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CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	cf2011_p035
id	cf2011_p035
authors	Langenhan, Christoph; Weber Markus, Petzold Frank, Liwicki Marcus, Dengel Andreas
year	2011
title	Sketch-based Methods for Researching Building Layouts through the Semantic Fingerprint of Architecture
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 85-102.
summary	The paper focuses on the early stages of the design process where the architect needs assistance in finding reference projects and describes different aspects of a concept for retrieving previous design solutions with similar layout characteristics. Such references are typically used to see how others have solved a similar architectural problem or simply for inspiration. Current electronic search methods use textual information rather than graphical information. The configuration of space and the relations between rooms are hard to represent using keywords, in fact transforming these spatial configurations into verbally expressed typologies tends to result in unclear and often imprecise descriptions of architecture. Nowadays, modern IT-technologies lead to fundamental changes during the process of designing buildings. Digital representations of architecture require suitable approaches to the storage, indexing and management of information as well as adequate retrieval methods. Traditionally planning information is represented in the form of floor plans, elevations, sections and textual descriptions. State of the art digital representations include renderings, computer aided design (CAD) and semantic information like Building Information Modelling (BIM) including 2D and 3D file formats such as Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) (IAI, 2010). In the paper, we examine the development of IT-technologies in the area of case-based reasoning (Richter et al., 2007) to provide a sketch-based submission and retrieval system for publishing and researching building layouts including their manipulation and subsequent use. The user interface focuses on specifying space and their relations by drawing them. This query style supports the spatial thinking approach that architects use, who often have a visual representation in mind without being able to provide an accurate description of the spatial configuration. The semantic fingerprint proposed by (Langenhan, 2008) is a description and query language for creating an index of floor plans to store meta-data about architecture, which can be used as signature for retrieving reference projects. The functional spaces, such as living room or kitchen and the relation among on another, are used to create a fingerprint. Furthermore, we propose a visual sketch-based interface (Weber et al., 2010) based on the Touch&Write paradigm (Liwicki et al., 2010) for the submission and the retrieval phase. During the submission process the architect is sketching the space-boundaries, space relations and functional coherence's. Using state of the art document analysis techniques, the architects are supported offering an automatic detection of room boundaries and their physical relations. During the retrieval the application will interpret the sketches of the architect and find reference projects based on a similarity based search utilizing the semantic fingerprint. By recommending reference projects, architects will be able to reuse collective experience which match the current requirements. The way of performing a search using a sketch as a query is a new way of thinking and working. The retrieval of 3D models based on a sketched shape are already realized in several domains. We already propose a step further, using the semantics of a spatial configuration. Observing the design process of buildings reveals that the initial design phase serves as the foundation for the quality of the later outcome. The sketch-based approach to access valuable information using the semantic fingerprint enables the user to digitally capture knowledge about architecture, to recover and reuse it in common-sense. Furthermore, automatically analysed fingerprints can put forward both commonly used as well as best practice projects. It will be possible to rate architecture according to the fingerprint of a building.
keywords	new media, case-based reasoning, ontology, semantic building design, sketch-based, knowledge management
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	cf2011_p060
id	cf2011_p060
authors	Sheward, Hugo; Eastman Charles
year	2011
title	Preliminary Concept Design (PCD) Tools for Laboratory Buildings, Automated Design Optimization and Assessment Embedded in Building Information Modeling (BIM) Tools.
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 451-476.
summary	The design of laboratory buildings entails the implementation of a variety of design constraints such as building codes; design guidelines and technical requirements. The application of these requires from designers the derivation of data not explicitly available at early stages of design, at the same time there is no precise methodology to control the consistency, and accuracy of their application. Many of these constraints deal with providing secure environmental conditions for the activities inside laboratories and their repercussions both for the building occupants and population in general, these constraints mandate a strict control over the building‚Äôs Mechanical Equipment (MEP), in particular the Heating Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system. Due to the importance of these laboratory designers are expected to assess their designs not only according spatial relationships, but also design variables such as HVAC efficiency, air pressure hierarchies, operational costs, and the possible implications of their design decisions in the biological safety of the facility. At this point in time, there are no practical methods for making these assessments, without having constant interaction with HVAC specialists. The assessment of laboratory design variables, particularly those technical in nature, such as dimensioning of ducts or energy consumption are usually performed at late stages of design. They are performed by domain experts using data manually extracted from design information, with the addition of domain specific knowledge, the evaluation is done mostly through manual calculations or building simulations. In traditional practices most expert evaluations are performed once the architectural design have been completed, the turn around of the evaluation might take hours or days depending on the methods used by the engineer, therefore reducing the possibility for design alternatives evaluation. The results of these evaluations will give clues about sizing of the HVAC equipment, and might generate the need for design reformulations, causing higher development costs and time delays. Several efforts in the development of computational tools for automated design evaluation such as wheel chair accessibility (Han, Law, Latombe, Kunz, 2002) security and circulation (Eastman, 2009), and construction codes (ww.Corenet.gov.sg) have demonstrated the capabilities of rule or parameter based building assessment; several computer applications capable of supporting HVAC engineers in system designing for late concept or design development exist, but little has been done to assess the capabilities of computer applications to support laboratory design during architectural Preliminary Concept Design(PCD) (Trcka, Hensen, 2010). Developments in CAD technologies such as Building Information Modeling (BIM) have opened doors to formal explorations in generative design using rule based or parametric modeling [7]. BIM represents buildings as a collection of objects with their own geometry, attributes, and relations. BIM also allows for the definition of objects parametrically including their relation to other model objects. BIM has enabled the development of automated rule based building evaluation (Eastman, 2009). Most of contemporary BIM applications contemplate in their default user interfaces access to design constraints and object attribute manipulations. Some even allow for the application of rules over these. Such capabilities make BIM viable platforms for automation of design data derivation and for the implementation of generative based design assessment. In this paper we analyze the possibilities provided by contemporary BIM for implementing generative based design assessment in laboratory buildings. In this schema, domain specific knowledge is embedded in to the BIM system as to make explicit design metrics that can help designers and engineers to assess the performance of design alternatives. The implementation of generative design assessments during PCD can help designers and engineers to identify design issues early in the process, reducing the number of revisions and reconfigurations in later stages of design. And generally improving design performance.
