CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id caadria2012_029
id caadria2012_029
authors Dutt, Florina and Subhajit Dasd
year 2012
title Responsive achitectural surface design from nonlinear systems biology: Responsive architectural design by computational methods
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2012.465
source Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Chennai 25-28 April 2012, pp. 465–474
summary The fundamental processes in living systems can be a potential resource to derive nonlinear relationships that could find application in the design of responsive surface from an architectural standpoint. This research focuses on deriving a parametric relationship from a phenomenon in cell biology to generate an architectural expression of responsive surface/ façade. It further delineates the dynamic feedback mechanism from the environment and user as control factors. Through extensive investigation of cell-to-cell connections in the mammary epithelial cells and review of evident relay of communication across the entire system of cells, we could unfold the logical parameters of the biological system. Parametric modelling indicating the causality of the surface condition, changes with the change in extracellular matrix. This gives an opportunity to manoeuvre the surface parameters, contrary to the involuntary cell environment where the behaviours are under the control of a physiological process. Architecturally, the dynamic relationship of surface in a hybridised model, explains that interactivity is not a mere one to one response to a stimulus. Evidently, this interactive process can be a sophisticated loop of feedback through different materiality and componentry that play their effects (and are played back) by “active” surfaces.
keywords Computational design; responsive architecture; sustainable façade design; bio-inspired design; bio-mimicry
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id ijac201210409
id ijac201210409
authors Dutt, Florina; Subhajit Das
year 2012
title Computational Design of a Bio Inspired Responsive Architectural Façade System
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 10 - no. 4, 613-633
summary This research intends to illustrate a nonlinear relationship that could be drawn between the fundamental processes in living systems and architectural design of responsive surface.The research focuses on deriving a set of parametric relationships from the phenomenon in cell biology and generating an architectural expression of a responsive fac_ade system.The research methods primarily investigates the cell – to – cell connection in mammary epithelial cell system and review the evident relay of communication across the entire system of cells .This thorough investigation unfolds the logical parameters of the biological system that delineates the dynamic feedback mechanism and changes in the cell surface conditions initiated from the changes in the extra - cellular environment (ECM).The research findings of this complex mechanism are further translated though parametric modeling tool (in this case Generative Components) to model the causalities of the changes in cell environment and surface condition changes. In the next phase of our research we have explored the architectural utility of this hybridized model operating in a user defined controlled environ, and not just a mere response to biological stimulus.
series journal
last changed 2019/05/24 09:55

_id caadria2012_125
id caadria2012_125
authors Hanafin, S.; S. Datta, B. Rolfe, M. Hobbs
year 2012
title Envelope tesselation with stochastic rotation of 4-fold penttiles
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2012.253
source Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Chennai 25-28 April 2012, pp. 253–262
summary The challenge of developing adaptive, responsive low-energy architecture requires new knowledge about the complex and dynamic interaction between envelope architecture and optimisation between competing environmental performance metrics. Advances in modelling the geometry of building envelopes and control technologies for adaptive buildings now permit the sophisticated evaluation of alternative envelope configurations for a set of performance criteria. This paper reports on a study of the parametric control of a building envelope based on moveable façade components, acting as a shading device to reduce thermal gain within the building. This is investigated using a novel pentagonal tiling strategy considering the component design, tessellation and control methods.
keywords Responsive envelopes; moveable façade components; parametric modelling; tiling geometry; stochastic rotation
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id ijac201210302
id ijac201210302
authors Rossi, Dino; Zoltán Nagy, Arno Schlueter
year 2012
title Adaptive Distributed Robotics for Environmental Performance, Occupant Comfort and Architectural Expression
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 10 - no. 3, 341-359
summary The integration of adaptive distributed robotics in architectural design has the potential to improve building energy performance while simultaneously increasing occupant comfort. In addition, conceiving buildings as dynamic systems with the ability to adapt to the changing environments in which they exist, opens new aesthetic possibilities for designers. As the façade of a building is a common place to address issues of energy performance and occupant comfort, this paper presents a first prototype of an adaptive solar envelope (ASE). Its functions are to provide distributed shading, solar power generation through integrated photovoltaics, and daylight distribution. We describe the interdisciplinary design process, and illustrate the architectural possibilities that arise from a distributed systems approach. The ASE is expanded to work in parallel with an adaptive artificial lighting element. Rather than being preprogrammed, the systems adapt their behavior through interaction with the environment and building occupants. This adaptation to the user's wishes is demonstrated successfully for the artificial light controller. We argue that with presently available technology and an increased exposure of architecture students and practitioners to adaptive design techniques, adaptive architectures will soon become a regular element of the built environment.
