Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	ijac201210206
id	ijac201210206
authors	Chernyakova, Irina; Mariel Villeré, Federico Casalegno, Leonardo Giusti and Zoe Schladow
year	2012
title	Civic Media Platforms and Participatory Urbanism: A Critical Reflection
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 10 - no. 2, 253-274
summary	In this paper, we explicate our research on technology-mediated urban experience specific to two hyper-local tests in which the space of the ‘public’ is transformed into a virtual network by connective broadcasting. The first case study presents collective mapping in Rio de Janeiro toward increased civic engagement and sustainability, the second tests documentation of political demonstrations for strategic and archival purposes for Occupy Boston. Grouped under the term “participatory urbanism,” the projects intend to explore how an individual activates interstitial space (between the physical city and hovering networks, between public and private) by engaging technology and civic media to affect change in the built environment. The physical and virtual environments serve as reciprocal sources of information, engendering a collective practice of shared encounters. We investigate how such encounters of user-centered activity through mobile and web-based media support or implicate the perception and manipulation of the built environment over spans of time and locations, and will highlight qualitative elements of a mobile and web platform designed for successful civic engagement and participatory urbanism.
series	journal
last changed	2019/05/24 09:55

_id	caadria2012_119
id	caadria2012_119
authors	Fukuda, Tomohiro; Masaharu Taguchi, Ayako Shimizu and Lei Sun
year	2012
title	Availability of a distributed and synchronised type meeting by using cloud computing type VR for spatial design study
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2012.203
source	Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Chennai 25-28 April 2012, pp. 203–210
summary	The mobility of people's activities, and cloud computing technologies are becoming advanced in the modern age of information and globalisation. This study describes the availability of discussing spatial design while sharing a 3-dimensional virtual space with stakeholders in a distributed and synchronised environment. First of all, a townscape design support system based on a cloud computing type VR system is constructed. Next, an experiment of a distributed and synchronised discussion of townscape design is executed with subjects who are specialists in the townscape design field. After the experiment, both qualitative mental evaluation and quantitative evaluation were carried out. The conclusions are as follows: 1. Users who use VR frequently and who use videoconferencing consider that the difference with face-to-face discussion is small. 2. A Moiré pattern may occur in a gradation picture. 3. The availability of distributed and synchronised discussions with cloud computing type VR is high.
keywords	Spatial design; distributed and synchronised environment; communication; cloud computing; Virtual Reality
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	caadria2012_045
id	caadria2012_045
authors	Khoo, C. K. and F. D. Salim
year	2012
title	A responsive morphing media skin
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2012.517
source	Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Chennai 25-28 April 2012, pp. 517–526
summary	Existing media façades do not function as fenestration devices. They have been used mainly for visual communication and aesthetic purposes. This paper introduces a responsive morphing skin that can act as an active fenestration device as well as a media skin. We investigate new possibilities of using form-changing materials in designing responsive morphing skins that respond to environmental conditions and act as a communicative display. The design experiment that embodied this investigation, namely Blind, serves as a new layer of analogue media brise-soleil for existing space. It communicates the relationships between interior and exterior spaces visually and projects mutable imageries to the surrounding environment through sunlight. The design process of Blind simulates the responsive behaviour of the intended architectural skin by integrating physical computing and parametric design tools. This process includes the integration of soft apertures and architectural morphing skin to introduce a novel design method that enables an architectural skin to be a means of communication and fenestration. It responds to changing stimuli and intends to improve the spatial quality of existing environments through two types of transformations: morphological and patterned.
keywords	Media façades; elasticity; responsive architecture; formchanging materials; kinetic skin
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	ijac201210301
id	ijac201210301
authors	Pan, Cheng-An; Taysheng Jeng
year	2012
title	Cellular Robotic Architecture
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 10 - no. 3, 319-339
summary	An emerging need for interactive architecture is currently making buildings mutable, flexible in use, and adaptable to changes in climate by introducing robotic systems. However, the feasibility of the seamless integration of building construction details and kinetic robotics has become a critical issue for developing robotic architecture. The objective of this work is to develop a robotic architecture with an emphasis on the integration of cellular robotics with a distributed kinetic building surface. The kinetic building surface integrates an actuating system, a localization and remote control system, which become part of the kinetic building system. This paper presents a systematic framework by reviewing theories and related work of robotic architecture and automated control. An architectural design scheme is proposed to simulate a scenario of application in a physical space. The functionality of the electrical and control system and the integration of the effects of actual construction were examined by a prototype of a kinetic surface. Our prototype presents a feasible construction method, and a prominent energy-saving effect. The potential strength and restrictions of the cellular robotic approach to architectural applications are discussed. The applicability of the prototype system and issues about controlling the behavior of spatial robots are demonstrated in this paper.
series	journal
last changed	2019/05/24 09:55