keywords	Heating ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC), Building Information Models (BIM), Generative Design Assessment
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	ascaad2010_109
id	ascaad2010_109
authors	Hamadah, Qutaibah
year	2010
title	A Computational Medium for the Conceptual Design of Mix-Use Projects
source	CAAD - Cities - Sustainability [5th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2010 / ISBN 978-1-907349-02-7], Fez (Morocco), 19-21 October 2010, pp. 109-116
summary	Mix use development is receiving wide attention for its unique sustainable benefits. Nevertheless, the planning and designing of successful mixed use projects in today's environment is a complex matrix of skill sets and necessary collaborations between various stakeholders and design professionals. From a design point of view, architects are required to manage and coordinate large information sets, which are many time at odds with one another. The expansive space of knowledge and information is at its best vague and substantially ill-structured. A situation that continues to overburden architects mental and intellectual ability to understand, address and communicate the design issue. In the face of this complex condition, designers are gravitating towards information modeling to manage and organize the expansive data. However, is becoming increasingly evident that current building information modeling applications are less suited for early design activity due to their interrupted and rigid workflows. Against this background, this paper presents a theoretical framework for a computational medium to support the designer during early phases of exploring and investigating design alternatives for mix-use projects. The focus is on the conjecture between programming and conceptual design phase; when uncertainty and ambiguity as at its maximum, and the absence of computational support continues to be the norm. It must be noted however, the aim of the medium is not to formulate or automate design answers. Rather, to support designers by augmenting and enhancing their ability to interpret, understand, and communicate the diverse and multi-faceted design issue. In literature on interpretation, Hans-Georg Gadamer explains that understanding is contingent on an act of construction. To understand something is to construct it. In light of this explanation. To help designers understand the design issue, is to help them construct it. To this end, the computational medium discussed in this paper is conceived to model (construct) the mix-use architectural program. In effect, turning it into a dynamic and interactive information model in the form of a graph (network). This is an important development because it will enable an entirely new level of interaction between the designer and the design-problem. It will allow the designer to gather, view, query and repurpose the information in novel ways. It will offer the designer a new context to foster knowledge and understanding about the ill-structured and vague design issue. Additionally, the medium would serve well to communicate and share knowledge between the various stakeholders and design professionals. Central to the discussion are two questions: First, how can architects model the design program using a graph? Second, what is the nature of the proposed computational medium; namely, its components and defining properties?
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2011/03/01 07:36

_id	cf2011_p109
id	cf2011_p109
authors	Abdelmohsen, Sherif; Lee Jinkook, Eastman Chuck
year	2011
title	Automated Cost Analysis of Concept Design BIM Models
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 403-418.
