CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id caadria2010_022
id caadria2010_022
authors Ambrose, Michael A. and Lisa Lacharité-Lostritto
year 2010
title Representation in a time of re-presentation: design media processes in architectural education
source Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Hong Kong 7-10 April 2010, pp. 229-238
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2010.229
summary This paper examines what is appropriate and valuable to include in architectural education in light of changing representational conventions and techniques. Architecture finds itself at a unique moment in time where the means of production for the profession, and indeed the entire discipline, are transforming and fundamentally undermine the existing models of education, production and understanding. The threat to architecture education is that architecture becomes learned techniques rather than a way of operating within a body of knowledge that grows and responds to its context. These digital media processes offer contemporary education new and challenging ways to communicate ideas, sometimes subverting the imperative for “drawing” as the representation does not refer to information in the abstract, but IS the information quite literally.
keywords Design education; design theory; digital design representation
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id caadria2010_035
id caadria2010_035
authors Lo, Chia-Hui; Ih-Cheng Lai and Teng-Wen Chang
year 2010
title Playing jigsaw: finding the underlying structure of assembling ideas within design productive process
source Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Hong Kong 7-10 April 2010, pp. 371-380
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2010.371
summary Idea generation in design productive process often occurs within brainstorming sessions. Linking ideas is the key mechanism in this process to produce design. Through linking ideas, a graph-like knowledge is representing the individual memories with the nodes and arcs that are the ideas and the links between ideas respectively. Design is the process of puzzle-making, such thinking process is similar to play jigsaw. This research applies a computational tool (called DIM) to produce a graph-like knowledge including diverse jigsaw-like ideas and their relationships. Then we use protocol analysis to understand how designers organise the ideas. The objective is to find the hidden patterns of assembling ideas in the design productive process. Some feasibilities of the game mechanisms are proposed in this paper.
keywords design production; linking ideas; graph-like knowledge; protocol analysis; puzzle-making
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ecaade2010_061
id ecaade2010_061
authors Mokhtar Noriega, Farid; Gaterman, Harald; Rayoon Alvarez, Enrique
year 2010
title Collaborative 3D Modelling and Printing: What You See Is Not Directly What You Get
source FUTURE CITIES [28th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-9-6] ETH Zurich (Switzerland) 15-18 September 2010, pp.31-40
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2010.031
wos WOS:000340629400002
summary The aim of this collaborative 3D printing workshop is to define the production specifications, the teaching-learning pedagogical strategy aspects to help architecture students acquire: the basic competences of building representation, the pre and post processing of printing procedures (printing materials, paint, epoxy, accessories, etc...), defining the missing functions in BIM and Architectural Modelling software and determining the benefits of enhancing them for better 3D prototyping productivity. Two teams (A and B) adopted specific working scenarios based on real world printing jobs. Team A worked on an in-house scenario and Team B on an outsourcing scenario. Tasks successfully completed showed: the wide range of prototypes that could be produced in an architectural studio and the need for a collaborative network to organize the knowledge and good practices developed by research teams (professional or academic) involved in developing rapid prototyping for architecture. This knowledge network could be a discussion forum and a development partnership of 3D printing manufacturers and CAD/BIM software developers.
keywords Rapid prototyping; Collaborative 3d modelling; Knowledge bases; Software design
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id acadia10_340
id acadia10_340
authors Tamke, Martin; Riiber, Jacob; Jungjohann, Hauke
year 2010
title Generated Lamella
source ACADIA 10: LIFE in:formation, On Responsive Information and Variations in Architecture [Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-4507-3471-4] New York 21-24 October, 2010), pp. 340-347
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2010.340
summary The hierarchical organization of information is dominant in the setup of tectonic structures. In order to overcome the inherent limitations of these systems, self-organization is proposed as a means for future design. The paper exemplifies this within the research project “Lamel la Flock”. The research takes its point of departure in the structural abilities of the wooden Zollinger system: a traditional structural lamella system distributed as a woven pattern of interconnected beams. Where the original system has a very limited set of achievable geometries our research introduces an understanding of beam elements as autonomous entities with sensorymotor behaviour. By this means freeform structures can be achieved Through computation and methods of self-organization, the project investigates how to design and build with a system based on multiple and circular dependencies. Hereby the agent system negotiates between design intent, tectonic needs, and production. The project demonstrates how real-time interactive modeling can be hybridized with agent–based design strategies and how this environment can be linked to physical production. The use of knowledge embedded into the system as well as the flow of information between dynamic processes, Finite Element Calculation and machinery was key for linking the speculative with the physical.
keywords agent based systems, digital fabrication, aware models, wooden structures, industrial collaboration, 1:1 demonstrator
series ACADIA
type normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id ascaad2021_041
id ascaad2021_041
authors Taºdelen, Sümeyye; Leman Gül
year 2021
title Social Network Analysis of Digital Design Actors: Exploratory Study Covering the Journal Architectural Design
source Abdelmohsen, S, El-Khouly, T, Mallasi, Z and Bennadji, A (eds.), Architecture in the Age of Disruptive Technologies: Transformations and Challenges [9th ASCAAD Conference Proceedings ISBN 978-1-907349-20-1] Cairo (Egypt) [Virtual Conference] 2-4 March 2021, pp. 280-292
summary This research asks the question of how the design knowledge production mechanism is processed differentiates digital design actors from each other in the social media/professional and academic fields of architecture. Due to the broad nature of the research question, the study focuses on academia and academia-related media through prominent architect-authors and subject titles in the literature. Bourdieu’s concept of capital is introduced, in which cultural and symbolic capital are considered part of the production values of digital design actors. Digital design actors use image-based social media tools such as Instagram effectively. The paper uses two methods: the first is a bibliographical analysis of author-texts, and the second is a social network analysis. By employing the keyword-based search from the Web of Science database, this study has managed to extract papers with full records (citations, keywords, and abstracts), with the journal Architectural Design having most publications. Considering that both academicians and professionals contribute to publications in Architectural Design, we selected all its publications between 2010-2020 for bibliometric analysis. These analysis techniques include the bibliometric network analyses and social network analysis with the focus on visualizing the algorithms and statistical calculations of well-established metrics. The research reveals the most critical nodes of the bibliometric network by calculating the appropriate central metrics. The network formed by the selected Instagram accounts of digital design actors are shown to be a small-scale network group, while the hashtags of digital design concepts are more numerous than the digital design actors.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2021/08/09 13:11

