Chicago, not to talk about what we know, but what we do not know. We are here to share ideas and to speculate about what the world might look like if it were challenged, rethought, and rebuilt. We are here to uncover, piece by piece, a sense of our own ambitions for an architecture influenced by today but motivated by tomorrow. We are all speculators and dreamers. We find places for dreaming in our work, our models, our essays, our lectures, our research, and our teaching. Through these activities we speculate on the architecture of tomorrow. Sometimes these speculations hold great promise, while at other times they do not – certainly much of what we do can be improved, refined, qualified, quantified, and genuinely benefit from being computed. This could be horrifying; it could set the scene for an engineered architecture if we do not adapt.But architecture is changing and responding to very fresh and different ways of thinking. As a movement, young architects are questioning their inheritance and establishing new values, new methods, and new forms of practice. We might best think of these young architects as the Generation X of architecture – a generation who shapes discourse through technological, social, and environmental lenses. From its smallest technical process to its highest level of thought, this conference represents the spirit of this movement.
keywords Introduction, Measurement, dynamic design
series ACADIA
type normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id acadia09_110
id acadia09_110
authors Gharleghi, Mehran; Sadeghy, Amin
year 2009
title Adaptive Pneus
source ACADIA 09: reForm( ) - Building a Better Tomorrow [Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-9842705-0-7] Chicago (Illinois) 22-25 October, 2009), pp. 110-117
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2009.110
summary The research focuses on the performative capacities of a pneumatic material system in regards to the specific environmental conditions. The use of Adaptation as a mechanism to modulate environmental performance was the main focus of the design process and research. The location of the sun during the day acts as a trigger to adapt the system, allowing the system to passively augment the environmental conditions. A new form-finding method that combines digital and material processes has been the main method by which the experiments were undertaken. This approach necessitates a dramatic shift in the architectural design, from producing static to environmentally responsive objects. It requires a shift in thinking from buildings as static and non-active systems to material system existing over time within specific environments capable of complex environmental performances.
keywords Responsive design, fabrication, prototyping, form finding, solar shading
series ACADIA
type Normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id ecaade2009_167
id ecaade2009_167
authors Gönenç Sorguç, Arzu; Arslan Selçuk, Semra
year 2009
title Art and Literature as a Teaching/Learning Interface of Mathematics for Students of Architecture
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 465-472
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.465
wos WOS:000334282200056
summary This paper discusses an educational approach emphasizing the changing role of mathematics and potentials of mathematical thinking in architectural education on the course of changing design paradigm: from designing the product to designing the process. In this context, randomly selected samples of student works, realized within the context of an elective undergraduate course, Arch 333 “Mathematics in Architecture” at Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkiye are presented. It is shown that mathematical thinking provide not only to science people a solid ground for further explorations, but also new inspirations to people involving art and design and help them to overcome prejudices and fears related with mathematics in their minds. It is believed that this approach encourages them to discuss complex problems with meta language of mathematics and develop ability to consider the design process as a whole.
keywords Mathematical thinking, mathematics in architectural education, multi-dimensionality of data, mathematics as meta language
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id ascaad2009_marek_hnizda
id ascaad2009_marek_hnizda
authors Hnizda, Marek
year 2009
title Systems-Thinking: Formalization of parametric process
source Digitizing Architecture: Formalization and Content [4th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2009) / ISBN 978-99901-06-77-0], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 11-12 May 2009, pp. 215-223
summary This paper details a design process focused on explicit digital parametric modeling as an integral system-outcome design. This investigation isolates and alters a simple geometric form (cylinder) in a constructed architectural design method. Systems are defined as logical, sequential operations inherent to the resultant effects. These operations within each system are composed of various parameters, singular entities containing or referencing data. Given specific data, operations are preformed culminating with corresponding outcomes. The two main components of this research pertain to object extraction and transformation. A single grain silo (cylinder), as the architectural/geometric object under examination, is tested using a system of varied parameters inputted into the program Grasshopper, an “explicit history” graphic plug-in for Rhinoceros. This application is utilized to digitally manipulate parameters as objects in a nodal arrangement. Throughout the operations execution, this isolated silo will be transformed into a multitude of versions, then regrouped into the original cluster of silos to expose the implications from patterning, adjacency, and repetition given the proximity of the each silo and its new parametric characteristics. As the various parameters in specific operations affect the system as a whole, so is each adjacent silo in proximity given the same or similar operation? This then is translated and reflected in the outcome. This research seeks to explore design process by applying constant digital 3-D reductive geometric, modular forms inviting systems thinking in parametric environments that can lead to architectural design implications. By focusing on the technical aspect of the parameterization and valuing functionality rather then style, the process becomes focused on formal qualities as the system-outcome relationships. This research tests the “aesthetic implications” of a varied mode of digital design, namely the investigation of an architectural process utilizing parametric design.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2009/06/30 08:12

