CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id caadria2014_124
id caadria2014_124
authors Williams, Nicholas; Sascha Bohnenberger and John Cherrey
year 2014
title A System for Collaborative Design on Timber Gridshells
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.441
source Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, pp. 441–450
summary The bent timber laths of the Sound Bites gridshell create two types of performance space over an area of almost 100 m2. Such postformed gridshells are a wellestablished design solution for creating curved forms from linear elements. Extending principles developed since the 1970s, contemporary digital tools have been utilised to drive a renewed interest in them, primarily through so-called form-finding techniques which connect digital and material models through a simulation of shape under bending loads (Nettlebladt, 2013) and the definition of efficient structural geometry acting under compression loads only (Hernandez et. al., 2012). This paper describes the workflow conceived and implemented for the Sound Bites structure. A central challenge of the research was for such a workflow to allow for the principles of gridshell design to be engaged in parallel to other tight constraints and design drivers. As such it needed to facilitate close collaboration between architectural, engineering and fabrication experts. This workflow was tested in the design and realisation of the full-scale structure within a six-week period. The gridshell design was developed through the manipulation of the shape of two edge profiles and the shell form spanning between these. Architectural and fabrication constraints were met and the workflow allowed for a sufficient level of structural analysis to be fed back to inform the design.
keywords Digital Workflow; Collaborative Design; Digital Formfinding; Digital Fabrication
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id acadia13_391
id acadia13_391
authors Abbasy-Asbagh, Ghazal
year 2013
title [re]folding Muqarnas: A case study
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.391
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 391-392
summary This project uses folded surface as a mechanism to make a historically non-structural system, Muqarnas, into one that combines surface and structure.
keywords structural optimization, folded surface, cultural landscapes, muqarnas, complex geometry
series ACADIA
type Design Poster
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id acadia13_281
id acadia13_281
authors Ahlquist, Sean; Menges, Achim
year 2013
title Frameworks for Computational Design of Textile Micro-Architectures and Material Behavior in Forming Complex Force-Active Structures
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.281
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 281-292
summary Material behavior can be defined as the confluence of associative rules, contextual pressures and constraints of materialization. In more general terms, it can be parameterized as topologies, forces and materiality. Forming behavior means resolving the intricate matrix of deterministic and indeterministic factors that comprise and interrelate each subset of these material- nherent conditions. This requires a concise design framework which accumulates the confluent behavior through successive and cyclical exchange of multiple design modes, rather than through a single design environment or set of prescribed procedures. This paper unfolds a sequencing of individual methods as part of a larger design framework, described through the development of a series of complex hybrid- structure material morphologies. The “hybrid” nature reflects the integration of multiple force-active structural concepts within a single continuous material system, devising both self-organized yet highly articulated spatial conditions. This leads primarily to the development of what is termed a “textile hybrid” system: an equilibrium state of tensile surfaces and bending-active meshes. The research described in this paper looks to expose the structure of the textile as an indeterministic design parameter, where its architecture can be manipulated as means for exploring and differentiating behavior. This is done through experimentation with weft-knitting technologies, in which the variability of individual knit logics is instrumentalized for simultaneously articulating and structuring form. Such relationships are shown through an installation constructed at the ggggallery in Copenhagen, Denmark.
keywords Material Behavior, Spring-based Simulation, CNC Knitting, Form- and Bending-Active, Textile Hybrid Structures.
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id sigradi2013_337
id sigradi2013_337
authors Al-Haddad, Tristan; Keyan Rahimzadeh; Jill Fredrickson
year 2013
title Concrete Continuum: Concept, Calculus, & Construction Connected Through Parametric Representation
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 230 - 234
summary This paper outlines a custom-built suite of scripts that automate the processes of reinforced concrete design and is directly linked to the parametric design model of the architect. The workflow creates a design and engineering feedback loop for early phase schematic design. Using this system, the design geometry is generated and then deconstructed into a Finite Element model. The workflow executes a static analysis then calculates rebar size and placement, and finally generates fabrication drawings. This methodology allows architectural intent and engineering analysis to be collapsed into a single non-linear design process.