series journal
last changed 2019/05/24 09:55

_id sigradi2012_272
id sigradi2012_272
authors Amindarbari, Reza
year 2012
title Morphological indicators of solar exposure
source SIGraDi 2012 [Proceedings of the 16th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Brasil - Fortaleza 13-16 November 2012, pp. 414-418
summary This paper investigates the relation between the shading condition and geometrical configuration of neighborhood-scale developments. It introduces a straightforward method for measuring shadow areas casted on buildings’ roofs and facades – in urban areas – using digital 3D models. Employing this method for measuring shadow areas in nine neighborhoods in Jinan, China, at six different time points on summer and winter solstices – a total of 54 sample measurements – this study develops two regression models that reveal the significant dependency of the in-shadow percentage of buildings’ façade and roof areas to the building volume density (BVD) and height irregularity (HI) of the urban fabric.
keywords urban form, geometrical configuration, solar exposure, shadow area
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id ecaade2012_214
id ecaade2012_214
authors Das, Subhajit ; Dutt, Florina
year 2012
title Design optimization in a hotel and offi ce tower through intuitive design procedures and advanced computational design methodologies. Façade design optimization by computational methods
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2012.1.235
source Achten, Henri; Pavlicek, Jiri; Hulin, Jaroslav; Matejovska, Dana (eds.), Digital Physicality - Proceedings of the 30th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1 / ISBN 978-9-4912070-2-0, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Architecture (Czech Republic) 12-14 September 2012, pp. 235-243
summary The research topic of this paper exemplifies design optimization techniques of a hotel/office tower in Central China (Nanjing city), which faces subtropical humid climate throughout the year. The main intent of the project is to fi nd optimized design solution with the aid of parametric design tools and Visual Basic Scripting techniques (in Rhino Script & Grasshopper) combined with intuitive design process. In any urban context, we firmly believe that architectural design is a responsive phenomenon, which faces diverse interaction with the user & the local climate. The building design of the proposed tower acknowledges these responsive factors of the design with the environment along with building users or residents. Consequently, we strive to develop a sustainable design solution, which is ecologically efficient and psychologically conducive to the wellbeing of the user. We developed our intuitive design product with complex computational design toolsets to leverage design and energy efficiency. In this procedure, we draw major design concepts and geometrical typologies from natural systems in the form of bio mimicry or biologically inspired design process. Overall, this research paper outlines the significance and relevant benefi ts of the combination of intuitive design (from experience, expertise and architects skills) with parametric scripting tools.
wos WOS:000330322400023
keywords Sustainable Building Façade; Parametric Architecture; Intelligent building skin; Solar Architecture
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id caadria2012_127
id caadria2012_127
authors Herr, Christiane M.
year 2012
title Non-trivial interactive facades
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2012.099
source Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Chennai 25-28 April 2012, pp. 99–108
summary This paper presents a discussion of contemporary interactive media façades that complements the currently primarily technical framing of this field of research. Media façades, in the form of digitally orchestrated façade illumination, are discussed here as sites of potential encounter and interaction that form part of the public sphere. These aspects seem both underestimated as well as underused as media façades tend to be limited to pre-programmed and primarily ornamental trivial response patterns, or to serving as oversized displays. This paper discusses media façades from an architectural rather than a technological perspective and critically assesses the promises of interactivity as well as implications of such façades on urban public space.
keywords Media façades; interactive façades; public space; nontrivial machines; cybernetics
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id sigradi2012_314
id sigradi2012_314
authors Kotsopoulos, Sotirios; Farina, Carla; Casalegno, Federico
year 2012
title Designing an Interactive Architectural Element for a Responsive House
source SIGraDi 2012 [Proceedings of the 16th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Brasil - Fortaleza 13-16 November 2012, pp. 369-372
summary This paper presents the features and the reasoning followed in the process of designing a programmable architectural element for a prototype house – a interactive façade involving a matrix of programmable windows. The façade contributes to the precise adjustment of view, airflow, solar radiation, and heat, by allowing the automated modification of the chromatism, the angle and the light transmittance of each individual window.