_id	ijac201210103
id	ijac201210103
authors	Rashid, Mahbub
year	2012
title	Shape-Sensitive Configurational Descriptions of Building Plans
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 10 - no. 1, 33-52
summary	While the traditional graph-theoretic techniques of space syntax are able to provide a rich description of the spatial configuration of buildings, they are not sufficiently shape sensitive. Therefore, techniques are proposed to describe building plans as configurations of spaces taking into consideration the elements of shape explicitly. First, the traditional space syntax techniques are applied to a more shape-sensitive partition of a plan in order to find out if these techniques would reveal any interesting shape property of the plan. Following this, a technique to characterize the spatial units of a plan is suggested taking into consideration how surfaces become visible from these units. Finally, a plan is described as the configuration of triangles defined by the vertices of the shape of the plan, and triangulation is used as a technique for a shape-sensitive description of spatial configuration.
series	journal
last changed	2019/07/30 10:55

_id	ecaade2012_128
id	ecaade2012_128
authors	Ryu, Jung Rim; Kim, Seung Bae; Kim, Jun Gyu; Lee, Sang Bok; Choo, Seung Yeon
year	2012
title	Everyone has Idea, Everyone Can Be Architect: Our First Step for Finding a Good Architecture
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2012.2.667
source	Achten, Henri; Pavlicek, Jiri; Hulin, Jaroslav; Matejovska, Dana (eds.), Digital Physicality - Proceedings of the 30th eCAADe Conference - Volume 2 / ISBN 978-9-4912070-3-7, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Architecture (Czech Republic) 12-14 September 2012, pp. 667-676
summary	It is an immutable truth that architecture ultimately exists for humans. Similarly, it is a well-known fact that countless architectural concepts derived and evolved to restrain development, to control building projects and to consider environment are eventually for the benefit of humans. Architecture today, however, is in the hands of a few renowned architects even though it is supposed to refl ect human beings and times and to work for everyone. Is it too much to say that everyone should have a say in the space used by many? In that respect, we have devised DADL System. Anyone, Anytime, Anywhere. The system is an architectural game that stimulates human instincts, has online communities and is easily accessible by Anyone Anytime and Anywhere (3A Rules). DADL System aims to gather users’ ideas and develop architecture, which is essentially enabled by the ‘Advise’ feature. Advise is designed to lead users to think about architecture voluntarily and to guide them to express their ideas. The structure and contents of Advises are very important factors in DADL System. Also, it is divided into two domains, i.e. Web and Mobile, where data exchange is enabled via cloud computing, establishing a base in compliance with the ‘3A’ Rules. The DADL System supports the architecture of everyone without relying on opinions of a few, so as to open the infi nitive potential for communication between architecture and humans, which today’s architecture should advocate.
wos	WOS:000330320600072
keywords	Digital Architecture; Design Creativity; Social Network Service; Web-based Design; Communication
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	ijac201210207
id	ijac201210207
authors	Salim, Flora D.; Jane R. Burry, Juliette Peers and Jenny Underwood
year	2012
title	Augmented Spatiality
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 10 - no. 2, 275-300
summary	Designers have long been concerned with new and visionary types of public space.With the advent of ubiquitous computing, architects and designers have become increasingly aware of the opportunities and challenges in designing spaces and everyday objects to support socially- oriented human interactions whether through spatial or technological means.This paper presents a novel transdiscplinary method for designing new interactive architectural prototypes that promote connectivity and social interactions in the public space in order to address specific agendas of urban interventions.The proposed method was evaluated in a pilot studio, in which students across various design and technical disciplines were invited to propose utopian socio- technological visions for a particular site and to develop their ideas into working architectural prototypes that could be installed at the chosen site and tested by the public.The open brief generated various responses and outcomes in eight projects, of which two are discussed in this paper.
series	journal
last changed	2019/05/24 09:55

