Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	cf2011_p135
id	cf2011_p135
authors	Chen Rui, Irene; Schnabel Marc Aurel
year	2011
title	Multi-touch - the future of design interaction
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 557-572.
summary	The next major revolution for design is to bring the natural user interaction into design activities. Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) brought a new approach that was more effective compared to their conventional predecessors. In recent years, Natural User Interfaces (NUI) have advanced user experiences and multi-touch and gesture technologies provide new opportunities for a variety of potential uses in design. Much attention has been paid to leverage in the design of interactive interfaces. The mouse input and desktop screen metaphors limit the information sharing for multiple users and also delayed the direct interaction for communication between each other. This paper proposes the innovative method by integrating game engine ‘Unity3D’ with multi-touch tangible interfaces. Unity3D provides a game development tool as part of its application package that has been designed to let users to focus on creating new games. However, it does not limit the usage of area to design additional game scenarios since the benefits of Unity3D is allowing users to build 3D environments with its customizable and easy to use editor, graphical pipelines to openGL (http://unity3d.com/, 2010 ). It creates Virtual Reality (VR) environments which can simulates places in the real world, as well as the virtual environments helping architects and designers to vividly represent their design concepts through 3D visualizations, and interactive media installations in a detailed multi-sensory experience. Stereoscopic displays advanced their spatial ability while solving issues to design e.g. urban spaces. The paper presents how a multi-touch tabletop can be used for these design collaboration and communication tasks. By using natural gestures, designers can now communicate and share their ideas by manipulating the same reference simultaneously using their own input simultaneously. Further studies showed that 3Dl forms are perceived and understood more readily through haptic and proprioceptive perception of tangible representations than through visual representation alone (Gillet et al, 2005). Based on the authors’ framework presented at the last CAADFutures, the benefits of integrating 3D visualization and tactile sensory can be illustrated in this platform (Chen and Wang, 2009), For instance, more than one designer can manipulate the 3D geometry objects on tabletop directly and can communicate successfully their ideas freely without having to waiting for the next person response. It made the work more effective which increases the overall efficiency. Designers can also collect the real-time data by any change they make instantly. The possibilities of Uniy3D make designing very flexible and fun, it is deeply engaging and expressive. Furthermore, the unity3D is revolutionizing the game development industry, its breakthrough development platform for creating highly interactive 3D content on the web (http://unity3d.com/ , 2010) or similar to the interface of modern multimedia devices such as the iPhone, therefore it allows the designers to work remotely in a collaborative way to integrate the design process by using the individual mobile devices while interacting design in a common platform. In design activities, people create an external representation of a domain, often of their own ideas and understanding. This platform helps learners to make their ideas concrete and explicit, and once externalized, subsequently they reflect upon their work how well it sits the real situation. The paper demonstrates how this tabletop innovatively replaces the typical desktop metaphor. In summary, the paper addresses two major issues through samples of collaborative design: firstly presenting aspects of learners’ interactions with physical objects, whereby tangible interfaces enables them constructing expressive representations passively (Marshall, 2007), while focussing on other tasks; and secondly showing how this novel design tool allows designers to actively create constructions that might not be possible with conventional media.
keywords	Multi-touch tabletop, Tangible User Interface
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	cf2011_p049
id	cf2011_p049
authors	Hii Jun Chung, Daniel; Chye Kiang Heng, Lai Choo Malone Lee, Ji Zhang
year	2011
title	Analyzing the Ventilation Performance of Tropical High Density Residential Precincts using Computational Fluid Dynamics
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 351-366.
summary	Major cities in the world are getting bigger as they continue to grow to cater for more population increase. These cities normally forced the urban planning to go high density. In the tropical context, high density cities like Singapore and Hong Kong do not have the luxury of space to go low rise and compact. These cities have to build to the floor area ratio of 4 and above to cater for the population. Their only solution is to go up, as high as possible, to the extent that the natural wind flow pattern will be altered, which brings environmental impact to the people. This is generally not good since wind flow helps to maintain the thermal comfort of the people as heat and pollutants are being channeled out of the city to avoid Urban Heat Island effect. In the tropical context, wind flow is crucial to maintain people‚Äôs comfort as the temperature is generally very high from the exposure of the sun for the entire year. Studies have shown that wind flow plays the most significant part in maintaining human comfort despite exposing to direct sunlight in the tropics. Therefore, wind flow analysis is extremely crucial to make the design sustainable and energy efficient, as people will not have to depend on mechanical ventilation to compensate for the lack of wind flow. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has always been used in the field of architecture, urban design and urban planning to understand the patterns of wind flow through the built environment apart from wind tunnel tests. The availability of more powerful hardware for the mainstream computer users as well as the lowering costs of these computers made CFD more possible to be adopted in the design world today. This also means using CFD in the design process, especially to analyze the impact of the design to the current site conditions and annual wind patterns will help the new design to be more responsive to the site. The interest of this paper is to analyze the high density typologies to see how well they respond to the local wind flow pattern. A typology is considered acceptable when the wind flow going through the site is still maintaining acceptable wind speed. This means it does not block off the wind and create stagnant spaces. Different designs generate different typologies which will respond differently to the wind pattern. The study aims at comparing the local high density typologies in terms of their response to the wind. Changes to a typology can be explored too to see if the performance will be different. For a typology which is considered a total failure in terms of response to wind, it may improve its performance if the orientation is altered. The CFD software can also parametrically respond to the changes of the typologies‚Äô dimensions. This is helpful to see how much more a typology can still be performing well before failure by increasing the floor area index. The easiest way to do this is to pump up the building height. In conclusion, designing in response to wind is extremely important as it is more sustainable and responsive to Urban Heat Island effect. A design which responds well to the wind patterns will help save cost of cooling load and fan expenditure. The people will also be more willing to use the outdoor spaces which will as a whole generate more vibrant city spaces. As a result, a high density city with huge population count can still enjoy good thermal comfort if the general urban planning and design respond well to wind.