summary	AUTOMATED COST ANALYSIS OF CONCEPT DESIGN BIM MODELS Interoperability: BIM models and cost models This paper introduces the automated cost analysis developed for the General Services Administration (GSA) and the analysis results of a case study involving a concept design courthouse BIM model. The purpose of this study is to investigate interoperability issues related to integrating design and analysis tools; specifically BIM models and cost models. Previous efforts to generate cost estimates from BIM models have focused on developing two necessary but disjoint processes: 1) extracting accurate quantity take off data from BIM models, and 2) manipulating cost analysis results to provide informative feedback. Some recent efforts involve developing detailed definitions, enhanced IFC-based formats and in-house standards for assemblies that encompass building models (e.g. US Corps of Engineers). Some commercial applications enhance the level of detail associated to BIM objects with assembly descriptions to produce lightweight BIM models that can be used by different applications for various purposes (e.g. Autodesk for design review, Navisworks for scheduling, Innovaya for visual estimating, etc.). This study suggests the integration of design and analysis tools by means of managing all building data in one shared repository accessible to multiple domains in the AEC industry (Eastman, 1999; Eastman et al., 2008; authors, 2010). Our approach aims at providing an integrated platform that incorporates a quantity take off extraction method from IFC models, a cost analysis model, and a comprehensive cost reporting scheme, using the Solibri Model Checker (SMC) development environment. Approach As part of the effort to improve the performance of federal buildings, GSA evaluates concept design alternatives based on their compliance with specific requirements, including cost analysis. Two basic challenges emerge in the process of automating cost analysis for BIM models: 1) At this early concept design stage, only minimal information is available to produce a reliable analysis, such as space names and areas, and building gross area, 2) design alternatives share a lot of programmatic requirements such as location, functional spaces and other data. It is thus crucial to integrate other factors that contribute to substantial cost differences such as perimeter, and exterior wall and roof areas. These are extracted from BIM models using IFC data and input through XML into the Parametric Cost Engineering System (PACES, 2010) software to generate cost analysis reports. PACES uses this limited dataset at a conceptual stage and RSMeans (2010) data to infer cost assemblies at different levels of detail. Functionalities Cost model import module The cost model import module has three main functionalities: generating the input dataset necessary for the cost model, performing a semantic mapping between building type specific names and name aggregation structures in PACES known as functional space areas (FSAs), and managing cost data external to the BIM model, such as location and construction duration. The module computes building data such as footprint, gross area, perimeter, external wall and roof area and building space areas. This data is generated through SMC in the form of an XML file and imported into PACES. Reporting module The reporting module uses the cost report generated by PACES to develop a comprehensive report in the form of an excel spreadsheet. This report consists of a systems-elemental estimate that shows the main systems of the building in terms of UniFormat categories, escalation, markups, overhead and conditions, a UniFormat Level III report, and a cost breakdown that provides a summary of material, equipment, labor and total costs. Building parameters are integrated in the report to provide insight on the variations among design alternatives.
keywords	building information modeling, interoperability, cost analysis, IFC
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	cf2011_p127
id	cf2011_p127
authors	Benros, Deborah; Granadeiro Vasco, Duarte Jose, Knight Terry
year	2011
title	Integrated Design and Building System for the Provision of Customized Housing: the Case of Post-Earthquake Haiti
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 247-264.
summary	The paper proposes integrated design and building systems for the provision of sustainable customized housing. It advances previous work by applying a methodology to generate these systems from vernacular precedents. The methodology is based on the use of shape grammars to derive and encode a contemporary system from the precedents. The combined set of rules can be applied to generate housing solutions tailored to specific user and site contexts. The provision of housing to shelter the population affected by the 2010 Haiti earthquake illustrates the application of the methodology. A computer implementation is currently under development in C# using the BIM platform provided by Revit. The world experiences a sharp increase in population and a strong urbanization process. These phenomena call for the development of effective means to solve the resulting housing deficit. The response of the informal sector to the problem, which relies mainly on handcrafted processes, has resulted in an increase of urban slums in many of the big cities, which lack sanitary and spatial conditions. The formal sector has produced monotonous environments based on the idea of mass production that one size fits all, which fails to meet individual and cultural needs. We propose an alternative approach in which mass customization is used to produce planed environments that possess qualities found in historical settlements. Mass customization, a new paradigm emerging due to the technological developments of the last decades, combines the economy of scale of mass production and the aesthetics and functional qualities of customization. Mass customization of housing is defined as the provision of houses that respond to the context in which they are built. The conceptual model for the mass customization of housing used departs from the idea of a housing type, which is the combined result of three systems (Habraken, 1988) -- spatial, building system, and stylistic -- and it includes a design system, a production system, and a computer system (Duarte, 2001). In previous work, this conceptual model was tested by developing a computer system for existing design and building systems (Benr__s and Duarte, 2009). The current work advances it by developing new and original design, building, and computer systems for a particular context. The urgent need to build fast in the aftermath of catastrophes quite often overrides any cultural concerns. As a result, the shelters provided in such circumstances are indistinct and impersonal. However, taking individual and cultural aspects into account might lead to a better identification of the population with their new environment, thereby minimizing the rupture caused in their lives. As the methodology to develop new housing systems is based on the idea of architectural precedents, choosing existing vernacular housing as a precedent permits the incorporation of cultural aspects and facilitates an identification of people with the new housing. In the Haiti case study, we chose as a precedent a housetype called ‚Äúgingerbread houses‚Äù, which includes a wide range of houses from wealthy to very humble ones. Although the proposed design system was inspired by these houses, it was decided to adopt a contemporary take. The methodology to devise the new type was based on two ideas: precedents and transformations in design. In architecture, the use of precedents provides designers with typical solutions for particular problems and it constitutes a departing point for a new design. In our case, the precedent is an existing housetype. It has been shown (Duarte, 2001) that a particular housetype can be encoded by a shape grammar (Stiny, 1980) forming a design system. Studies in shape grammars have shown that the evolution of one style into another can be described as the transformation of one shape grammar into another (Knight, 1994). The used methodology departs takes off from these ideas and it comprises the following steps (Duarte, 2008): (1) Selection of precedents, (2) Derivation of an archetype; (3) Listing of rules; (4) Derivation of designs; (5) Cataloguing of solutions; (6) Derivation of tailored solution.