_id	acadia12_157
id	acadia12_157
authors	Schwinn, Tobias ; Krieg, Oliver David ; Menges, Achim ; Mihaylov, Boyan ; Reichert, Steffen
year	2012
title	Machinic Morphospaces: Biomimetic Design Strategies for the Computational Exploration of Robot Constraint Spaces for Wood Fabrication
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2012.157
source	ACADIA 12: Synthetic Digital Ecologies [Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-62407-267-3] San Francisco 18-21 October, 2012), pp. 157-168
summary	The paper presents research into computational design processes that integrate not only criteria of physical producibility but also characteristics of design intelligence and performance. In the first part, the use of an industrial robot’s design space for developing differentiated finger joint connections for planar sheets of plywood is being introduced. Subsequently, biomimetics is proposed as a filter for the possible geometric differentiations with respect performative capacities. The second part focuses on the integration of fabricational and biomimetic principles with structural and architectural demands, as well as by the development of a custom digital data structure for the fabrication of finger joint plate structures resulting in the construction of a full scale prototype. The paper concludes with evaluating the tolerances inherent in construction through 3D laser scan validation of the physical model.
keywords	Computational Design , Robotic Manufacturing , Digital Fabrication , Biomimetics , 3D Scanning
series	ACADIA
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	ijac201210205
id	ijac201210205
authors	Tosello, Maria
year	2012
title	The Virtual Space of the Dynamic Hypermedia Device, a Habitable Space
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 10 - no. 2, 237-252
summary	The hybrid contemporary space, which integrates urban and interactive virtual spaces, implies particular ways of inhabiting that suggests new identities, promoting the constant alternation between its different worlds.This article proposes to analyze and understand the design, construction and appropriation processes in this new social space-time. These processes are not only guaranteed by the accessibility to new media, but they involve the organization of complex strategies which included the development of instruments and landscapes that allow the migrations and interweaving between two realities: the urban and the virtual.This project generated an accumulation of unforgettable experiences that turned into a multiplicity of words and images that expanded through informal media or planned strategies.These activities allow reflecting upon the behaviors, meanings, and diverse thresholds that were constructed by the actors themselves during this process, and suggest new ways of being-in-the-world.
series	journal
last changed	2019/05/24 09:55

