CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id caadria2010_053
id caadria2010_053
authors Doumpioti, C.
year 2010
title Fibre composite systems: stress as growth-promoting agent
source Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Hong Kong 7-10 April 2010, pp. 575-584
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2010.575
summary The main intention of this paper is to propose a theoretical framework for an integrated design methodology which incorporates natural morhogenetic principles for the realisation of fibre composite structures. Stress, in these processes, becomes the driving force of shape modification and fibre articulation, while the material thresholds become a driver of generative evolution. The inferences and results of such an approach will be looked into using a case study of a composite monocoque shell bridge design.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id ecaade2023_317
id ecaade2023_317
authors Zamani, Alireza, Mohseni, Alale and Bertug Çapunaman, Özgüç
year 2023
title Reconfigurable Formwork System for Vision-Informed Conformal Robotic 3D Printing
source Dokonal, W, Hirschberg, U and Wurzer, G (eds.), Digital Design Reconsidered - Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2023) - Volume 1, Graz, 20-22 September 2023, pp. 387–396
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2023.1.387
summary Robotic additive manufacturing has garnered significant research and development interest due to its transformative potential in architecture, engineering, and construction as a cost-effective, material-efficient, and energy-saving fabrication method. However, despite its potential, conventional approaches heavily depend on meticulously optimized work environments, as robotic arms possess limited information regarding their immediate surroundings (Bechthold, 2010; Bechthold & King, 2013). Furthermore, such approaches are often restricted to planar build surfaces and slicing algorithms due to computational and physical practicality, which consequently limits the feasibility of robotic solutions in scenarios involving complex geometries and materials. Building on previous work (Çapunaman et al., 2022), this research investigates conformal 3D printing of clay using a 6 degrees-of-freedom robot arm and a vision-based sensing framework on parametrically reconfigurable tensile hyperbolic paraboloid (hypar) formwork. In this paper, we present the implementation details of the formwork system, share findings from preliminary testing of the proposed workflow, and demonstrate application feasibility through a design exercise that aims to fabricate unique components for a poly-hypar surface structure. The formwork system also offers parametric control over generating complex, non-planar tensile surfaces to be printed on. Within the scope of this workflow, the vision-based sensing framework is employed to generate a digital twin informing iterative tuning of the formwork geometry and conformal toolpath planning on scanned geometries. Additionally, we utilized the augmented fabrication framework to observe and analyze deformations in the printed clay body that occurs during air drying. The proposed workflow, in conjunction with the vision-based sensing framework and the reconfigurable formwork, aims to minimize time and material waste in custom formwork fabrication and printing support materials for complex geometric panels and shell structures.
keywords Robotic Fabrication, Conformal 3D Printing, Additive Manufacturing, Computer-Vision, Reconfigurable Formwork
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2023/12/10 10:49

_id caadria2010_052
id caadria2010_052
authors Okuda, S. and Z. Ou
year 2010
title Bio-shell (biodegradable vacuum-formed modularised shelter)
source Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Hong Kong 7-10 April 2010, pp. 565-574
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2010.565
summary This paper demonstrates how digitally fabricated vacuum-formed components can provide a new type of efficient construction applicable to architecture. Vacuum forming has the advantage of rapid mass-production capability of 3D curved forms. Recent digital fabrication technologies, such as 3D CAD and CNC machining, have dramatically reduced the cost and time for making the mould. In combination with biodegradable plastic, such as PLA (poly lactic acid) made of biopolymer, it could open up new type of sustainable construction system, which is applicable for temporal disaster housings or exhibition booths.
keywords Digital fabrication; biodegradable; vacuum forming; fi nite element; lightweight structure
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 08:00

_id caadria2010_030
id caadria2010_030
authors Toth, Bianca; Robin Drogemuller and John Frazer
year 2010
title Information dependencies between architects and services engineers for early design evaluation: a framework for an energy design tool for architects
source Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Hong Kong 7-10 April 2010, pp. 313-222
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2010.313
summary Effective strategies for the design of efficient and environmentally sensitive buildings require a close collaboration between architects and engineers in the design of the building shell and environmental control systems at the outset of projects. However, it is often not practical for engineers to be involved early on in the design process. It is therefore essential that architects be able to perform preliminary energy analyses to evaluate their proposed designs prior to the major building characteristics becoming fixed. Subsequently, a need exists for a simplified energy design tool for architects. This paper discusses the limitations of existing analysis software in supporting early design explorations and proposes a framework for the development of a tool that provides decision support by permitting architects to quickly assess the performance of design alternatives.
keywords Performance-based design; energy simulation; decision support; design process; information dependencies
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id lasg_hylozoicground_2010_fulltext
id lasg_hylozoicground_2010_fulltext
year 2010
title Hylozoic Ground; Liminal Responsive Architecture
source Hylozoic Ground; Liminal Responsive Architecture [ISBN 978-1-926724-02-7] Riverside Architectural Press: Toronto, Canada 2010.
summary Introductory summary of developing Hylozoic Series, a collection of life-like architectural structures
keywords Hylozoism, Hylozoic series, components, assemblies, design process
last changed 2019/07/29 14:00