keywords Electroactive materials; autonomous control; interactive façade; performance; aesthetics
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:54

_id ecaade2012_238
id ecaade2012_238
authors Neuenschwander, Noemi ; Hayek, Ulrike Wissen ; Grêt-Regamey, Adrienne
year 2012
title Integrated Multi-Criteria Modeling and 3D Visualization for Informed Trade-Off Decision Making on Urban Development Options
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2012.1.x.j7k
source Achten, Henri; Pavlicek, Jiri; Hulin, Jaroslav; Matejovska, Dana (eds.), Digital Physicality - Proceedings of the 30th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1 / ISBN 978-9-4912070-2-0, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Architecture (Czech Republic) 12-14 September 2012, pp. .203-211
summary Cities all over the world are faced with growing population pressure and are challenged by decreasing environmental quality. Development strategies and planning processes often fail to involve local environment knowledge. We present an approach to integrate environmental aspects into a two-step urban modeling framework, generating 3D visualizations from GIS-based and procedural modeling. The dynamic nature of this approach provides considerable support for transdisciplinary communication processes in urban planning.
wos WOS:000330322400020
keywords Procedural modeling; generic urban pattern design; understanding ecosystem services; multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA); GIS-based modeling
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id caadria2012_116
id caadria2012_116
authors Peña de Leon, Alexander
year 2012
title Rationalisation of freeform façades: A technique for uniform hexagonal panelling
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2012.243
source Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Chennai 25-28 April 2012, pp. 243–252
summary This paper is an account of the façade rationalisation strategy developed at Gehry Technologies for mitigating the tradeoffs between project constructability and the aesthetic implications of arranging flat panels over a complex surface. The strategy outlined was developed as the result of the digital building delivery of the Museo Soumaya façade in Mexico City designed by Fernando Romero LAR. This report documents the development process of a method for obtaining relevant construction information flows enabling the assembly of the façade system by a third-party sub-contractor in support of the façade system coordination. This report concludes on a method using bespoke software for extending the parametric modelling system Digital Project™ in the design support role of obtaining an aesthetically pleasing arrangement of flat hexagonal panels over a freeform surface.
keywords Sphere packing; façade rationalisation; hexagonal tiling; parametric design; k-means clustering
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 08:00

_id ecaade2012_002
id ecaade2012_002
authors Achten, Henri; Pavlicek, Jiri; Hulin, Jaroslav; Matejdan, Dana (eds.)
year 2012
title Physical Digitality
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2012.2
source Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Education and research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe - Volume 2 [ISBN 978-9-4912070-3-7], Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Architecture (Czech Republic) 12-14 September 2012, 714 p.
summary Physical Digitality is the second volume of the conference proceedings of the 30th eCAADe conference, held from 12-14 september 2012 in Prague at the Faculty of Architecture of Czech Technical University in Prague. The companion volume is called Digital Physicality. Together, both volumes contain 154 papers that were submitted to this conference. Digitality is the condition of living in a world where ubiquitous information and communication technology is embedded in the physical world. Although it is possible to point out what is “digital” and what is “real,” the distinction has become pointless, and it has no more explanatory power for our environment, buildings, and behaviour. Material objects are invested with communication possibilities, teams are communicating even when not together, and buildings can sense and respond to the environment, each other, and to inhabitants. Digital is no longer an add-on, extra, or separate software. Reality is partly digital and partly physical. The implication of this condition is not clear however, and it is necessary to investigate its potential. New strategies are necessary that acknowledge the synergetic qualities of the physical and the digital. This is not limited to our designs but it also infl uences the process, methods, and what or how we teach. The subdivision of papers in these volumes follow the distinction made in the conference theme. The papers in Physical Digitality have their orientation mainly in the physical realm, and reach towards the digital part. It has to be granted that this distinction is rather crude, because working from two extremes (digital versus physical) tends to ignore the arguably most interesting middle ground.
keywords Digital physicality; physical digitality
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:49

_id ecaade2012_000
id ecaade2012_000
authors Achten, Henri; Pavlicek, Jiri; Hulin, Jaroslav; Matejdan, Dana (eds.)
year 2012
title Digital Physicality
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2012.1
source Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Education and research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe - Volume 1 [ISBN 978-9-4912070-2-0], Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Architecture (Czech Republic) 12-14 September 2012, 762 p.