keywords	Mass customization, Housing, Building system, Sustainable construction, Life cycle energy consumption, Shape grammar
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	ecaade2010_211
id	ecaade2010_211
authors	Hemmerling, Marco; Tiggemann, Anke
year	2010
title	Emotive Spaces: Spatial interpretations based on the book “Der Ohrenzeuge” by Elias Canetti
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2010.125
source	FUTURE CITIES [28th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-9-6] ETH Zurich (Switzerland) 15-18 September 2010, pp.125-132
wos	WOS:000340629400013
summary	Focusing on a design methodology that is inspired by emotional conditions rather than rational specifications the paper describes the translation of literature into virtual spaces. In his book „Der Ohrenzeuge“ Elias Canetti describes 50 surreal characters, which were analyzed in the first step due to their anthropological features. The following interpretation of these featuresinto spatial qualities, using visualization software as an expressive medium, wasrealized by the definition of parameters for geometry, light, material and camera settings to achieve a spatial analogy of the given characters. The experimental approach led to a deeper understanding of spatial qualities in respect to atmospheric impressions and triggered at the same time the application of digital tools for an intuitive design process.
keywords	Character; Atmosphere; Anthropological spaces; Visualization; Literature
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:49

_id	ascaad2010_135
id	ascaad2010_135
authors	Lostritto, Carl
year	2010
title	Computation Without Computers
source	CAAD - Cities - Sustainability [5th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2010 / ISBN 978-1-907349-02-7], Fez (Morocco), 19-21 October 2010, pp. 135-144
summary	This work documents the implications of using physical media to teach digital design concepts, techniques, values and approaches. With the pedagogy and work of a seminar and studio across two Universities as test cases, this research seeks to prove that a parametric and algorithmic approach to architecture is most fruitfully understood as the connection between logic, mathematics and aesthetics. Students trace the indirect relationships between process and product so as to enable the application of these connections in a non-linear, exploratory and goal-flexible design process. The first phase of student work involves the creation of an image, constructed with ink or graphite on paper, that embodies a parametric aesthetic. Students are tasked articulating and performing operations, such as dividing a curve, packing shapes, and conditional transformations. Subsequently, students fabricate a surface-conscious model with modules that have the capacity to vary based on their grid parameter, using historically rooted techniques such as weaving, perforating, layering and tessellation. Digital fabrication and parametric modeling is then introduced, not as a means to a predefined end, but as another medium, capable of participating with manual techniques. As an example, a fabricated paper-based installation is generated with parametrically generating a cut-sheet, partially blind to its assembled manifestation. The hypothesis of this research is tested in more comprehensive projects that follow as environmental forces are resolved through dynamic and ambiguous visual and spatial conditions.
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2011/03/01 07:36

_id	ecaade2010_193
id	ecaade2010_193
authors	Dillenburger, Benjamin
year	2010
title	Space Index: A retrieval-system for building-plots
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2010.893
source	FUTURE CITIES [28th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-9-6] ETH Zurich (Switzerland) 15-18 September 2010, pp.893-899
wos	WOS:000340629400095
summary	Increasingly, digital architectural data will become available through information technology. Yet until now, there were no satisfying methods to query this data for architectural purposes. This paper introduces an information retrieval system for parcels that not only allows searching for specific attributes, but also includes properties of shape and context of the building plots. An automatically generated index stores the relevant spatial properties as normalized bitmap images on several layers. When a query is started, only this index has to be queried and not the complete database. The search process can be controlled through a graphical interface that incorporates the user’s sketches. The retrieved parcels are presented as a sorted list of vector drawings including their contained buildings. With the simplified access to these case-studies, quality and efficiency of the architectural design process could be increased.
keywords	Architecture-retrieval; Shape matching; Indexing; Operationalization; Urban morphology; Case-based reasoning
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	ecaade2010_114
id	ecaade2010_114
authors	Apollonio, Fabrizio I.; Gaiani, Marco; Corsi, Cristiana
year	2010
title	A Semantic and Parametric Method for 3D Models used in 3D Cognitive-Information System
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2010.863
source	FUTURE CITIES [28th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-9-6] ETH Zurich (Switzerland) 15-18 September 2010, pp.863-872
wos	WOS:000340629400092
summary	The paper presents an innovative semantic and parametric method to build 3D models to be used in cognitive-information systems. We integrated structured geometrical and documentary information resulting from multiple sources with the aim to enhance the knowledge of those sites within the frame of their historical evolution and their institutional management in a 3D GIS/DB. The developed applications were designed for different types of users, with a largely scalable interface, able to support different output devices and to work at different levels of iconicity. The system allows a full comprehension of the buildings in their own context, permitting to discover unknown relationships, to evaluate their architectural occupancy and to quickly access a complex system of information.