keywords	computational fluid dynamics, sustainability, high density, urban design, airflow, ventilation
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	cf2011_p027
id	cf2011_p027
authors	Herssens, Jasmien; Heylighen Ann
year	2011
title	A Framework of Haptic Design Parameters for Architects: Sensory Paradox Between Content and Representation
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 685-700.
summary	Architects‚Äîlike other designers‚Äîtend to think, know and work in a visual way. In design research, this way of knowing and working is highly valued as paramount to design expertise (Cross 1982, 2006). In case of architecture, however, it is not only a particular strength, but may as well be regarded as a serious weakness. The absence of non-visual features in traditional architectural spatial representations indicates how these are disregarded as important elements in conceiving space (Dischinger 2006). This bias towards vision, and the suppression of other senses‚Äîin the way architecture is conceived, taught and critiqued‚Äîresults in a disappearance of sensory qualities (Pallasmaa 2005). Nevertheless, if architects design with more attention to non visual senses, they are able to contribute to more inclusive environments. Indeed if an environment offers a range of sensory triggers, people with different sensory capacities are able to navigate and enjoy it. Rather than implementing as many sensory triggers as possible, the intention is to make buildings and spaces accessible and enjoyable for more people, in line with the objective of inclusive design (Clarkson et al. 2007), also called Design for All or Universal Design (Ostroff 2001). Within this overall objective, the aim of our study is to develop haptic design parameters that support architects during design in paying more attention to the role of haptics, i.e. the sense of touch, in the built environment by informing them about the haptic implications of their design decisions. In the context of our study, haptic design parameters are defined as variables that can be decided upon by designers throughout the design process, and the value of which determines the haptic characteristics of the resulting design. These characteristics are based on the expertise of people who are congenitally blind, as they are more attentive to non visual information, and of professional caregivers working with them. The parameters do not intend to be prescriptive, nor to impose a particular method. Instead they seek to facilitate a more inclusive design attitude by informing designers and helping them to think differently. As the insights from the empirical studies with people born blind and caregivers have been reported elsewhere (Authors 2010), this paper starts by outlining the haptic design parameters resulting from them. Following the classification of haptics into active, dynamic and passive touch, the built environment unfolds into surfaces that can act as ‚Äúmovement‚Äù, ‚Äúguiding‚Äù and/or ‚Äúrest‚Äù plane. Furthermore design techniques are suggested to check the haptic qualities during the design process. Subsequently, the paper reports on a focus group interview/workshop with professional architects to assess the usability of the haptic design parameters for design practice. The architects were then asked to try out the parameters in the context of a concrete design project. The reactions suggest that the participating architects immediately picked up the underlying idea of the parameters, and recognized their relevance in relation to the design project at stake, but that their representation confronts us with a sensory paradox: although the parameters question the impact of the visual in architectural design, they are meant to be used by designers, who are used to think, know and work in a visual way.
keywords	blindness, design parameters, haptics, inclusive design, vision
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	ijac20109103
id	ijac20109103
authors	Jun Chung, Daniel Hii; Malone-Lee Lai Choo
year	2011
title	Computational Fluid Dynamics for Urban Design: The Prospects for Greater Integration
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 9 - no. 1, 33-54
summary	Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has always been used in the field of architecture, urban design and urban planning to understand the patterns of wind flow through the built environment. Its analysis is important to evaluate whether the natural ventilation through a site is adequate to mitigate heat and pollutant to achieve better human comfort in dense urban environments. However, given the complex operational requirements, the response to wind flow is not always done early enough to support planning and design. This paper seeks to illustrate how CFD analysis can aid planning and design of urban areas and investigates the workflow requirements, in the hope of making the CFD simulations more accessible to the practices and contribute to design decisions. It also looks at the present technological advancements and future prospects to assess the scenarios where emerging technologies can make CFD simulation more readily available with affordable and even mobile hardware installations.
series	journal
last changed	2019/05/24 09:55

_id	cf2011_p073
id	cf2011_p073
authors	Nasirova, Diliara; Erhan Halil, Huang Andy T, Woodbury Robert, Riecke Bernhard E.
year	2011
title	Change Detection in 3D Parametric Systems: Human-Centered Interfaces for Change Visualization
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 751-764.