summary Digital Physicality is the first volume of the conference proceedings of the 30th eCAADe conference, held from 12-14 september 2012 in Prague at the Faculty of Architecture of Czech Technical University in Prague. The companion volume is called Physical Digitality. Together, both volumes contain 154 papers that were submitted to this conference.Physicality means that digital models increasingly incorporate information and knowledge of the world. This extends beyond material and component databases of building materials, but involves time, construction knowledge, material properties, space logic, people behaviour, and so on. Digital models therefore, are as much about our understanding of the world as they are about design support. Physical is no longer the opposite part of digital models. Models and reality are partly digital and partly physical. The implication of this condition is not clear however, and it is necessary to investigate its potential. New strategies are necessary that acknowledge the synergetic qualities of the physical and the digital. This is not limited to our designs but it also influences the process, methods, and what or how we teach.The subdivision of papers in these volumes follow the distinction made in the conference theme. The papers in Digital Physicality have their orientation mainly in the digital realm, and reach towards the physical part. It has to be granted that this distinction is rather crude, because working from two extremes (digital versus physical) tends to ignore the arguably most interesting middle ground.
keywords Digital physicality; physical digitality
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:49

_id caadria2012_066
id caadria2012_066
authors Ahmad, Sumbul
year 2012
title The representation of type in grammatical design
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2012.425
source Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Chennai 25-28 April 2012, pp. 425–432
summary Grammatical design is useful for the generation of a set of related designs. The concept of type aids designers in generating designs with a specified structure. However, existing studies in grammar are ambiguous in their definition of type in the language of designs generated by a grammar. Extending our previous study of defining style in grammar, this paper provides a formal definition of the concept of type in the language of designs generated by a grammar. This is done with the help of a description scheme which is developed by augmenting grammar primitives and spatial relations with descriptors. The description scheme allows the computation of descriptors for designs generated from grammar thus making possible the comparison of various design types in the language of a grammar. Such a description scheme for defining design types is especially significant for less restricted grammars that generate a large number of designs that are varied in nature. A formal definition of type in grammars allows users to sift through designs with particular features, and thus select desired designs.
keywords Type; Design grammars; generative design; description scheme; product design
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id acadia12_391
id acadia12_391
authors Ajlouni, Rima
year 2012
title The Forbidden Symmetries
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2012.391
source ACADIA 12: Synthetic Digital Ecologies [Proceedings of the 32nd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-62407-267-3] San Francisco 18-21 October, 2012), pp. 391-400
summary The emergence of quasi-periodic tiling theories in mathematics and material science is revealing a new class of symmetry, which had never been accessible before. Because of their astounding visual and structural properties, quasi-periodic symmetries can be ideally suited for many applications in art and architecture; providing a rich source of ideas for articulating form, pattern, surface and structure. However, since their discovery, the unique long-range order of quasi-periodic symmetries, is still posing a perplexing puzzle. As rule-based systems, the ability to algorithmically generate these complicated symmetries can be instrumental in understanding and manipulating their geometry. Recently, the discovery of quasi-periodic patterns in ancient Islamic architecture is providing a unique example of how ancient mathematics can inform our understanding of some basic theories in modern science. The recent investigation into these complex and chaotic formations is providing evidence to show that ancient designers, by using the most primitive tools (a compass and a straightedge) were able to resolve the complicated long-range principles of ten-fold quasi-periodic formations. Derived from these ancient principles, this paper presents a computational model for describing the long-range order of octagon-based quasi-periodic formations. The objective of the study is to design an algorithm for constructing large patches of octagon-based quasi-crystalline formations. The proposed algorithm is proven to be successful in producing an infinite and defect-free covering of the two-dimensional plane.
keywords computational model , quasi-crystalline , symmetries , algorithms , complex geometry
series ACADIA
type normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ecaade2012_282
id ecaade2012_282
authors Andrade, Max ; Mendes, Leticia ; Godoi, Giovana ; Celani, Gabriela
year 2012
title Shape grammars for analyzing social housing: The case of Jardim São Francisco low-income housing development
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2012.1.451
source Achten, Henri; Pavlicek, Jiri; Hulin, Jaroslav; Matejovska, Dana (eds.), Digital Physicality - Proceedings of the 30th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1 / ISBN 978-9-4912070-2-0, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Architecture (Czech Republic) 12-14 September 2012, pp. 451-458
summary This paper presents an analysis of Jardim São Francisco, a lowincome housing development in São Paulo, Brazil, using shape grammar as an analytical method. It is part of an ongoing research that aims at analyzing the different types of sitting in low-income housing developments and their consequences for public spaces. The fi nal objective is to propose a design method that allows designing better quality urban spaces in this type of development.