_id ijac20108403
id ijac20108403
authors Aksamija, Ajla; Ivanka Iordanova
year 2010
title Computational Environments with Multimodal Representations of Architectural Design Knowledge
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 8 - no. 4, p. 439
summary This article discusses interaction between multimodal representations of architectural design knowledge, particularly focusing on relating explicit and implicit types of information. The aim of the presented research is to develop a computational environment that combines several modes of representation, including and integrating different forms of architectural design knowledge. Development of an interactive digital-models library and ontological model of architectural design factors are discussed, which are complementary in nature. In a time when BIM software is seen as embodiment of domain knowledge and the future medium of architectural design, this paper presents an interaction between ontological representation of architectural design knowledge and its embodiment in interactive models, thus focusing on the process of design and design space exploration. In the digital environments that we propose, representation of different formats of knowledge, such as visual, linguistic or numeric, are integrated with relational and procedural information, design rules, and characteristics. Interactive search and query based on contextual constraints, and parametric variation of the model based on the information received from ontology are the underlying drivers for design exploration and development.
series journal
last changed 2019/05/24 09:55

_id caadria2010_005
id caadria2010_005
authors Anay, Hakan
year 2010
title Computational aspects of a design process: Mario Botta’s single-family house in Breganzona
source Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Hong Kong 7-10 April 2010, pp. 49-58
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2010.049
summary The present study aims to foreground and investigate computational aspects of the design process of Mario Botta’s single-family house in Breganzona. Through the selected case, it mainly addresses the research question, “what are the computational aspects of the examined design process and what is the nature of such aspects?” or, otherwise formulated, “what aspects of such a design process could be formalised, and thus, represented or explained in computational terms?” The study primarily involves analysis and investigation of the “material”; the sketches and the drawings produced during the design process and through this material, reinterpretation, and hypothetical reconstruction of the process. The material is taken as the container of design ideas / concepts and operations, and a formal / conceptual analysis is employed to foreground and extract this content.
keywords Design process; design analysis; design computation; design knowledge
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ascaad2010_213
id ascaad2010_213
authors Babsail, Mohammad; Mahjoub Elnimeiri
year 2010
title A Computer Process for Investigating Wind Power Production in Building Integrated Wind Turbines
source CAAD - Cities - Sustainability [5th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2010 / ISBN 978-1-907349-02-7], Fez (Morocco), 19-21 October 2010, pp. 213-220
summary This paper reports on the computer process to be used in an ongoing research to investigate the effect of architectural parameters of tall buildings on the incorporation of wind turbines. The process combines a generative modeling tool (Grasshopper) and a performance based CFD tool (Virtualwind). The process is demonstrated on three typical tall building plan configurations. The wind speed was simulated at certain locations to demonstrate the ability of tall buildings to enhance the wind speed and thus maximize the energy produced by wind turbines located between twin towers. The process to predict wind power production is lastly listed.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2011/03/01 07:36