keywords	3D-GIS; Semantic modeling; 3D reality-based modeling; Real-time rendering; Virtual heritage
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	ecaade2010_183
id	ecaade2010_183
authors	Bourdakis, Vassilis
year	2010
title	Designing Interactions: A step forward from time based media and synthetic space design in architectural education
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2010.151
source	FUTURE CITIES [28th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-9-6] ETH Zurich (Switzerland) 15-18 September 2010, pp.151-156
wos	WOS:000340629400016
summary	The paper follows the development of digital tools for architects and briefly discusses their utility within education and practice. The move from static CAD tools to time based media followed by programmatic processes and virtual environment design is addressing the evolution of the profession and to an extent reflects practitioners’ needs. The paper focuses on the notion of interactivity and how it is been addressed in various fields. Borrowing from computer science and game design the author presents a course dealing with designing interactivity, responsiveness and users feeding their input back in the design. The aim of the paper is to analyse and support a new set of tools in architectural curricula that will implement interactivity and integrate it into spatial design leading to a holistic approach promoting intelligence, hybridity and responsiveness of the built environment. Following, the elaboration of the rationale, a brief discussion on tools and project directions is carried out.
keywords	Interaction; Virtual environments; Time based media; Curriculum; Intelligent environments
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	sigradi2010_43
id	sigradi2010_43
authors	Clayton, Mark J.; Ozener Ozan; Haliburton James; Farias Francisco
year	2010
title	Towards Studio 21: Experiments in Design Education Using BIM
source	SIGraDi 2010_Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, pp. Bogotá, Colombia, November 17-19, 2010, pp. 43-46
summary	Explorations conducted in university - based design studios suggest that Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology invites the adoption of a dramatically different design process. In contrast to conventional process rooted in successive refinement of initial abstractions and dependence on tacit knowledge, the Studio 21 BIM - aided process relies upon a complete and comprehensive base case and subsequent alternative schemes that are subjected to explicit analysis to support choice of the final design. The Studio 21 process can boost the objective level of performance that is achieved. It is teachable and may be a better process for addressing 21st century imperatives.
keywords	design, process, education, BIM, studio
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:49

_id	cf2011_p027
id	cf2011_p027
authors	Herssens, Jasmien; Heylighen Ann
year	2011
title	A Framework of Haptic Design Parameters for Architects: Sensory Paradox Between Content and Representation
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 685-700.
summary	Architects‚Äîlike other designers‚Äîtend to think, know and work in a visual way. In design research, this way of knowing and working is highly valued as paramount to design expertise (Cross 1982, 2006). In case of architecture, however, it is not only a particular strength, but may as well be regarded as a serious weakness. The absence of non-visual features in traditional architectural spatial representations indicates how these are disregarded as important elements in conceiving space (Dischinger 2006). This bias towards vision, and the suppression of other senses‚Äîin the way architecture is conceived, taught and critiqued‚Äîresults in a disappearance of sensory qualities (Pallasmaa 2005). Nevertheless, if architects design with more attention to non visual senses, they are able to contribute to more inclusive environments. Indeed if an environment offers a range of sensory triggers, people with different sensory capacities are able to navigate and enjoy it. Rather than implementing as many sensory triggers as possible, the intention is to make buildings and spaces accessible and enjoyable for more people, in line with the objective of inclusive design (Clarkson et al. 2007), also called Design for All or Universal Design (Ostroff 2001). Within this overall objective, the aim of our study is to develop haptic design parameters that support architects during design in paying more attention to the role of haptics, i.e. the sense of touch, in the built environment by informing them about the haptic implications of their design decisions. In the context of our study, haptic design parameters are defined as variables that can be decided upon by designers throughout the design process, and the value of which determines the haptic characteristics of the resulting design. These characteristics are based on the expertise of people who are congenitally blind, as they are more attentive to non visual information, and of professional caregivers working with them. The parameters do not intend to be prescriptive, nor to impose a particular method. Instead they seek to facilitate a more inclusive design attitude by informing designers and helping them to think differently. As the insights from the empirical studies with people born blind and caregivers have been reported elsewhere (Authors 2010), this paper starts by outlining the haptic design parameters resulting from them. Following the classification of haptics into active, dynamic and passive touch, the built environment unfolds into surfaces that can act as ‚Äúmovement‚Äù, ‚Äúguiding‚Äù and/or ‚Äúrest‚Äù plane. Furthermore design techniques are suggested to check the haptic qualities during the design process. Subsequently, the paper reports on a focus group interview/workshop with professional architects to assess the usability of the haptic design parameters for design practice. The architects were then asked to try out the parameters in the context of a concrete design project. The reactions suggest that the participating architects immediately picked up the underlying idea of the parameters, and recognized their relevance in relation to the design project at stake, but that their representation confronts us with a sensory paradox: although the parameters question the impact of the visual in architectural design, they are meant to be used by designers, who are used to think, know and work in a visual way.