wos WOS:000330322400046
keywords Low-income housing; urban design; shape grammar
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ecaade2012_290
id ecaade2012_290
authors Barakat, Merate
year 2012
title Urban Acoustic Simulation: Analysis of Urban Public Spaces through Auditory senses
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2012.1.587
source Achten, Henri; Pavlicek, Jiri; Hulin, Jaroslav; Matejovska, Dana (eds.), Digital Physicality - Proceedings of the 30th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1 / ISBN 978-9-4912070-2-0, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Architecture (Czech Republic) 12-14 September 2012, pp. 587-592
summary This paper explores the sonic characteristics of urban spaces, with the application of apprehending acoustic space and form theory. The theory defines auditory spaces as acoustical arenas, which are spaces defi ned and delineated by sonic events. Historically, cities were built around a soundmark, for example, the resonance of a church bell or propagation of a calling for prayer, or a factory horn. Anyone living beyond the horizon of this soundmark was not considered citizens of that town. Furthermore, the volume of urban sonic arenas depends on natural. Digital simulation is necessary to visualize the ephemeral and temporal nature of sound, within a dynamic immersive environment like urban spaces. This paper digitally analyses the different morphologies of old cities and forms of growth in relation to the sound propagation and ecological effects. An experiment is conducted with the aid of an ancient North-African city model, exposed to a point cloud agent system. By analysing how the sound propagates from the known soundmark through the urban fabric, with the wind pressure interference; the paper compares the theoretical concept of soundmarks and the known perimeter of the ancient city
wos WOS:000330322400060
keywords Urban Public Spaces; Aural Design; Auditory Arena Simulation; Soundmark
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ecaade2012_130
id ecaade2012_130
authors Beirão, José ; Arrobas, Pedro ; Duarte, José
year 2012
title Parametric Urban Design: Joining morphology and urban indicators in a single interactive model
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2012.1.167
source Achten, Henri; Pavlicek, Jiri; Hulin, Jaroslav; Matejovska, Dana (eds.), Digital Physicality - Proceedings of the 30th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1 / ISBN 978-9-4912070-2-0, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Architecture (Czech Republic) 12-14 September 2012, pp.167-175
summary A parametric urban design system integrating GIS data in a CAD environment is proposed as a platform for discussing urban plans providing flexibility and information access in an interactive fashion. The proposed system links calculations of urban indicators with the parameter manipulation of the layout geometry, therefore allowing for a systematic update of indicators according to design modifi cations. Hence, design may be fine-tuned in an informed manner enhancing the quality of design decisions.
wos WOS:000330322400016
keywords Parametric urban design; density studies; design methods
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id sigradi2012_145
id sigradi2012_145
authors Beirão, José Nuno
year 2012
title Minha Casa Minha Vida – a critical perspective; Possible alternatives and improvements
source SIGraDi 2012 [Proceedings of the 16th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Brasil - Fortaleza 13-16 November 2012, pp. 657-660
summary This paper exposes a criticism on the Brazilian social housing program “Minha Casa Minha Vida” (MCMV) and provides a few strategies for improving results. The role of new technologies is addressed as a way of enhancing the results of those strategies.
keywords Housing; Design process; New production systems
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id caadria2012_014
id caadria2012_014
authors Benros, Deborah; Jose Pinto Duarte and Sean Hanna
year 2012
title An alternative Palladian shape grammar: A subdivision grammar for Palladian villas
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2012.415
source Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Chennai 25-28 April 2012, pp. 415–424
summary This paper describes a shape grammar that recreates Palladio’s villas. A Palladian grammar was previously proposed by Stiny and Mitchell. However, this alternative grammar uses different parametric shape rules and methodology to test the hypothesis that different grammars can generate the same corpus of designs. The formalism is then implemented using a computerised design tool. The grammar includes subdivision rules that allow for a more economical formulation. The project is part of wider research aimed at formulating a generic housing grammar.
keywords Shape grammar; design rules; housing grammar
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ijac201210404
id ijac201210404
authors Benrós, Deborah; José P. Duarte, Sean Hanna
year 2012
title A New Palladian Shape Grammar
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 10 - no. 4, 521-540
summary The following paper describes a shape grammar that recreates Palladian villas.A Palladian grammar was originally proposed by Stiny and Mitchell. However, this alternative grammar uses different parametric shape rules and methodology to test the hypothesis that different grammars can generate the same corpus of designs.The formalism is then implemented using a computerised design tool.The grammar includes subdivision rules that allow for a more economical formulation.A new corpus of solutions is explored and the derivation is compared with the original Palladian grammar. The project is part of wider research aimed at formulating a generic housing grammar.
keywords Shape grammar; Design Rules; Housing Grammar
series journal
last changed 2019/05/24 09:55

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