summary	The research on current parametric modeling systems concerns mainly about the underlying computational technology and designs produced; and emphasizes less human factors and design tasks. We observe users being challenged in interacting with these systems regardless of their expertise level. In these systems, user’s attention is divided on system-imposed actions such as tool selection and set-up, managing obscured views, frequent view manipulation, and switching between different types of representations. In essence, control of the system can become more demanding than the design task itself. We argue that this unbalanced emphasis inhibits one of the most important functions of parametric design: agility in exploration of design alternatives by applying frequent user-introduced or system-generated changes on the parametric design models. This compounded by the effect of cognitive limitations such as change blindness and shifts in locus of attention hinders change control and imposes an extra cognitive load in design. In this paper, we made a first step in developing a set of heuristics that is going to present how designers’ change control and detection can be improved. We experimented with three interfaces that control and visualize changes on three different compositions in relation to the designer’s locus of attention: on-model, peripheral and combined views. We measured designers’ performance as the number of changes detected, number of trials, and time required to complete each change detection task. The results support our hypothesis that change blindness significantly slows down and overloads design thinking, and thus should not be ignored. Furthermore, an interesting finding shows that visualizations on the visual periphery can equally support change detection as on-model visualizations, but it is significantly easier and faster to detect changes when they are visualized in both views. These findings can guide us to develop better interfaces in 3D parametric systems.
keywords	parametric design, change detection, change blindness, user-centered design, interface ergonomics, HCI, CAD, visualization
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	cf2011_p152
id	cf2011_p152
authors	Plume, Jim; Mitchell John
year	2011
title	An Urban Information Framework to support Planning, Decision-Making & Urban Design
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 653-668.
summary	This paper reports on a 2-year research project undertaken in collaboration with a state planning authority, a major city municipal council and a government-owned development organisation. The project has involved the design of an urban information model framework with the aim of supporting more informed urban planning by addressing the intersection where an individual building interfaces with its urban context. This adopted approach enables new techniques that better model the city and its processes in a transparent and accessible manner. The primary driver for this project was the challenge provided by the essential incompatibility between legacy GIS (geographic information system) datasets and BIM (building information model) representations of the built form. When dealing with urban scale information, GIS technologies use an overlay mapping metaphor linked to traditional relational database technologies to identify features or regions in the urban landscape and attach attribute data to those in order to permit analysis and informed assessment of the urban form. On the other hand, BIM technologies adopt an object-oriented approach to model the full three-dimensional characteristics of built forms in a way that captures both the geometric and physical attributes of the parts that make up a building, as well as the relationships between those parts and the spaces defined by the building fabric. The latter provides a far richer semantic structure to the data, while the former provides robust tools for a wide range of urban analyses. Both approaches are widely recognised as serving well the needs of their respective domains, but there is a widespread belief that we need to reconcile the two disparate approaches to modelling the real world. This project has sought to address that disjunction between modelling approaches. The UrbanIT project concentrated on two aspects of this issue: the development of a framework for managing information at the precinct and building level through the adoption of an object-oriented database technology that provides a platform for information management; and an exploration of ontology tools and how they can be adopted to facilitate semantic information queries across diverse data sources based on a common urban ontology. This paper is focussed on the first of those two agendas, examining the context of the work, the challenges addressed by the framework and the structure of our solution. A prototype implementation of the framework is illustrated through an urban precinct currently undergoing renewal and redevelopment, finishing with a discussion of future work that comes out of this project. Our approach to the implementation of the urban information model has been to propose extensions to ISO/PAS 16739, the international standard for modelling building information that is commonly known as IFC (Industry Foundation Classes). Our reason for adopting that approach is primarily our deep commitment to the adoption of open standards to facilitate the exchange of information across the built environment professions, but also because IFC is based on a robust object schema that can be used to construct a internet-accessible database able, theoretically, to handle the vast quantity of data needed to model urban-scale information. The database solution comes with well-established protocols for handling data security, integrity, versioning and transaction processing or querying. A central issue addressed through this work is concerned with level of detail. An urban information model permits a very precise and detailed representation of an urban precinct, while many planning analyses rely on simplified object representations. We will show that a key benefit of our approach is the ability to simultaneously maintain multiple representations of objects, making use of the concept of model view definitions to manage diverse analysis needs.
keywords	urban information modelling, geographic information systems, city models, interoperability, urban planning, open standards
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	cf2011_p095
id	cf2011_p095
authors	Shin, Dongyoun; Muller Arisona Stefan, Schmitt Gerhard
year	2011
title	Crowdsourcing Urban Simulation Platform Using Mobile Devices and Social Networking Media Technologies
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 233-246.