_id cf2011_p109
id cf2011_p109
authors Abdelmohsen, Sherif; Lee Jinkook, Eastman Chuck
year 2011
title Automated Cost Analysis of Concept Design BIM Models
source Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 403-418.
summary AUTOMATED COST ANALYSIS OF CONCEPT DESIGN BIM MODELS Interoperability: BIM models and cost models This paper introduces the automated cost analysis developed for the General Services Administration (GSA) and the analysis results of a case study involving a concept design courthouse BIM model. The purpose of this study is to investigate interoperability issues related to integrating design and analysis tools; specifically BIM models and cost models. Previous efforts to generate cost estimates from BIM models have focused on developing two necessary but disjoint processes: 1) extracting accurate quantity take off data from BIM models, and 2) manipulating cost analysis results to provide informative feedback. Some recent efforts involve developing detailed definitions, enhanced IFC-based formats and in-house standards for assemblies that encompass building models (e.g. US Corps of Engineers). Some commercial applications enhance the level of detail associated to BIM objects with assembly descriptions to produce lightweight BIM models that can be used by different applications for various purposes (e.g. Autodesk for design review, Navisworks for scheduling, Innovaya for visual estimating, etc.). This study suggests the integration of design and analysis tools by means of managing all building data in one shared repository accessible to multiple domains in the AEC industry (Eastman, 1999; Eastman et al., 2008; authors, 2010). Our approach aims at providing an integrated platform that incorporates a quantity take off extraction method from IFC models, a cost analysis model, and a comprehensive cost reporting scheme, using the Solibri Model Checker (SMC) development environment. Approach As part of the effort to improve the performance of federal buildings, GSA evaluates concept design alternatives based on their compliance with specific requirements, including cost analysis. Two basic challenges emerge in the process of automating cost analysis for BIM models: 1) At this early concept design stage, only minimal information is available to produce a reliable analysis, such as space names and areas, and building gross area, 2) design alternatives share a lot of programmatic requirements such as location, functional spaces and other data. It is thus crucial to integrate other factors that contribute to substantial cost differences such as perimeter, and exterior wall and roof areas. These are extracted from BIM models using IFC data and input through XML into the Parametric Cost Engineering System (PACES, 2010) software to generate cost analysis reports. PACES uses this limited dataset at a conceptual stage and RSMeans (2010) data to infer cost assemblies at different levels of detail. Functionalities Cost model import module The cost model import module has three main functionalities: generating the input dataset necessary for the cost model, performing a semantic mapping between building type specific names and name aggregation structures in PACES known as functional space areas (FSAs), and managing cost data external to the BIM model, such as location and construction duration. The module computes building data such as footprint, gross area, perimeter, external wall and roof area and building space areas. This data is generated through SMC in the form of an XML file and imported into PACES. Reporting module The reporting module uses the cost report generated by PACES to develop a comprehensive report in the form of an excel spreadsheet. This report consists of a systems-elemental estimate that shows the main systems of the building in terms of UniFormat categories, escalation, markups, overhead and conditions, a UniFormat Level III report, and a cost breakdown that provides a summary of material, equipment, labor and total costs. Building parameters are integrated in the report to provide insight on the variations among design alternatives.
keywords building information modeling, interoperability, cost analysis, IFC
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2012/02/11 19:21