keywords	blindness, design parameters, haptics, inclusive design, vision
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	ascaad2010_127
id	ascaad2010_127
authors	Hubers, Hans
year	2010
title	Collaborative Parametric BIM
source	CAAD - Cities - Sustainability [5th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2010 / ISBN 978-1-907349-02-7], Fez (Morocco), 19-21 October 2010, pp. 127-134
summary	The paper will be focussing on a number of digital design tools used in [our groups credentials]. A new laboratory called […] is developed with Virtual Reality for collaborative architectural design. A brief description of the systems and how they are used to support a design team is given. Synchronic and a-synchronic, local and inter-local communication is made possible. Methods for introducing sustainability in the digital design process and user participation over the Internet will be discussed. The results of the author’s PhD research “Collaborative architectural design in virtual reality” are used to develop a new approach in which team members use their own specific software. Swarm design applications developed in Virtools are used at the start of a project. The objects in the swarm can be urban and architectural functional volumes. Examples of the first are houses, offices, factories, roads and water ways. Examples of the second are working, dining, shopping and waiting spaces. Relations between the functional volumes with or without constraints make the functional volumes swarm to find equilibrium. Everything is dynamic, meaning that relations and functional volumes can change any time. Alternatives can be developed using different values for these parameters and by top-down intervention. When the final global layout has been chosen, using a criteria matrix with sustainability criteria to be judged by all participants, including the future users, a next phase is started amongst professionals using parametric design software. A study into different types of parametric design software makes clear why object parametric software can be used for IFC based BIM, while the more interesting process parametric software can not. To make this clear a pragmatic description of the IFC format is given with a simple example of such a file. Future research will be proposed in which applications of different disciplines are connected through the application programming interfaces, while integrating as much as possible the building information and knowledge in the IFC format.
series	ASCAAD
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2011/03/01 07:48

_id	acadia10_133
id	acadia10_133
authors	Kim, Jong Bum, Clayton, Mark J.
year	2010
title	Support Form-based Codes with Building Information Modeling – The Parametric Urban Model Case Study
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2010.133
source	ACADIA 10: LIFE in:formation, On Responsive Information and Variations in Architecture [Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-4507-3471-4] New York 21-24 October, 2010), pp. 133-138
summary	This study aims to develop the parametric urban model to support Form-based Codes (FBCs) by using Object-Oriented Parametric Modeling (OOPM) and Building Information Modeling (BIM). FBCs have been used to substitute conventional land-use and zoning regulations in the United States. In many cities, FBCs were implemented successfully, but excessive design constraints, difficult code making process, and missing density of FBCs are criticized. As a response to the increasing needs of parametric modeling approaches in the urban design domain, we applied BIM and OOPM techniques in two case studies. We conclude that BIM and OOPM have a great potential to support planning and design processes, and that the parametric urban model allows FBCs to be more flexible, interpretable, and interoperable.
keywords	Form-based Codes, Building Information Modeling, Object-Oriented Parametric Modeling
series	ACADIA
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	caadria2023_395
id	caadria2023_395
authors	Luo, Jiaxiang, Mastrokalou, Efthymia, Aldaboos, Sarah and Aldabous, Rahaf
year	2023
title	Research on the Exploration of Sprayed Clay Material and Modeling System
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2023.2.231
source	Immanuel Koh, Dagmar Reinhardt, Mohammed Makki, Mona Khakhar, Nic Bao (eds.), HUMAN-CENTRIC - Proceedings of the 28th CAADRIA Conference, Ahmedabad, 18-24 March 2023, pp. 231–240
summary	As a traditional building material, clay has been used by humans for a long time. From early civilisations, to the modern dependence on new technologies, the craft of clay making is commonly linked with the use of moulds, handmade creations, ceramic extruders, etc. (Schmandt and Besserat, 1977). Clay in the form of bricks is one of the oldest building materials known (Fernandes et al, 2010). This research expands the possibilities offered by standardised bricks by testing types of clay, forms, shapes, porosity, and structural methods. The traditional way of working with clay relies on human craftsmanship and is based on the use of semi-solid clay (Fernandes et al., 2010). However, there is little research on the use of clay slurry. With the rise of 3D printing systems in recent years, research and development has been emerging on using clay as a 3D printing filament (Gürsoy, 2018). Researchers have discovered that in order for 3D-printed clay slurry to solidify quickly to support the weight of the added layers during printing, curing agents such as lime, coal ash, cement, etc. have to be added to the clay slurry. After adding these substances, clay is difficult to be reused and can have a negative effect on the environment (Chen et al., 2021). In this study, a unique method for manufacturing clay elements of intricate geometries is proposed with the help of an internal skeleton that can be continuously reused. The study introduces the process of applying clay on a special structure through spraying and showcases how this method creates various opportunities for customisation of production.