_id cf2009_poster_09
id cf2009_poster_09
authors Hsu, Yin-Cheng
year 2009
title Lego Free-Form? Towards a Modularized Free-Form Construction
source T. Tidafi and T. Dorta (eds) Joining Languages Cultures and Visions: CAADFutures 2009 CD-Rom
summary Design Media is the tool designers use for concept realization (Schon and Wiggins, 1992; Liu, 1996). Design thinking of designers is deeply effected by the media they tend to use (Zevi, 1981; Liu, 1996; Lim, 2003). Historically, architecture is influenced by the design media that were available within that era (Liu, 1996; Porter and Neale, 2000; Smith, 2004). From the 2D plans first used in ancient egypt, to the 3D physical models that came about during the Renaissance period, architecture reflects the media used for design. When breakthroughs in CAD/CAM technologies were brought to the world in the twentieth century, new possibilities opened up for architects.
keywords CAD/CAM free-form construction, modularization
series CAAD Futures
type poster
last changed 2009/07/08 22:12

_id acadia09_130
id acadia09_130
authors Kimpian, Judit; Mason, Josh; Coenders, Jeroen; Jestico, Dan; Watts, Steve
year 2009
title Sustainably Tall: Investment, Energy, Life Cycle
source ACADIA 09: reForm( ) - Building a Better Tomorrow [Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-9842705-0-7] Chicago (Illinois) 22-25 October, 2009), pp. 130-143
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2009.130
summary The purpose of this project is to provide an interactive platform for clients and design teams to evaluate the consequences of shape, form, and briefing decisions on the energy use, embodied energy, and capital / life-cycle cost of a tall building early in the design process. The Tall Building Simulation (TBS) model is the result of a collaborative partnership between Aedas, Arup, Hilson Moran (HM), and Davis Langdon (DL). It is estimated that most decisions determining the sustainability of a project are made in the first 1 percent of a project’s program, whereas the majority of the information required for sustainability assessment is not usually available or examined until after the concept stage. By this time, most solutions would need design or briefing changes that are too costly to implement. Using the TBS model, architects, engineers, and clients can simultaneously explore the impact of typical technical and design decisions on a tall building’s energy footprint and its dynamic relationship to cost at the briefing stage.
keywords Design evaluation, environmental impact, energy, simulation
series ACADIA
type Normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id cf2009_383
id cf2009_383
authors Kwee, Verdy
year 2009
title The Secret Garden via CAD education: Online digital architectural information presentation
source T. Tidafi and T. Dorta (eds) Joining Languages, Cultures and Visions: CAADFutures 2009, PUM, 2009, pp. 383-394
summary Could information presentation on the digital platform aide knowledge formation to the extent that it changes the discourse of the overall architectural discipline? This paper discusses issues and possibilities related to architectural information presentations – how tradition has shaped our position and thinking today, and how architecture students could possibly redefine digital information presentation and its conventions tomorrow. The paper highlights an experimental approach to a CAD course reintroducing digital presentation where visual explanations in architectural presenta-tions were emphasized while the strengths and indispensability of other abstractions acknowledged. The paper also discusses the process, challenges, caveats and outcomes of the course.
keywords CAD education, architectural presentation, online delivery, architectural information, cognition
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2009/06/08 20:53

_id caadria2009_065
id caadria2009_065
authors Li, Biao; Rong Li
year 2009
title Optimal Organization of Architectural Spaces Based on Genetic Algorithm
source Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 653-661
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.653
summary Genetic algorithms categorized as global search heuristics are search technique of seeking approximate or exact solutions for optimizing problems. Our generative tool named notchSpace starts from a population of randomly generated individuals which rationally subdivide architectural spaces with a low “fitness”. During generations’ evolution, the population is recombined, modified and mutated at a low rate to form new modes of building spatial subdivision; a new population is used in the next iteration. NotchSpace works up a research platform to evolve architectural spaces, and it explores the thinking of translation from computer algorithms to the field of architecture.
keywords Genetic algorithms; evolutions; fitness; crossover
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ecaade2009_058
id ecaade2009_058
authors Loemker, Thorsten Michael; Richter, Katharina
year 2009
title On Computational Design and Critical Thinking in Architecture
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 113-118
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.113
wos WOS:000334282200013
summary The paper examines the potential of existing traditional approaches in knowledge engineering against the background of current trends in the use of information technology in architectural design. The focus of this debate will be put on the commonalities of these approaches. The key concept they share is learning from the past, be it humans or be it machines. The vision they arise from is thereby as old as mankind. It is the wish to augment human thinking by artificial devices. The aim of the paper is to remove the scales from the eyes of those who neglect the past, be it in the architectural design process or in the use of Information Technology in architecture. The paper understands itself as a position paper and was moreover inspired by the announcement of the conference theme.
keywords Architecture, computational design, parametric modeling, experience-based design, rule-based design
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id acadia09_270
id acadia09_270
authors Lonsing, Werner
year 2009
title Composite Images on Mobile Devices Augmenting Reality in an Outdoor Environment
source ACADIA 09: reForm( ) - Building a Better Tomorrow [Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-9842705-0-7] Chicago (Illinois) 22-25 October, 2009), pp. 270-272
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2009.270
summary Mobile devices like cell phones, handhelds, and other gadgets are useful tools in organizing and communicating. This is going to change. Recent developments in hardware have proven that such small devices are much more capable and have reached the levels of common laptops as of five years ago. With more computational power, more memory, and new methods of interaction such as touch screens, or accelerometers, mobile devices can be used in the design process.However, the assumption that they can, or will, substitute desktop computers might be misleading. By no means will mobile devices substitute them directly. Instead, thinking of them as innovative tools that provide new approaches in the design process can establish new methods and, consequently, might circumvent the overall need of desktop computers at all.
series ACADIA
type Short paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

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