_id caadria2021_110
id caadria2021_110
authors Bao, Ding Wen, Yan, Xin, Snooks, Roland and Xie, Yi Min
year 2021
title SwarmBESO: Multi-agent and evolutionary computational design based on the principles of structural performance
source A. Globa, J. van Ameijde, A. Fingrut, N. Kim, T.T.S. Lo (eds.), PROJECTIONS - Proceedings of the 26th CAADRIA Conference - Volume 1, The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Online, Hong Kong, 29 March - 1 April 2021, pp. 241-250
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2021.1.241
summary This paper posits a design approach that integrates multi-agent generative algorithms and structural topology optimisation to design intricate, structurally efficient forms. The research proposes a connection between two dichotomous principles: architectural complexity and structural efficiency. Both multi-agent algorithms and Bi-directional evolutionary structural optimisation (BESO) (Huang and Xie 2010), are emerging techniques that have significant potential in the design of form and structure.This research proposes a structural behaviour feedback loop through encoding BESO structural rules within the logic of multi-agent algorithms. This hybridisation of topology optimisation and swarm intelligence, described here as SwarmBESO, is demonstrated through two simple structural models. The paper concludes by speculating on the potential of this approach for the design of intricate, complex structures and their potential realisation through additive manufacturing.
keywords Swarm Intelligence; Multi-agent; BESO (bi-directional evolutionary structural optimisation); Intricate Architectural Form; Efficient Structure
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ijac20108102
id ijac20108102
authors Budroni, Angela; Jan Boehm
year 2010
title Automated 3D Reconstruction of Interiors from Point Clouds
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 8 - no. 1, 55-73
summary We present a new technique for the fully automated 3D modelling of indoor environments from a point cloud. The point cloud is acquired with several scans and is afterwards processed in order to segment planar structures, which have a noticeable architectural meaning (floor, ceiling and walls) in the interior. The basic approach to data segmentation is plane sweeping based on a hypothesis-and-test strategy. From the segmentation results, the ground plan is created through cell decomposition by trimming the two-dimensional ground space using half-space primitives. An extension in height of the ground contours makes the generation of the 3D model possible. The so-reconstructed indoor model is saved in CAD format for analysis and further applications or, simply, as a record of the interior geometry.
series journal
last changed 2019/05/24 09:55

_id lasg_hylozoicground_2010_55
id lasg_hylozoicground_2010_55
authors Cary Wolfe
year 2010
title Queasy Posthumanism; Hylozoic Ground
source Hylozoic Ground; Liminal Responsive Architecture [ISBN 978-1-926724-02-7] Riverside Architectural Press: Toronto, Canada 2010. pp. 55 - 64
summary Introductory summary of developing Hylozoic Series, a collection of life-like architectural structures
keywords Hylozoism, Hylozoic series, immersive environment, phenomenology, systems theory, post-humanism, ontology, autopoietic, perception, nonhuman world, embodiment,
email
last changed 2019/07/29 14:00

_id acadia11_186
id acadia11_186
authors Chaturvedi, Sanhita; Colmenares, Esteban; Mundim, Thiago
year 2011
title Knitectonics
source ACADIA 11: Integration through Computation [Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA)] [ISBN 978-1-6136-4595-6] Banff (Alberta) 13-16 October, 2011, pp. 186-195
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2011.186
summary The project Knitectonics aims at exploring digital fabrication systems that facilitate optimized, adaptive and specific integrated architectural solutions (Male-Alemany 2010). It is inspired by the beauty of nature systems with their inherent efficiency and performance. The research explored on-site fabrication of monocoques shells, integrating skin and structure along with services and infrastructure, using a simple household technique. It thus embodies a self organized micro system of textures and a macro system of structures. This paper elaborates how the numeric aspects of a textile technique were used, first to digitally imitate the process of assembly and further exploited to develop and visualize a novel fabrication system, based on material research and technical experimentation.
series ACADIA
type normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id sigradi2010_201
id sigradi2010_201
authors Chiarella, Mauro; Tosello María Elena
year 2010
title Laboratorio de Representación e Ideación (RI.Lab10) [Representation and Ideation Lab (RI.Lab10)]
source SIGraDi 2010_Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, pp. Bogotá, Colombia, November 17-19, 2010, pp. 201-204
summary The Laboratory of Representation and Ideation (RI.Lab10) operates under the assumption that the different representations used in architecture create, modify and/or confirm different interpretation methods and mechanisms of perception, along with the information they produce. Architectonic representation allows us to understand and assess relationships between the tools used in a project and their resulting architectonic forms, which are placed within the context of social structures and cultural paradigms where they are developed. The main objective of such didactic experiences is to adapt available technological resources—in a strategic and integrative fashion—to expand the resources and capacities of the complex systems that intervene in the act of projecting architecture.
keywords representation, ideation, disruption
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:48

_id lasg_hylozoicground_2010_86
id lasg_hylozoicground_2010_86
authors Christian Joakim
year 2010
title Topology and Geometry; The Hylozoic Mesh
source Hylozoic Ground; Liminal Responsive Architecture [ISBN 978-1-926724-02-7] Riverside Architectural Press: Toronto, Canada 2010. pp. 86 - 95
summary Introductory summary of developing Hylozoic Series, a collection of life-like architectural structures
keywords Hylozoism, Hylozoic series, topology, geometries
last changed 2019/07/29 14:00