summary	Introduction and Research Questions The research area of urban simulation methods has grown notably in recent decades. Most of the research topics that concern urban simulation have concentrated on defining the complexities of urban environments with certain rules and algorithms. However, cities are getting more complex and changes to them are being made at greater speed. Therefore, current urban simulation modeling approaches based on rules and protocols are still struggling to reduce the gap between the virtual simulation environment and the real cities, since the behavior of citizens is frequently unpredictable and continuously adapting. In this context, research is necessary to develop more fundamental simulation methods that can handle these complexities and changes, leading to new design decision support systems. Therefore, this research was motivated with the following questions: What is the origin of the complexities and transformations of the urban environment? How can we approach the origin to deal with the urban complexities and transformations? To answer these questions, we hypothesize that the diverse human intentions are the origin of the issues that result from all of the complexities and changes of the cities. General Objectives As a result, we propose a participatory simulation environment that brings human intention into the urban simulator: a crowdsourcing [1] simulation platform that is operated by the people‚Äôs participation. To achieve this crowdsourcing urban sustainability simulation environment, we must address the following research issues: categorization of urban sustainability indicators and technologies, inducing mass participations, and an implementation of social network services. Furthermore, we aim at using mobile computing devices, such as smart phones, as a terminal to the simulation environment. Fundamental Goals Our goal is to enable people to share urban information at any time and to compare each other‚Äôs contributions through the crowdsourcing urban simulation platform. The information will be returned to the citizens to support their sustainability-aware life. The simulation platform also gives a chance not only to compare each other‚Äôs levels of sustainability, but also to give self-satisfaction through an altruistic contribution for a sustainable future. Thus, people shall utilize the simulator in order to predict their individual or cities‚Äô future sustainability. Meanwhile, the user data will be collected and delivered to the central server in order to analyze the urban sustainability. Consequently, we can measure the urban sustainability based on a real human interaction, and compare individuals as well as cities. The whole process of this research is presented as a new paradigm of an urban simulator that reflects the urban complexities and the inconstant human mind changes. Specific Objectives of This Paper This paper will represent strategies of the crowdsourcing urban simulation which can make a paradigm shift of urban simulation and shall define the customized sustainable indicators for the initial steps of this research. It shows how as system for can communicate with the public using the current technologies: high performance mobile media, social network services and wide-area geospatial information systems. Furthermore, for the first step of this research, the paper defines the urban sustainability indicators, and their categorization is generalized and translated into simpler ways to support the citizen‚ intuitive understanding.
keywords	Crowdsourcing, Urban sustainability, Multi-agent based simulation, Social network services
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	cf2011_p124
id	cf2011_p124
authors	Verdonck, Evelien; Froyen Hubert
year	2011
title	Universal Design Patterns: Designing a Web-Based Tool with Architects
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 103-115.
summary	The implementation of Universal Design in design practice requires a number of tools that provide support to designers throughout the design process. In recent years, several studies have been carried out, determining methods to help designers select appropriate design support tools (DSTs), looking for desired data representation characteristics, or focusing on involving a wide range of users in the design process. This paper discusses how architects, as end-users of the DST, are involved in the development process of a new web-based tool based on the Universal Design Patterns concept. The Universal Design Pattern concept was developed based on Christopher Alexander‚Äôs Pattern Language, and looks at the possibility of using patterns to describe existing barriers in the built environment (conflicts), as well as design characteristics that may be implemented to make new designs more inclusive (resolutions). Through Universal Design Patterns, users can contribute new insights about the existing built environment, while architects can discuss the inclusive qualities of new design solutions or find useful design guidance. Involving the architects in developing the Universal Design Pattern concept into a web-based design tool is essential to establish a structure for the Universal Design Patterns that is compatible with the designers‚Äô way of thinking about design problems. Using the specific structure of Universal Design Patterns allows for the grouping of information into appropriately themed units on different levels of the design in a clear and uniform way. Building on the results of a survey involving 406 architects and a comparative study of existing DSTs for Universal Design, this paper first focuses on the results of a series of interviews that provided the basis for a first data-structure for the Universal Design Patterns tool. In addition to this, case-studies were carried out to ensure the new tool can easily be incorporated into the architects‚Äô design process. The results from both the interviews and the case-studies were combined in a preliminary model for the web-based tool. Finally, the methodology for testing this model with architects is discussed. In conclusion, some thoughts are given on the potential benefits of not only testing new DSTs with designers, but involving them actively from the early stages; or, in other words, the benefits of tools not only designed for architects, but with them.
keywords	Universal Design, Tools, Patterns
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	cf2011_p043
id	cf2011_p043
authors	Boeykens, Stefan
year	2011
title	Using 3D Design Software, BIM and Game Engines for Architectural Historical Reconstruction
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 493-509.