_id sigradi2010_298
id sigradi2010_298
authors Barcellos, Góes Mariza; David Maria Manuela
year 2010
title Visualization: The Contribution of a Mathematical Mediating Artefact for Creative Processes and Design Activities
source SIGraDi 2010_Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, pp. Bogotá, Colombia, November 17-19, 2010, pp. 298-300
summary Considering mathematical knowledge as an artefact that mediates social activities in the world, this paper emphasizes the contribution of visual thinking to mathematics education and extends it to the learning of design activities, especially in architectural contexts. Results from a previous research paper on architectural design, which focused on the work of some contemporary architects in their day - to - day office activities, showed the relevance of drawing in architectural practice. These results aroused our interest in researching the mediating role of drawing and its structuring effects on creative processes and design activities in architecture.
keywords visualization, mathematics education, architectural design education, activity theory
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id sigradi2010_112
id sigradi2010_112
authors Chiarella, Mauro; Zorzón Cecilia Verónica; Paulón Milagros
year 2010
title Imagen fotográfica y representación. Utilización estratégica de la fotografía digital en las diferentes etapas del proyecto arquitectónico [Photographic image and representation: strategic use of digital photography in different stages of the architecture project]
source SIGraDi 2010_Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, pp. Bogotá, Colombia, November 17-19, 2010, pp. 112-115
summary Photography and representation are historically related to the techniques and methods of creating architectural and artistic images. Such visual discourses have ranged from totalities to fragments, linear conical perspectives to computer collages, and static two - dimensional images to interactive and semi - immersed three - dimensional images. In their full - scale introduction of digital photography to architectural projects professionals have not taken advantage of the intrinsic potential of the technology, using only the two - dimensional, simple recording characteristics it inherited from analog photography. This research explores and systematizes procedures, uses, and methods for a strategic incorporation of digital photography into the different stages of architectural projects. The material developed constitutes a new method that may be applied in architectural education.
keywords photographic image, representation, architectural project
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:48

_id sigradi2010_146
id sigradi2010_146
authors Choma, Joseph
year 2010
title CONTESTED BOUNDARIES: Digital Fabrication + Hand Craft
source SIGraDi 2010_Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, pp. Bogotá, Colombia, November 17-19, 2010, pp. 146-149
summary This research investigates the relationship between efficiency, precision and tactile variation within architectural design and fabrication. A digitally driven design may be seamlessly precise and consistent but also feel sterile and distant from the human body. A materially driven design may be intimate and tactile but lack the accuracy needed to connect elements. Digital fabrication techniques are combined with hand craft material manipulations in search of a unique hybrid tectonic that merges connection accuracies with subtle but sensual divergences between repeating modules. Prototypes have been constructed at the object and inhabitable scale.
keywords instrumentality, tacit knowledge, digital fabrication, hand craft, design and computation
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:49

_id caadria2010_027
id caadria2010_027
authors Fernando, Ruwan; Robin Drogemuller, Flora Dilys Salim and Jane Burry
year 2010
title Patterns, heuristics for architectural design support: making use of evolutionary modelling in design
source Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Hong Kong 7-10 April 2010, pp. 283-292
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2010.283
summary Software used by architectural and industrial designers has shifted from becoming a tool for drafting, towards use in verification, simulation, project management and remote project sharing. In more advanced models, design parameters for the designed object can be adjusted so that a family of variations can be produced rapidly. With the advances in computer aided design (CAD) technology, design options can now be generated and analyzed in real time. However the use of digital tools to support design as an activity is still at an early stage and has largely been limited in functionality with regard to the design process. To date, major CAD vendors have not developed an integrated tool that is able to leverage specialised design knowledge from various discipline domains (known as expert knowledge systems) as well as to support the creation of design alternatives that satisfy different forms of constraints. We propose that evolutionary computing and machine learning be linked with parametric design techniques in order to monitor a designer’s cognition and intent based on their design history. This will lead to results that impact future work on design support systems which are capable of supporting implicit constraint and problem definition for wicked problems that are difficult to quantify.
keywords Design support; heuristics; generative modelling; parametric modelling; evolutionary computation
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id sigradi2010_169
id sigradi2010_169
authors Fragoso, Maria Luiza
year 2010
title Arte, Design e Tecnologia_instalações multimídia interativas [Art, Design and Technology: interactive multimedia installations]
source SIGraDi 2010_Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, pp. Bogotá, Colombia, November 17-19, 2010, pp. 169-172
summary With the advent of digital technology, several transformations occurred in contemporary art, such as the refusal of established structures to pragmatically use colors, forms, perspective and/or materials, as well as causing renewed references to local, regional, or singular cultures. In this context, design and artistic research migrates to new experimentation with the sensitive, intelligent, perceptive elements found within technological realms. In our research, artistic multimedia interactive installations conceal contemporary concepts and explore computer technology. We believe that this field of research is a powerful resource to develop dialogues between different cultures and promote social and technological inclusiveness.
keywords art; design; technology; multimedia interactive installations; culture
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:52