_id	acadia12_343
id	acadia12_343
authors	Leidi, Michele ; Schlüter, Arno
year	2012
title	Formal and Functional Implications of Dynamics-Related Solar Design Schemes
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2012.343
source	ACADIA 12: Synthetic Digital Ecologies [Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-62407-267-3] San Francisco 18-21 October, 2012), pp. 343-354
summary	In recent years several solar radiation simulation tools have been developed to assist architects in analyzing the performance of existing building designs. However it is often unclear how the results of these analyses can help to generate new solutions and thus be truly beneficial for innovation in sustainable architectural design. Recent developments in open source applications that allow links between energy simulation engines and 3D modeling environments open a new layer of understanding. The possibility to better understand the dynamic interaction between incident solar radiation and building envelopes allows the synthesis of new architectural design-schemes. This paper presents the results of a series of experiments based on the case-study of a mid-latitude single-family house in Taiki-Cho, Japan. The first experiment describes how the incident solar energy interacts with the exposed components of the envelope. The second experiment describes how the energy demand of the building can be partially reduced through the design of passive interventions that are based on the dynamics of the demand. Finally, the third experiment exemplifies how, based on the knowledge extracted from the first two experiments, it is possible to synthesize new dynamics-related solar design-schemes that join passive techniques, active technologies, and formal aspects.
keywords	Form , Function , Dynamics , Solar , Design-Scheme , Mid-latitude
series	ACADIA
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	ijac201210203
id	ijac201210203
authors	Abdelhameed, Wael A.
year	2012
title	Micro-Simulation Function to Display Textual Data in Virtual Reality
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 10 - no. 2, 205-218
summary	Virtual reality creates an effective communication platform with a high degree of perception and exploration, increasing the benefits of VR applied functions.This research paper reports a virtual reality function of using the micro-simulation editor-player with XML file in the virtual reality environment.The details of the function are presented.The function aiming at combining visual and textual data in VR model visualisation, was developed by the researcher, and was included in the micro-simulation plug-in of a virtual reality program,VR Studio version 6, previously known as UC-Win/Road, by the program developers.The research paper discusses the computer simulation techniques and uses in virtual reality in general.The research paper proceeds to introduce a case study of construction process visualization in the virtual reality environment, in which the newly developed function is utilized to simultaneously visualise data reports related to the stages of VR model visualisation.The concluding remarks accentuate this micro-simulation function with its potential uses in different fields.
keywords	Micro-Simulation, XML,Virtual Reality, Construction Process Visualisation
series	journal
last changed	2019/05/24 09:55

_id	ijac201210104
id	ijac201210104
authors	Ambrose, Michael A.
year	2012
title	Agent Provocateur - BIM In The Academic Design Studio
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 10 - no. 1, 53-66
summary	Building Information Modeling challenges academia to question the fundamental roles of abstraction and simulation in design education. Architectural education and practice assume a traditional set of visual conventions at varied scales and levels of detail, that when taken in concert signifies a whole, complete idea of a building, a correspondence between design intent and interpretation, between the representation of ideas and the design of buildings. BIM viewed as provocateur to these assumptions provides potential critical analysis of how architectural design is taught. Academia must seek out new design methodologies for exploring architecture that reflect the representational shift of BIM by developing teaching methods that reprioritize ways of seeing, thinking and making. This paper describes a studio model that seeks out new active methods for exploring architecture that embrace this shift by developing processes that provoke novel ways to reconcile the traditions of abstraction and the opportunities of synthetic simulation.
series	journal
last changed	2019/07/30 10:55

_id	ecaade2012_161
id	ecaade2012_161
authors	Araujo, Bruno; Jorge, Joaquim; Duarte, Jose
year	2012
title	Combining Virtual Environments and Direct Manipulation for Architectural Modeling
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2012.2.419
source	Achten, Henri; Pavlicek, Jiri; Hulin, Jaroslav; Matejovska, Dana (eds.), Digital Physicality - Proceedings of the 30th eCAADe Conference - Volume 2 / ISBN 978-9-4912070-3-7, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Architecture (Czech Republic) 12-14 September 2012, pp. 419-428
summary	In this paper we present an environment for conceptual design which mimicsthe interaction of designers with physical mockups. We present novel three dimensional on-and-above-the-surface interactive techniques which combine asymmetric bimanual operations with multi-touch direct manipulation on a fl at surface and depth cameras. These take advantage of a continuous interaction space to create and edit 3D models in a stereoscopic environment. To allow modeling architectural shapes directly, we combine hand and finger tracking in the space above the table with multi-touch on its surface without the need to change modes. This provides an alternative design environment where users can seamlessly switch between interacting on the surface or in the space above it depending on the task, which makes it easier to model complex shapes using simple operations.
wos	WOS:000330320600044
keywords	3D Modeling; 3D User Interfaces; Virtual Reality; Procedural Modeling
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	ijac201210202
id	ijac201210202
authors	Bates-Brkljac, Nada
year	2012
title	Photorealistic Computer Generated Representations as a Means of Visual Communication of Architectural Schemes in the Contemporary Culture
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 10 - no. 2, 185-204
summary	This paper explores the nature and effects of photorealistic computer generated architectural representations on the perception and understanding of design schemes.The aim is to obtain an insight into potentials and limitations that arise from this form of communication. Findings suggest that by conveying a sense of lifelike presence, these representations enhance the understanding of design.They are also perceived as more realistic, accurate and comprehensible and as such, more effective means of communicating design than hand drawings. However, not all photorealistic styles are perceived as neither lifelike nor credible. Instead, it was evident that these representations enter perceptions through a complex interaction between their attribute and observers familiarity with form and visual literacy. Most importantly, the understanding of design through photorealistic representations is deeply conditioned by the prevailing cultural style of visual representation and knowledge of the preferences of specific professions.
series	journal
last changed	2019/05/24 09:55