summary	The use of digital tools has become a tremendous aid in the creation of digital, historical reconstructions of architectural projects. Regular visualization techniques have been used for quite some time and they still pose interesting approaches, such as following cinematic techniques [1]. While common visualizations focus on pre-rendered graphics, it is possible to apply Game Engines [2] for real-time architectural visualization, as witnessed by [3] and [4]. In the course of our teaching and research efforts, we have collected experience with several visualization and modeling techniques, including the use of gaming engines. While the modeling of qualitative geometry for use in regular visualization already poses an elaborate effort, the preparation of models for different uses is often not trivial. Most modeling systems only support the creation of models for a single amount of detail, whereas an optimized model for a real-time system will have fairly different constraints when compared to non-real-time models for photorealistic rendering and animation. The use of parametric methods is one usable approach to tackle this complexity, as illustrated in [4]. One of the major advantages of using parametric approaches lies precisely in the possibility of using a single model to generate different geometry with control over the amount of detail. We explicitly tackle this in a Building Information Modeling (BIM) context, as to support much more than purely 3D geometry and visualization purposes. An integrated approach allows the same model to be used for technical drawings in 2D and an optimized 3D model in varying levels of detail for different visualization purposes. However, while most Building Information Modeling applications are targeted to current architectural practice, they seldom provide sufficient content for the recreation of historical models. This thus requires an extensive library of parametric, custom objects to be used and re-used for historically accurate models, which can serve multiple purposes. Finally, the approach towards the historical resources also poses interpretation problems, which we tackled using a reasonably straightforward set up of an information database, collecting facts and accuracies. This helps in the visualization of color-coded 3D models, depicting the accuracy of the model, which is a valuable graphical approach to discuss and communicate information about the historical study in an appealing format. This article will present the results of different reconstruction case studies, using a variety of design applications and discuss the inherent complexity and limitations in the process of translating an active, evolving model into an environment suitable for use in a real-time system. Especially workflow issues are identified, as the translation of the model into the game engine should be repeated several times, when the model is further refined and adapted. This used to involve a large amount of repetitive work, but the current crop of game engines have much better approaches to manage the updating of the geometry.
keywords	Real-time architecture, game engines, cultural heritage, digital reconstruction, parametric modeling, Building Information Modeling
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	acadia11_34
id	acadia11_34
authors	Johnson, Jason S
year	2011
title	Integrating Difference
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2011.034
source	ACADIA 11: Integration through Computation [Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA)] [ISBN 978-1-6136-4595-6] Banff (Alberta) 13-16 October, 2011, pp. 34-37
summary	In developing this year’s ACADIA Conference, the organizing committee spent much time discussing the various streams of papers, projects and contributions that form its content. Often these questions have focused on what disciplines can be defined as being “allied” to architecture and more specifically to the particular obsessions that have historically been presented here. Questions of appropriateness and legibility are difficult to grasp in the context of a community whose research focus is being pulled in many directions. Technological advances (software, robots, bioengineering) and the push towards emergent systems or parametricism as theoretical frameworks, are providing us with an interesting moment in which to ask the question: who are appropriate allies in the development of architectural projects?
keywords	integrative design
series	ACADIA
type	introduction
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	acadia11_318
id	acadia11_318
authors	Doumpioti,Christina
year	2011
title	Responsive and Autonomous Material Interfaces
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2011.318
source	ACADIA 11: Integration through Computation [Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA)] [ISBN 978-1-6136-4595-6] Banff (Alberta) 13-16 October, 2011, pp. 318-325
summary	This paper presents continuing research on responsive systems in architecture; the ability of architectural systems to change certain properties in response to their surrounding environmental pressures. While doing so, it shifts from current and past examples of mechanical approaches of adaptation, towards biological paradigms of seamless material integration. Looking at biological mechanisms of growth and focusing on the material make-up behind them, the research proposes the exploration of material systems in a two-fold interrelated manner: firstly, through passive material systems of variable elasticity, and secondly through the embedment of smart materials with shape-changing properties. The combination of the two is aiming at architectural systems of functional versatility.Through an interdisciplinary approach, the paper examines the following questions: Is it possible to envisage structures that share the principles of adaptation and response of living organisms? What are the technological challenges faced when designing self-actuated responsive interfaces? Which is the conceptual framework for understanding and investigating complex adaptive and responsive systems? By exploring and synthesizing theories and tools from material science, bioengineering and cybernetics the aim is to inform architectural interfaces able to enhance interconnectivity between the man-made and the natural. Focusing on the self-organization of material systems the intention is to suggest architectural interventions, which become sub-systems of their ecological milieu. The emphasis therefore is placed not on architectural formalism, but on how we can define synthetic environments through constant exchanges of energy, matter and information.
series	ACADIA
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	acadia11_70
id	acadia11_70
authors	Gutierrez, Maria-Paz
year	2011
title	Innovative Puzzles
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2011.070
source	ACADIA 11: Integration through Computation [Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA)] [ISBN 978-1-6136-4595-6] Banff (Alberta) 13-16 October, 2011, pp. 70-71
summary	Matter and information; information and matter. A puzzle unveiled little by little. Hardly surprising since every atom, molecule, and basic particle in the universe registers bits of information. All interactions between these components, inert and alive, owe their existence to matter’s intrinsic ability to process information. Such aptitude explains how complex systems can arise from fundamentally simple organizational laws. In fact, the world’s almost infinite material combinations, viable through such few basic elements, are one of the most visible expressions of these capabilities. Triggered by the developments in quantum physics across the twentieth century, our understanding of material processes radically shifted our impressions of the world. For decades our scales of perception and manipulation have continued to expand into almost unfathomable boundaries. Yet, the study of the interdependencies between matter and information is still fundamentally part of the sciences and engineering. Only just recently did architecture venture into this inherently intricate field. The subsequent set of papers here presented posit fundamental interrogations of potential interdependencies between matter and information. Without fear to confront the obstacles of delving into a largely unexplored field of architecture, these researchers forge new frontiers of interrelating computational parameters to multi-physics in the complex settings of architectural scale. Unlike other epistemologies, architecture cannot be reduced to a single scale of exploration. We can neither restrict scalar boundaries (i.e., nano to micro), nor reduce morphologies to simplify the processing of multiple physics without compromising the design problem. By default, it is more difficult to conceptually and numerically articulate the abstract and numerical criteria of complex geometries and material variables.