keywords	Spray clay, Substructure, 3D printing, Modelling system, Reusable
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2023/06/15 23:14

_id	cf2011_p016
id	cf2011_p016
authors	Merrick, Kathryn; Gu Ning
year	2011
title	Supporting Collective Intelligence for Design in Virtual Worlds: A Case Study of the Lego Universe
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 637-652.
summary	Virtual worlds are multi-faceted technologies. Facets of virtual worlds include graphical simulation tools, communication, design and modelling tools, artificial intelligence, network structure, persistent object-oriented infrastructure, economy, governance and user presence and interaction. Recent studies (Merrick et al., 2010) and applications (Rosenman et al., 2006; Maher et al., 2006) have shown that the combination of design, modelling and communication tools, and artificial intelligence in virtual worlds makes them suitable platforms for supporting collaborative design, including human-human collaboration and human-computer co-creativity. Virtual worlds are also coming to be recognised as a platform for collective intelligence (Levy, 1997), a form of group intelligence that emerges from collaboration and competition among large numbers of individuals. Because of the close relationship between design, communication and virtual world technologies, there appears a strong possibility of using virtual worlds to harness collective intelligence for supporting upcoming ‚Äúdesign challenges on a much larger scale as we become an increasingly global and technological society‚Äù (Maher et al, 2010), beyond the current support for small-scale collaborative design teams. Collaborative design is relatively well studied and is characterised by small-scale, carefully structured design teams, usually comprising design professionals with a good understanding of the design task at hand. All team members are generally motivated and have the skills required to structure the shared solution space and to complete the design task. In contrast, collective design (Maher et al, 2010) is characterised by a very large number of participants ranging from professional designers to design novices, who may need to be motivated to participate, whose contributions may not be directly utilised for design purposes, and who may need to learn some or all of the skills required to complete the task. Thus the facets of virtual worlds required to support collective design differ from those required to support collaborative design. Specifically, in addition to design, communication and artificial intelligence tools, various interpretive, mapping and educational tools together with appropriate motivational and reward systems may be required to inform, teach and motivate virtual world users to contribute and direct their inputs to desired design purposes. Many of these world facets are well understood by computer game developers, as level systems, quests or plot and achievement/reward systems. This suggests the possibility of drawing on or adapting computer gaming technologies as a basis for harnessing collective intelligence in design. Existing virtual worlds that permit open-ended design ‚Äì such as Second Life and There ‚Äì are not specifically game worlds as they do not have extensive level, quest and reward systems in the same way as game worlds like World of Warcraft or Ultima Online. As such, while Second Life and There demonstrate emergent design, they do not have the game-specific facets that focus users towards solving specific problems required for harnessing collective intelligence. However, a new massively multiplayer virtual world is soon to be released that combines open-ended design tools with levels, quests and achievement systems. This world is called Lego Universe (www.legouniverse.com). This paper presents technology spaces for the facets of virtual worlds that can contribute to the support of collective intelligence in design, including design and modelling tools, communication tools, artificial intelligence, level system, motivation, governance and other related facets. We discuss how these facets support the design, communication, motivational and educational requirements of collective intelligence applications. The paper concludes with a case study of Lego Universe, with reference to the technology spaces defined above. We evaluate the potential of this or similar tools to move design beyond the individual and small-scale design teams to harness large-scale collective intelligence. We also consider the types of design tasks that might best be addressed in this manner.
keywords	collective intelligence, collective design, virtual worlds, computer games
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	ecaade2010_069
id	ecaade2010_069
authors	Schoch, Martin; Praditsmanont, Apichat
year	2010
title	Experimenting with Building Footprint Formation and Volume Optimization: A constraint programming approach for the optimization of buildingvolumes based on combinatorial rectangular footprint formations
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2010.419
source	FUTURE CITIES [28th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-9-6] ETH Zurich (Switzerland) 15-18 September 2010, pp.419-427
wos	WOS:000340629400045
summary	This paper is focusing on integrating footprint formations of buildingvolumes into an existing research of building-volume optimization (BVO). While earlier BVO experiments concentrated on single rectangular floor-area units per floor, the current BVO model allows footprint assemblies of combinatorial rectangular floor-area units per floor. The aspect of using these combinatorial floor assemblies is to provide more flexibility into the shaping of possible building-volumes and thus a more realistic approach to building-volume design. The investigation regarding combinatorial floor-area units concentrated on running time in reference to amount of allowable unit combinations per floor and the ability to provide close to optimal solutions through additional search runs. Results of the experiments documented a sharp increase of running time due to the additional allocation of floor-area units, while the BVO model was improved through the ability to generate combinatory footprint formation and offer close to optimal solutions.