_id	ijac201210404
id	ijac201210404
authors	Benrós, Deborah; José P. Duarte, Sean Hanna
year	2012
title	A New Palladian Shape Grammar
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 10 - no. 4, 521-540
summary	The following paper describes a shape grammar that recreates Palladian villas.A Palladian grammar was originally proposed by Stiny and Mitchell. However, this alternative grammar uses different parametric shape rules and methodology to test the hypothesis that different grammars can generate the same corpus of designs.The formalism is then implemented using a computerised design tool.The grammar includes subdivision rules that allow for a more economical formulation.A new corpus of solutions is explored and the derivation is compared with the original Palladian grammar. The project is part of wider research aimed at formulating a generic housing grammar.
keywords	Shape grammar; Design Rules; Housing Grammar
series	journal
last changed	2019/05/24 09:55

_id	acadia12_511
id	acadia12_511
authors	Borowski, Darrick ; Poulimeni, Nikoletta ; Janssen, Jeroen
year	2012
title	Edible Infrastructures: Emergent Organizational Patterns for the Productive City
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2012.511
source	ACADIA 12: Synthetic Digital Ecologies [Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-62407-267-3] San Francisco 18-21 October, 2012), pp. 511-526
summary	Edible Infrastructures is an investigation into a projective mode of urbanism which considers food as an integral part of a city's metabolic infrastructure. Working with algorithms as design tools, we explore the generative potential of such a system to create an urban ecology that: provides for its residents via local, multi-scalar, distributed food production, reconnects urbanites with their food sources, and de-couples food costs from fossil fuels by limiting transportation at all levels, from source to table. The research is conducted through the building up of a sequence of algorithms, beginning with the ‘Settlement Simulation’, which couples consumers to productive surface area within a cellular automata type computational model. Topological analysis informs generative operations, as each stage builds on the output of the last. In this way we explore the hierarchical components for a new Productive City, including: the structure and programming of the urban circulatory network, an emergent urban morphology based around productive urban blocks, and opportunities for new architectural typologies. The resulting prototypical Productive City questions the underlying mechanisms that shape modern urban space and demonstrates the architectural potential of mathematical modeling and simulation in addressing complex urban spatial and programmatic challenges.
keywords	Urban Agriculture , Urban Ecologies and Food Systems , Productive Cities , Urban Metabolism , Computational Modeling and Simulation , Algorithmic/ Procedural Design Methodologies , Emergent Organization , Self-Organizing Systems
series	ACADIA
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ascaad2012_020
id	ascaad2012_020
authors	Bouchahm, Yasmina; Fatiha Bourbia and Bouketta Samira
year	2012
title	Numerical Simulation of Effect of Urban Geometry Layouts on Wind and Natural Ventilation Under Mediterranean Climate
source	CAAD \| INNOVATION \| PRACTICE [6th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2012 / ISBN 978-99958-2-063-3], Manama (Kingdom of Bahrain), 21-23 February 2012, pp. 195-202
summary	The use of the method "simulation" of the microclimate for an urban site presents much of interest; because this can serve as us observation and analysis of the consequences of various scenarios relating to the existence and the importance of the constituent elements in urban space. Wind in outdoor urban space is among the most difficult parameters to identify and control field given its instability. Currently, in the field of the ventilation, there are some outdoor spaces simulation tools, used to assess the flow of the wind at different spatial scales. The aim of this research is to demonstrate the effect of the urban geometry of the layout on the wind movement and the outdoor natural ventilation. However, this study investigated the effect on outdoor thermal comfort of a building layouts in a planned residential area situated in the city of Jijel humid Mediterranean region of Algeria. In order to improve outside comfort in this open space, a 3D numerical simulation tool ENVI-met 3.1 beta 4 was used to simulate the urban thermal climate taking into account various scenarios. Thus, simulation’s results are discussed in this paper
series	ASCAAD
email
more	http://www.ascaad.org/conference/2012/papers/ascaad2012_020.pdf
last changed	2012/05/15 20:46