_id acadia20_464
id acadia20_464
authors Elberfeld, Nathaniel; Tessmer, Lavender; Waller, Alexandra
year 2020
title A Case for Lace
source ACADIA 2020: Distributed Proximities / Volume I: Technical Papers [Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-578-95213-0]. Online and Global. 24-30 October 2020. edited by B. Slocum, V. Ago, S. Doyle, A. Marcus, M. Yablonina, and M. del Campo. 464-473.
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2020.1.464
summary Textiles and architecture share a long, intertwined history from the earliest enclosures to contemporary high-tech tensile structures. In the Four Elements of Architecture, Gottfried Semper (2010) posited wickerwork and carpet enclosures to be the essential origins of architectural space. More recently, architectural designers are capitalizing on the characteristics of textiles that are difficult or impossible to reproduce with other material systems: textiles are pliable, scalable, and materially efficient. As industrial knitting machines join robotic systems in architecture schools with fabrication- forward agendas, much of the recent developments in textile-based projects make use of knitting. In this paper, we propose an alternative textile technique, lacemaking, for architectural fabrication. We present a method for translating traditional lacemaking techniques to an architectural scale and explore its relative advantages over other textiles. In particular, we introduce bobbin lace and describe its steps both in traditional production and at an architectural scale. We use the unique properties of bobbin lace to form workflows for fabrication and computational analysis. An example of computational analysis demonstrates the ability to optimize lace-based designs towards particular labor objectives. We discuss opportunities for automation and consider the broader implications of understanding a material system relative to the cost of labor to produce designs using it.
series ACADIA
type paper
email
last changed 2023/10/22 12:06

_id ecaade2012_261
id ecaade2012_261
authors Feringa, Jelle; Sondergaard, Asbjorn
year 2012
title Design and Fabrication of Topologically Optimized Structures; An Integral Approach - A Close Coupling Form Generation and Fabrication
source Achten, Henri; Pavlicek, Jiri; Hulin, Jaroslav; Matejovska, Dana (eds.), Digital Physicality - Proceedings of the 30th eCAADe Conference - Volume 2 / ISBN 978-9-4912070-3-7, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Architecture (Czech Republic) 12-14 September 2012, pp. 495-500
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2012.2.495
wos WOS:000330320600052
summary Integral structural optimization and fabrication seeks the synthesis of two original approaches; that of topological optimization (TO) and robotic hotwire cutting (HWC) (Mcgee 2011). TO allows for the reduction of up to 70% of the volume of concrete to support a given structure (Sondergaard & Dombernowsky 2011). A strength of the method is that it allows to come up with structural designs that lie beyond the grasp of traditional means of design. A design space is a discretized volume, delimiting where the optimization will take place. The number of cells used to discretize the design space thus sets the resolution of the TO. While the approach of the application of TO as a constitutive design tool centers on structural aspects in the design phase (Xie 2010), the outcome of this process are structures that cannot be realized within a conventional budget. As such the ensuing design is optimal in a narrow sense; whilst optimal structurally though, construction can be prove to be prohibitively expensive.
keywords Topology optimization; robotics; hotwire cutting; EPS formwork; concrete structures
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id ecaade2010_179
id ecaade2010_179
authors Fotiadou, Angeliki
year 2010
title Computing Towards Responsive Architecture: Energy based simulation software for responsive structures
source FUTURE CITIES [28th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-9-6] ETH Zurich (Switzerland) 15-18 September 2010, pp.507-513
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2010.507
wos WOS:000340629400055
summary The paper has two targets: a theoretical and a practical one which are totally dependant on each other: Its first purpose is to prove based on detailed comparative study by use of competent software apparatus that rotation in a building abiding by strict rules of adaptation to environmental changes (climate, season, time of day, sun duration etc.) should be viewed by modern architecture as a sine-qua-non in terms of energy consumption economy, environmental resources protection, achievement of high standards of living in the city. The aforementioned benefits will be evidenced by means of comparison of responsive structures to traditional ones. The second and most important purpose is to elaborate and provide the fundamental data and information for the creation of a supporting software for the above described model. The two in interaction will result in “revolution” in modern architecture.
keywords Simulation software; Responsive architecture; Kinetic; Energy consumption
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id sigradi2010_169
id sigradi2010_169
authors Fragoso, Maria Luiza
year 2010
title Arte, Design e Tecnologia_instalações multimídia interativas [Art, Design and Technology: interactive multimedia installations]
source SIGraDi 2010_Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, pp. Bogotá, Colombia, November 17-19, 2010, pp. 169-172
summary With the advent of digital technology, several transformations occurred in contemporary art, such as the refusal of established structures to pragmatically use colors, forms, perspective and/or materials, as well as causing renewed references to local, regional, or singular cultures. In this context, design and artistic research migrates to new experimentation with the sensitive, intelligent, perceptive elements found within technological realms. In our research, artistic multimedia interactive installations conceal contemporary concepts and explore computer technology. We believe that this field of research is a powerful resource to develop dialogues between different cultures and promote social and technological inclusiveness.
keywords art; design; technology; multimedia interactive installations; culture
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:52