series	ACADIA
type	moderator overview
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	caadria2011_054
id	caadria2011_054
authors	Herr, Christiane M.
year	2011
title	Gains, losses and limitations in designing parametrically: A critical reflection of an architectural design studio in China
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2011.569
source	Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / The University of Newcastle, Australia 27-29 April 2011, pp. 569-578
summary	This paper argues that learning to design parametrically in the architectural studio entails gains but also losses, since the parametric design approach tends to and encourage certain patterns of thought while discouraging others. This investigation complements previous research focusing mostly on technological aspects. Based on observational data from a parametric design studio in China, this paper discusses how parametric designing can pose challenges to existing design values and approaches, specifically within a Chinese context. It further draws attention to the limitations of parametric designing, which in the observed cases required both students and teachers to break and extend parametric models besides and beyond parametric variation to make them work architecturally. This paper aims to inform educators employing parametric designing in their architectural design studios as well as researchers who examine such studios.
keywords	Parametric design; studio; design culture; education
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	cf2011_p075
id	cf2011_p075
authors	Janssen, Patrick; Chen Kian Wee
year	2011
title	Visual Dataflow Modelling: A Comparison of Three Systems
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 801-816.
summary	Visual programming languages enable users to create computer programs by manipulating graphical elements rather than by entering text. The difference between textual languages and visual languages is that most textual languages use a procedural programming model, while most visual languages use a dataflow programming model. When visual programming is applied to design, it results in a new modelling approach that we refer to 'visual dataflow modelling' (VDM). Recently, VDM has becoming increasingly popular within the design community, as it can accelerate the iterative design process, thereby allowing larger numbers of design possibilities to be explored. Furthermore, it is now also becoming an important tool in performance-based design approaches, since it may potentially enable the closing of the loop between design development and design evaluation. A number of CAD systems now provide VDM interfaces, allowing designers to define form generating procedures without having to resort to scripting or programming. However, these environments have certain weaknesses that limit their usability. This paper will analyse these weaknesses by comparing and contrasting three VDM environments: McNeel Grasshopper, Bentley Generative Components, and Sidefx Houdini. The paper will focus on five key areas: * Conditional logic allow rules to be applied to geometric entities that control how they behave. Such rules will typically be defined as if-then-else conditions, where an action will be executed if a particular condition is true. A more advanced version of this is the while loop, where the action within the loop will be repeatedly executed while a certain condition remains true. * Local coordinate systems allow geometric entities to be manipulated relative to some convenient local point of reference. These systems may be either two-dimensional or three-dimensional, using either Cartesian, cylindrical, or spherical systems. Techniques for mapping geometric entities from one coordinate system to another also need to be considered. * Duplication includes three types: simple duplication, endogenous duplication, and exogenous duplication. Simple duplication consists of copying some geometric entity a certain number of times, producing identical copies of the original. Endogenous duplication consist of copying some geometric entity by applying a set of transformations that are defined as part of the duplication process. Lastly, exogenous duplication consists of copying some geometric entity by applying a set of transformations that are defined by some other external geometry. * Part-whole relationships allow geometric entities to be grouped in various ways, based on the fundamental set-theoretic concept that entities can be members of sets, and sets can be members of other sets. Ways of aggregating data into both hierarchical and non-hierarchical structures, and ways of filtering data based on these structures need to be considered. * Spatial queries include relationships between geometric entities such as touching, crossing, overlapping, or containing. More advanced spatial queries include various distance based queries and various sorting queries (e.g. sorting all entities based on position) and filtering queries (e.g. finding all entities with a certain distance from a point). For each of these five areas, a simple benchmarking test case has been developed. For example, for conditional logic, the test case consists of a simple room with a single window with a condition: the window should always be in the longest north-facing wall. If the room is rotated or its dimensions changed, then the window must re-evaluate itself and possibly change position to a different wall. For each benchmarking test-case, visual programs are implemented in each of the three VDM environments. The visual programs are then compared and contrasted, focusing on two areas. First, the type of constructs used in each of these environments are compared and contrasted. Second, the cognitive complexity of the visual programming task in each of these environments are compared and contrasted.
keywords	visual, dataflow, programming, parametric, modelling
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	ecaade2011_163
id	ecaade2011_163
authors	Mark, Earl
year	2011
title	Visualizing the Unknown in Historical Vernacular Architecture: Making Speculation from Archaeological Fragments Explicit
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2011.868
source	RESPECTING FRAGILE PLACES [29th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-9-4912070-1-3], University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Architecture (Slovenia) 21-24 September 2011, pp.868-874
summary	Computer based visualization tools have the capacity to create convincing reconstructions of historical structures that appear to be authentic and complete but where inferences have been drawn from relatively limited evidence. The challenge is how to make the exciting process of discovery, argument and reasoning more self-evident in the model and also make known the alternative constructions that were plausible but less likely. This paper refers to two computer visualizations developed by the author for world heritage building sites. In both cases, a similar geometrical modeling technique was used. However, in the second case, the 3D modeling approach is developed for juxtaposition with captured dialogs, the evidence used, and the process followed so as to make level of speculation more explicit.