_id ascaad2010_145
id ascaad2010_145
authors Hamani, Dalil; Jean Michel Olive and Farid Ameziane
year 2010
title Cooperative Work Based on Numerical Tools in the Building Production
source CAAD - Cities - Sustainability [5th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2010 / ISBN 978-1-907349-02-7], Fez (Morocco), 19-21 October 2010, pp. 145-160
summary This article presents the contribution of our research to the description of the built elements in the site where information is shared by partners who are distant from one another and focused on fields of expertise that are distinct but concurrent. Our work aims to provide an information system that promotes cooperation between the buildings actors, by sharing a unique data model among the partners involved in the building construction processes. It takes into account the technical data needed in the different phases of the supply chain management cycle in the construction field. To answer a cooperative context, our work is based on the fundamental assumption that it is possible to structure a building description following the economist’s view point. During the implementation phase, the different activities on a building site can be described as a model that integrates all the related tasks and includes all the work practices and requirements shared among the partners of the architectural project.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2011/03/01 07:36

_id ecaade2010_017
id ecaade2010_017
authors Hemsath, Timothy L.
year 2010
title Searching for Innovation Through Teaching Digital Fabrication
source FUTURE CITIES [28th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-9-6] ETH Zurich (Switzerland) 15-18 September 2010, pp.21-30
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2010.021
wos WOS:000340629400001
summary The use of digital fabrication in the discourse and education of architectural students has become a common skill in many schools of architecture. There is a growing demand for computer-aided design (CAD) skills, computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) logic, programming and fabrication knowledge in student education. The relevance of fabrication tools for architecture and design education goes beyond mere competence and can pursue innovation in what Branko Koleravic (2003) observed, “The digital age has radically reconfigured the relationship between conception and production, creating a direct digital link between what can be conceived and what can be built through “file-to-factory” processes of computer numerically controlled (CNC) fabrication”. However, there has been very little written about what students are actually learning through digital fabrication courses and the relevance of the skills required for innovation in the field of digital fabrication.
keywords CAD; CAM; Pedagogy; Curriculum
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:49

_id ascaad2010_127
id ascaad2010_127
authors Hubers, Hans
year 2010
title Collaborative Parametric BIM
source CAAD - Cities - Sustainability [5th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2010 / ISBN 978-1-907349-02-7], Fez (Morocco), 19-21 October 2010, pp. 127-134
summary The paper will be focussing on a number of digital design tools used in [our groups credentials]. A new laboratory called […] is developed with Virtual Reality for collaborative architectural design. A brief description of the systems and how they are used to support a design team is given. Synchronic and a-synchronic, local and inter-local communication is made possible. Methods for introducing sustainability in the digital design process and user participation over the Internet will be discussed. The results of the author’s PhD research “Collaborative architectural design in virtual reality” are used to develop a new approach in which team members use their own specific software. Swarm design applications developed in Virtools are used at the start of a project. The objects in the swarm can be urban and architectural functional volumes. Examples of the first are houses, offices, factories, roads and water ways. Examples of the second are working, dining, shopping and waiting spaces. Relations between the functional volumes with or without constraints make the functional volumes swarm to find equilibrium. Everything is dynamic, meaning that relations and functional volumes can change any time. Alternatives can be developed using different values for these parameters and by top-down intervention. When the final global layout has been chosen, using a criteria matrix with sustainability criteria to be judged by all participants, including the future users, a next phase is started amongst professionals using parametric design software. A study into different types of parametric design software makes clear why object parametric software can be used for IFC based BIM, while the more interesting process parametric software can not. To make this clear a pragmatic description of the IFC format is given with a simple example of such a file. Future research will be proposed in which applications of different disciplines are connected through the application programming interfaces, while integrating as much as possible the building information and knowledge in the IFC format.
series ASCAAD
type normal paper
email
last changed 2011/03/01 07:48