_id	caadria2012_025
id	caadria2012_025
authors	Braumann, Johannes and Sigrid Brell-Cokcan
year	2012
title	Digital and physical computing for industrial robots in architecture: Interfacing Arduino with industrial robots
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2012.317
source	Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Chennai 25-28 April 2012, pp. 317–326
summary	Customisation is one of the most important topics in architecture, as architects generally work on individual prototypes instead of mass-produced designs. By using customised design and fabrication tools, architects are able to individually respond to challenges, instead of relying on universal software tools. This paper proposes new software components for interfacing industrial robots with physical computing microcontrollers, thereby allowing the customisation of physical tools for industrial robots. By pairing physical computing with rapid prototyping, architects are able to design and prototype individual fabrication processes for industrial robots.
keywords	Industrial robots; physical computing; interfaces; rapid prototyping; computer aided manufacturing
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ijac201210405
id	ijac201210405
authors	Braumann, Johannes; Sigrid-Brell Cokcan
year	2012
title	Digital and Physical Tools for Industrial Robots in Architecture: Robotic Interaction and Interfaces
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 10 - no. 4, 541-554
summary	The development of digital and physical tools is highly dependent on interfaces, which define the terms of interaction both between humans and machines, as well as between machines and other machines.This research explores how new, advanced human machine interfaces, that are built upon concepts established by entertainment electronics can enhance the interaction between users and complex, kinematic machines. Similarly, physical computing greatly innovates machine-machine interaction, as it allows designers to easily customize microcontroller boards and to embed them into complex systems, where they drive actuators and interact with other machines such as industrial robots.These approaches are especially relevant in the creative industry, where customized soft- and hardware is now enabling innovative and highly effective fabrication strategies that have the potential to compete with high-tech industry applications.
series	journal
last changed	2019/05/24 09:55

_id	ijac201210108
id	ijac201210108
authors	Celani, Gabriela; Carlos Eduardo Verzola Vaz
year	2012
title	CAD Scripting and Visual Programming Languages for Implementing Computational Design Concepts: A Comparison from a Pedagogical Point of View
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 10 - no. 1, 121-138
summary	This paper compares the use of scripting languages and visual programming languages for teaching computational design concepts to novice and advanced architecture students. Both systems are described and discussed in terms of the representation methods they use. With novice students better results were obtained with the visual programming language. However, the generative strategies used were restricted to parametric variation and the use of randomness. Scripting, on the other hand, was used by advanced students to implement rule-based generative systems. It is possible to conclude that visual languages can be very useful for making architecture students understand general programming concepts, but scripting languages are fundamental for implementing generative design systems. The paper also discusses the importance of the ability to shift between different representation methods, from more concrete to more abstract, as part of the architectural education.
series	journal
last changed	2019/07/30 10:55

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