keywords	Decision support; Design optimization; Building-volume design; Life cycle costs; Constraint-based design
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	ascaad2010_231
id	ascaad2010_231
authors	Turrin, M.; R. Stouffs and S. Sariyildiz
year	2010
title	Parametric Design of the Vela Roof
source	CAAD - Cities - Sustainability [5th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2010 / ISBN 978-1-907349-02-7], Fez (Morocco), 19-21 October 2010, pp. 231-240
summary	Due to the increased request for representative structures and for spaces to be used independent of the weather conditions, contemporary cities increasingly integrate public covered spaces (shadowed squares and streets, courtyards, historic commercial galleries, etc.) in the urban fibre. Facing the design of large roof structures for semi outdoor spaces is increasingly common for architects and engineers. When focusing on large roofs, aesthetics, structural performance and economics often dominate the design process. However, the current increased emphasis on energy-related aspects generates new challenges. Particularly, the use of renewable energy resources needs to be confronted. In this paper we will address the subject through a case study whose design aimed at integrating performance evaluations in the very early stages of the process. The case study focuses on the so-called “Vela roof”. This roof is part of a larger project currently under construction in Bologna (Italy). The focus of the study concerns the use of on-site renewable climate (energy) resources with special attention given passive reduction of summer overheating and daylight. For these tasks a parametric model was developed to support the decision making process and the paper will present its potential with respect to performance-oriented design during the conceptual design phase of roof structure. The very first conceptual design developed by the architectural office was assumed as a starting point for the inclusion of performance criteria. In the preliminary design of the roof uncomfortable conditions were expected under the whole roof in the summer. Various strategies for improving the thermal comfort were investigated, involving a large set of combined systems. Not all of these will be detailed in this paper. Instead we will focus on the ones directly affected by the geometry of the roof. Those are mainly air flow for cooling and the reduction of solar gain, in combination with their effects on daylight. Their investigation was based on a chain of dependencies to be integrated in the design process. With respect to that, parametric modelling was used. Parametric modelling allows both geometrical entities and their relationships to be represented. These relationships are structured in a hierarchical chain of dependencies, established during the preliminary parameterization process. The independent properties of the model are usually expressed through independent parameters, and their variations generate different configurations of the model. By making use of this potential, three project scales were parametrically explored. At the large scale, parametric variations of the overall shape of the roof were investigated in relation to cooling through ventilation and here the parametric model allowed for the generation of both different configurations of the roof, including its structural morphology and variations of its structural tessellation. At the medium scale, the integration of openable modules was investigated in relation to air extraction for cooling; with respect to this, the parametric model allows exploring openings based on variations of size and distribution. At the small scale, various options were explored for the cladding system, in order to reduce the direct solar gain while still allowing the income of indirect natural light. The parametric model was used to investigate the configuration of self-shading modules and their integration in the structure. Specific emphasis will be given to the small scale. The advantages in design process and the current limits of the parametric modelling approach used here will be discussed in the paper.
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2011/03/01 07:36

_id	ecaade2011_093
id	ecaade2011_093
authors	Veliz, Alejandro; Sills, Pablo
year	2011
title	Digital design of reconstruction proposals in Chile
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2011.673
source	RESPECTING FRAGILE PLACES [29th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-9-4912070-1-3], University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Architecture (Slovenia) 21-24 September 2011, pp.673-678
wos	WOS:000335665500078
summary	After the earthquake and tsunami occurred in Chile on February 27th 2010, the Technical University Federico Santa Maria was asked to contribute with reconstruction proposals for the commercial infrastructure destroyed in the town “San Juan Bautista”. Located 600 km (~370 mi) away from the continent, this town is not just the home of several endemic species, but is also located next to a National Protected Area and UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. Within this context, the design problem consisted on the development of a component-based strategy and prefabrication requirements, and to reduce to the minimum the implied logistics and environmental impacts of the new buildings. With a Studio of 23 final year students and the support of the Architecture Firms Association, 11 projects were developed using digital tools such as visual programming and digital fabrication. Finally, technical documentation was produced and delivered to the local and government authorities.
keywords	Visual programming; post-disaster reconstruction; prefabrication; constraintbased design; building components
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/05/01 23:21

_id	sigradi2010_312
id	sigradi2010_312
authors	Villate, Camilo; Bravo Germán; Tamayo Brando; Mauricio Caviedes
year	2010
title	La toma de decisiones en cursos del área técnica de arquitectura con herramientas tecnológicas basadas en el conocimiento [Decision - making in architecture technical areas, using knowledge based tools]
source	SIGraDi 2010_Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, pp. Bogotá, Colombia, November 17-19, 2010, pp. 312-315
summary	Specialists and educators have proven the effectiveness of using case studies as a learning support method. In the teaching of architectural techniques some technologically - based tools have been developed that enable students to accumulate technical data from studied cases. Nevertheless, this way of presenting case studies to students has restricted their potential because it promotes design fixation, typification, and functional incoherence. A complementary TIC - based tool for case studies is presented here, which allows the relation of technical data to the dynamic situations that produce them. This new tool is designed to increase students´ analysis and design capacities, and turns accumulative technical data systems into integral technological tools for teaching architectural techniques.
keywords	case studies; design fixation; repository systems; dynamic of situations
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 10:02

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