wos	WOS:000335665500100
keywords	Authentication; Three-Dimensional Digital Reconstruction; Archaeology; Parametric Modeling; Decision Tree
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/05/01 23:21

_id	cf2011_p016
id	cf2011_p016
authors	Merrick, Kathryn; Gu Ning
year	2011
title	Supporting Collective Intelligence for Design in Virtual Worlds: A Case Study of the Lego Universe
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 637-652.
summary	Virtual worlds are multi-faceted technologies. Facets of virtual worlds include graphical simulation tools, communication, design and modelling tools, artificial intelligence, network structure, persistent object-oriented infrastructure, economy, governance and user presence and interaction. Recent studies (Merrick et al., 2010) and applications (Rosenman et al., 2006; Maher et al., 2006) have shown that the combination of design, modelling and communication tools, and artificial intelligence in virtual worlds makes them suitable platforms for supporting collaborative design, including human-human collaboration and human-computer co-creativity. Virtual worlds are also coming to be recognised as a platform for collective intelligence (Levy, 1997), a form of group intelligence that emerges from collaboration and competition among large numbers of individuals. Because of the close relationship between design, communication and virtual world technologies, there appears a strong possibility of using virtual worlds to harness collective intelligence for supporting upcoming ‚Äúdesign challenges on a much larger scale as we become an increasingly global and technological society‚Äù (Maher et al, 2010), beyond the current support for small-scale collaborative design teams. Collaborative design is relatively well studied and is characterised by small-scale, carefully structured design teams, usually comprising design professionals with a good understanding of the design task at hand. All team members are generally motivated and have the skills required to structure the shared solution space and to complete the design task. In contrast, collective design (Maher et al, 2010) is characterised by a very large number of participants ranging from professional designers to design novices, who may need to be motivated to participate, whose contributions may not be directly utilised for design purposes, and who may need to learn some or all of the skills required to complete the task. Thus the facets of virtual worlds required to support collective design differ from those required to support collaborative design. Specifically, in addition to design, communication and artificial intelligence tools, various interpretive, mapping and educational tools together with appropriate motivational and reward systems may be required to inform, teach and motivate virtual world users to contribute and direct their inputs to desired design purposes. Many of these world facets are well understood by computer game developers, as level systems, quests or plot and achievement/reward systems. This suggests the possibility of drawing on or adapting computer gaming technologies as a basis for harnessing collective intelligence in design. Existing virtual worlds that permit open-ended design ‚Äì such as Second Life and There ‚Äì are not specifically game worlds as they do not have extensive level, quest and reward systems in the same way as game worlds like World of Warcraft or Ultima Online. As such, while Second Life and There demonstrate emergent design, they do not have the game-specific facets that focus users towards solving specific problems required for harnessing collective intelligence. However, a new massively multiplayer virtual world is soon to be released that combines open-ended design tools with levels, quests and achievement systems. This world is called Lego Universe (www.legouniverse.com). This paper presents technology spaces for the facets of virtual worlds that can contribute to the support of collective intelligence in design, including design and modelling tools, communication tools, artificial intelligence, level system, motivation, governance and other related facets. We discuss how these facets support the design, communication, motivational and educational requirements of collective intelligence applications. The paper concludes with a case study of Lego Universe, with reference to the technology spaces defined above. We evaluate the potential of this or similar tools to move design beyond the individual and small-scale design teams to harness large-scale collective intelligence. We also consider the types of design tasks that might best be addressed in this manner.
keywords	collective intelligence, collective design, virtual worlds, computer games
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	caadria2013_195
id	caadria2013_195
authors	Park, Jihyun; Azizan Aziz, Kevin Li and Carl Covington
year	2013
title	Energy Performance Modeling of an Office Building and Its Evaluation – Post-Occupancy Evaluation and Energy Efficiency of the Building
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.209
source	Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 209-218
summary	Energy performance modelling can provide insights into the efficiency and sustainability of commercial buildings, and also the achievement of certification standards such as USGBC LEED. However, the results from the modelling must be validated via a post-construction evaluation, which quantifies any discrepancies between the predicted energy usage and the actual energy consumed. In this study, an existing office building was examined to test how well the model predicts energy usage. The results from the model were compared with the actual usage of gas and electricity over two years (2010-2011). Our study showed a 123% higher gas usage,and a 36% lower electricity, compared with the simulation. This difference presents that occupant behaviour and building construction practices have significant impact on the energy usage of a building. For instance, the large discrepancy among gas usage is due to the office building’s thermal envelope, which identifies the spots at which heat leaks out of the building, thereby forcing the heating unit to work more. Additionally, the post occupancy evaluation study identified that indoor environmental conditions impact on energy consumption of the building.