_id acadia10_379
id acadia10_379
authors Geiger, Jordan; San Fratello, Virginia
year 2010
title Hyperculture: Earth as Interface
source ACADIA 10: LIFE in:formation, On Responsive Information and Variations in Architecture [Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-4507-3471-4] New York 21-24 October, 2010), pp. 379-384
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2010.379
summary Digital Fabrication and Hybrid Interface: Lessons in Agriculture :abstract Two vitally important fields of work in architecture and computing—in digital fabrication methods and in the development of interfaces between digital and analog systems—can find new forms in their combination with one another. Moreover, a recent such experiment in the production of landscape rather than building not only suggests a number of implications for architectural work, but of ecological, economic and urban structures that underlie the projects’s visible formal and aesthetic orders. This project, “Hyperculture: Earth as Interface,” studied the potential outcomes of modifying a commonly employed information infrastructure for the optimization of agricultural production throughout most of America’s heartland; and that same infrastructure’s latent flexibility to operate in both “read” and “write” modes, as a means for collaborative input and diversified, shared output. In the context of industrialized agriculture, this work not only negotiates seemingly contradictory demands with diametrically opposed ecological and social outcomes; but also shows the fabrication of landscape as suggestive of other, more architectural applications in the built environment. The Hyperculture project is sited within several contexts: industrial, geographically local, ecological, and within the digital protocols of landscape processing known as “precision agriculture.” Today, these typically work together toward the surprising result of unvariegated repetition, known commonly as monoculture. After decades of monoculture’s proliferation, its numerous inefficiencies have come under broad recent scrutiny, leading to diverse thinking on ways to redress seemingly conflicting demands such as industry’s reliance on mass-production and automation; the demand for variety or customization in consumer markets; and even regulatory inquiries into the ecological and zoning harms brought by undiversified land use. Monoculture, in short, is proving unsustainable from economic, environmental, and even aesthetic and zoning standpoints. But its handling in digital interfaces, remote sensing and algorithmically directed fabrication is not.
keywords GPS, precision agriculture, digital landscape fabrication, interface, analog/digital systems, open source platform, digital fabrication, multi-dimensional scales
series ACADIA
type normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id lasg_hylozoicground_2010_40
id lasg_hylozoicground_2010_40
authors Geoff Manaugh
year 2010
title Synthetic Geology; Landscape Remediation in an Age of Benign Geotextiles
source Hylozoic Ground; Liminal Responsive Architecture [ISBN 978-1-926724-02-7] Riverside Architectural Press: Toronto, Canada 2010. pp. 40 - 48
summary Introductory summary of developing Hylozoic Series, a collection of life-like architectural structures
keywords Hylozoism, Hylozoic series, Synthetic geology, geotextile, remediation, artificial natures, microclimates, soil detoxification, hybrid turf, artificial terrain, earthwork, rogue sciences,
last changed 2019/07/29 14:00

_id lasg_hylozoicground_2010_78
id lasg_hylozoicground_2010_78
authors Jonah Humphrey
year 2010
title Integrated Systems; The Breathing Cycle
source Hylozoic Ground; Liminal Responsive Architecture [ISBN 978-1-926724-02-7] Riverside Architectural Press: Toronto, Canada 2010. pp. 78 - 85
summary Introductory summary of developing Hylozoic Series, a collection of life-like architectural structures
keywords Hylozoism, Hylozoic series, components
last changed 2019/07/29 14:00

_id sigradi2010_30
id sigradi2010_30
authors Kaufmann, Stefan; Schubert Gerhard; Petzold Frank
year 2010
title Escaping the Model’s Scale
source SIGraDi 2010_Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, pp. Bogotá, Colombia, November 17-19, 2010, pp. 30-34
summary Over the last five years, the use of computer - controlled machinery in the building process has expanded immensely. With the help of parametric software, it has become possible not only to manage ever more complex structures but also to realize them using digital fabrication processes. These increased possibilities in turn place new demands on architectural teaching and its underlying didactic concepts. Taking the “WAVE 0.18” project as an example, this paper demonstrates the possibilities as well as the challenges of new didactic concepts and their practical application at the Chair for Architectural Informatics at the TU Munich.
keywords didactics, parametric design, digital fabrication, CAM, Scale 1:1.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:53

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