_id sigradi2010_26
id sigradi2010_26
authors Klinger, Kevin R.
year 2010
title Connect Globally | Make Locally: Cases in Design - Through - Production Collaboration Between the Academy and Industry
source SIGraDi 2010_Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, pp. Bogotá, Colombia, November 17-19, 2010, pp. 26-29
summary Collaboration and information exchange are the primary tactics for a globally connected locally produced design - through - production process. With strategic industry partners, Ball State University students test knowledge through real - world applications. While the open access to knowledge in the global environment is critical, it is also imperative to consider the ethic of production and regionally specific conditions under which work is enabled. To this end, the paper will reveal specific design - throughproduction industry - partner collaborations, while exploring the regional implications of making locally, and consider the role of the university to serve as a local catalyst for change in a shifting global economic climate.
keywords digital fabrication, immersive learning, regionalism, collaborative design, design - through - production
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:54

_id ecaade2010_156
id ecaade2010_156
authors Kobayashi, Yoshihiro; Grasso, Christopher J.; McDearmon, Michael J.
year 2010
title World16: Innovation and collaboration in VR technology
source FUTURE CITIES [28th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-9-6] ETH Zurich (Switzerland) 15-18 September 2010, pp.593-603
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2010.593
wos WOS:000340629400064
summary This paper outlines the work and organizational framework of World16, a working group of 16 professors from around the world that engage in collaborative research on virtual reality (VR) technologies. Because of the abundance of VR software and the resulting fragmentation of research efforts in this field, World16 shares knowledge and resources using a common software package. A common research platform facilitates the sharing of data and the coordination of research efforts among member professors spread around the world. In addition to the organizational practices of World16’s project management team, various tools and methods of sharing research are described. Additionally, World16’s major research projects are outlined as well as the successes and failures of working within a shared software platform. Lastly, future work and goals of World16 are discussed, including the marketing and commercialization of several computational tools created by member professors.
keywords Virtual Reality; 3D graphics; City modeling; Parametric modeling; International organization
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id caadria2010_014
id caadria2010_014
authors Lin, Chieh-Jen and Mao-Lin Chiu
year 2010
title Spatial topology retrieval: a visual approach for representing and retrieving spatial topology in a case library
source Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Hong Kong 7-10 April 2010, pp. 147-154
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2010.147
summary This paper aims to develop a visual tool named Spatial Topology Retrieval (STR) for integrating a physical-based spatial allocation tool, which offers a visual interactive interface for architectural space layout in early design stage, into an online case library, which is based on rational database technology with ontology-based authoring tools of metadata of case features. STR services the case library as a tool for representing and retrieving the plane views of a design case.
keywords Case-based design; case library; knowledge representation; implicit knowledge; spatial topology
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id caadria2023_395
id caadria2023_395
authors Luo, Jiaxiang, Mastrokalou, Efthymia, Aldaboos, Sarah and Aldabous, Rahaf
year 2023
title Research on the Exploration of Sprayed Clay Material and Modeling System
source Immanuel Koh, Dagmar Reinhardt, Mohammed Makki, Mona Khakhar, Nic Bao (eds.), HUMAN-CENTRIC - Proceedings of the 28th CAADRIA Conference, Ahmedabad, 18-24 March 2023, pp. 231–240
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2023.2.231
summary As a traditional building material, clay has been used by humans for a long time. From early civilisations, to the modern dependence on new technologies, the craft of clay making is commonly linked with the use of moulds, handmade creations, ceramic extruders, etc. (Schmandt and Besserat, 1977). Clay in the form of bricks is one of the oldest building materials known (Fernandes et al, 2010). This research expands the possibilities offered by standardised bricks by testing types of clay, forms, shapes, porosity, and structural methods. The traditional way of working with clay relies on human craftsmanship and is based on the use of semi-solid clay (Fernandes et al., 2010). However, there is little research on the use of clay slurry. With the rise of 3D printing systems in recent years, research and development has been emerging on using clay as a 3D printing filament (Gürsoy, 2018). Researchers have discovered that in order for 3D-printed clay slurry to solidify quickly to support the weight of the added layers during printing, curing agents such as lime, coal ash, cement, etc. have to be added to the clay slurry. After adding these substances, clay is difficult to be reused and can have a negative effect on the environment (Chen et al., 2021). In this study, a unique method for manufacturing clay elements of intricate geometries is proposed with the help of an internal skeleton that can be continuously reused. The study introduces the process of applying clay on a special structure through spraying and showcases how this method creates various opportunities for customisation of production.
keywords Spray clay, Substructure, 3D printing, Modelling system, Reusable
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2023/06/15 23:14

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