wos	WOS:000351496100021
keywords	Building performance evaluation, Energy modelling, Energy usage, User behaviour, Post occupancy evaluation
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	cf2011_p014
id	cf2011_p014
authors	Pauwels, Pieter; De Meyer Ronald, Van Campenhout Jan
year	2011
title	Extending the Design Process into the Knowledge of the World
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 203-216.
summary	Research initiatives throughout history have shown how a designer typically makes associations and references to a vast amount of knowledge based on experiences to make decisions. With the increasing usage of information systems in our everyday lives, one might imagine an information system that provides designers access to the 'architectural memories' of other architectural designers during the design process, in addition to their own physical architectural memory. In this paper, we discuss how the increased adoption of semantic web technologies might advance this idea. We briefly discuss how such a semantic web of building information can be set up, and how this can be linked to a wealth of information freely available in the Linked Open Data (LOD) cloud.
keywords	architectural design, design thinking, information, linked data, reasoning, semantic web
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	cf2011_p115
id	cf2011_p115
authors	Pohl, Ingrid; Hirschberg Urs
year	2011
title	Sensitive Voxel - A reactive tangible surface
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 525-538.
summary	Haptic and tactile sensations, the active or passive exploration of our built surroundings through our sense of touch, give us a direct feeling and detailed information of space, a sense of architecture (Pallasmaa 2005). This paper presents the prototype of a reactive surface system, which focuses its output on the sense of touch. It explains how touch sensations influence the perception of architecture and discusses potential applications that might arise from such systems in the future. A growing number of projects demonstrate the strong impact of interaction design on the human senses and perception. They offer new ways of sensing and experiencing architectural space. But the majority of these interaction concepts focus on visual and auditory output-effects. The sense of touch is typically used as an input generator, but neglected as as a potential receiver of stimuli. With all the possibilities of sensors and micro-devices available nowadays, there is no longer a technical reason for this. It is possible to explore a much wider range of sense responding projects, to broaden the horizon of sensitive interaction concepts (Bullivant 2006). What if the surfaces of our surroundings can actively change the way it feels to touch them? What if things like walls and furniture get the ability to interactively respond to our touch? What new dimensions of communication and esthetic experience will open up when we conceive of tangibility in this bi-directional way? This paper presents a prototype system aimed at exploring these very questions. The prototype consists of a grid of tangible embedded cells, each one combining three kinds of actuators to produce divergent touch stimuli. All cells can be individually controlled from an interactive computer program. By providing a layering of different combinations and impulse intensities, the grid structure enables altering patterns of actuation. Thus it can be employed to explore a sort of individual touch aesthetic, for which - in order to differentiate it from established types of aesthetic experiences - we have created the term 'Euhaptics' (from the Greek ŒµœÖ = good and Œ¨œÄœÑœâ = touch, finger). The possibility to mix a wide range of actuators leads to blending options of touch stimuli. The sense of touch has an expanded perception- spectrum, which can be exploited by this technically embedded superposition. The juxtaposed arrangement of identical multilayered cell-units offers blending and pattern effects of different touch-stimuli. It reveals an augmented form of interaction with surfaces and interactive material structures. The combination of impulses does not need to be fixed a priori; it can be adjusted during the process of use. Thus the sensation of touch can be made personally unique in its qualities. The application on architectural shapes and surfaces allows the user to feel the sensations in a holistic manner ‚Äì potentially on the entire body. Hence the various dimensions of touch phenomena on the skin can be explored through empirical investigations by the prototype construction. The prototype system presented in the paper is limited in size and resolution, but its functionality suggests various directions of further development. In architectural applications, this new form of overlay may lead to create augmented environments that let inhabitants experience multimodal touch sensations. By interactively controlling the sensual patterns, such environments could get a unique ‚Äútouch‚Äù for every person that inhabit them. But there may be further applications that go beyond the interactive configuration of comfort, possibly opening up new forms of communication for handicapped people or applications in medical and therapeutic fields (Grunwald 2001). The well-known influence of touch- sensations on human psychological processes and moreover their bodily implications suggest that there is a wide scope of beneficial utilisations yet to be investigated.
keywords	Sensitive Voxel- A reactive tangible surface
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

_id	ecaade2011_165
id	ecaade2011_165
authors	Riether, Gernot; Jolly, Knox
year	2011
title	Flexible Systems: Flexible Design, Material and Fabrication: The AIA pavilion as a case study
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2011.628
source	RESPECTING FRAGILE PLACES [29th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-9-4912070-1-3], University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Architecture (Slovenia) 21-24 September 2011, pp.628-634
summary	This paper is about the fabrication process of the DesCours pavilion, a project that was realized in the context of a graduate design studio in the Fall Semester of 2010. The assembly and construction process of the pavilion will be used to show how parametric software, such as Grasshopper can inform fabrication and material systems. The paper will explain the fabrication process of a pavilion in detail and make an argument for plastic as a material that not only responds to the malleable characteristic of digital tools but also to environmental issues.
wos	WOS:000335665500073
keywords	Design Build; Grasshopper; CNC; Parametric Design; Digital Fabrication; Plastic
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/05/01 23:21

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