keywords Parametric design; Digital fabrication; Reinforced concrete; Production automation; Design feedback proces
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id sigradi2013_226
id sigradi2013_226
authors Baerlecken, Daniel; Sabri Gokmen
year 2013
title Gemming: Architectonics of Facets
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 225 - 229
summary This paper will articulate on how the intrinsic principles of gem making could be applied in architectural form finding. It will speculate that the technical accumulation of expertise and knowledge in this crafty technique could be implemented algorithmically. This robust and efficient process could provide solutions for architectural design problems. It will conclude that faceting, as we can observe it in jewelry making and lamp design, produces facets that are not just reacting to an underlying geometry, but also add expression and articulation to an object.
keywords Planar facets, Tiffany lamps, Color, Digital design
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id acadia13_293
id acadia13_293
authors Bessai, Tom
year 2013
title Bending-Active Bundled Structures: Preliminary Research and Taxonomy Towards an Ultra-Light Weight Architecture of Differentiated Components
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.293
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 293-300
summary This paper documents preliminary research into a bending-active architecture that leverages the “bundling” of linear force-active elements in order to create spatial diversity and differentiation.The primary design components of the system are light-weight GFRP rods and tubes that perform well in elastic bending. Material testing and iterative physical model studies are documented, and provide a framework to guide the further development of emerging spring-based computation methods. Challenges to the system include the analysis and resolution of rod-to-rod bundled connections, as well as the development of predictable bifurcation and crossing unions. The paperidentifies key precedents to the work followed by a brief summary of the material selection and testing framework. A speculative taxonomy of bundled bending-active “types” is proposed and supported by examples and prototypes.
keywords Bundling, Bending-Active, Force-Active Architecture, Material Systems, Spring-based Modeling
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id sigradi2013_135
id sigradi2013_135
authors Borges de Vasconselos, Tássia; Adriane Borda Almeida da Silva
year 2013
title Identificação de Geometrias Implícitas na Arquitetura a Partir de Realidade Aumentada [Alignment Identification of Implicit Geometries in Architecture from Augmented Reality]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 44 - 48
summary For the initial stages of architectural training one of the strategies traditionally used is to study design cases. This exercise can help in the comprehension of implicit geometries and design processes. The use of the golden ratio, for example, is recurrent in the history of architecture. However, adequate instruments are necessary for this kind of statement. This paper demonstrates the use of Augmented Reality with this goal: virtual elements are viewed overlaying the architecture or its representation, configuring a “digital proportion measurer”. The comprehension of known architectural practices assists in structuring methods and constructing repertoires for architectural design.
keywords Architecture analysis; Geometry; Augmented reality; Digital proportion measurer
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id cf2013_109
id cf2013_109
authors Brell-Cokcan, Sigrid and Johannes Braumann
year 2013
title Industrial Robots for Design Education: Robots as Open Interfaces beyond Fabrication
source Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 109-117.
summary For a long time, robotic arms have been a common sight in many industries. Now, robots are rapidly entering architectural education. Within the past few years, more than 20 architectural faculties throughout the world have set up experimental labs with one or more robotic arms. This paper will discuss the use of robots in education beyond the scope of CNC fabrication, as open interfaces that confront students with problem-solving, geometry, and programming.
keywords Design education, teaching robotics, robots in architecture, open interfaces, computer aided architectural design
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2014/03/24 07:08

_id acadia13_033
id acadia13_033
authors Correa, David; David Krieg, Oliver; Menges, Achim; Reichert, Steffen; Rinderspacher, Katja
year 2013
title HygroSkin: A prototype project for the development of a constructional and climate responsive architectural system based on the elastic and hygroscopic properties of wood
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.033
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 33-42
summary This paper focuses on the implementation of a computational design and robotic fabrication method that integrates the elastic and hygroscopic behavior of wood as active drivers in the design process, using the material’s differentiated characteristics as its main capacity. The project builds on previous work by the authors, furthering their research on the formal and performative transfer of such behaviors into informed architectural systems. Wood’s fibrous structure, relatively low stiffness and high structural capacity are instrumentalized into self-forming mechanisms through conical elastic deformation, while the same organic makeup and corresponding hygroscopic properties have also been programmed, formally articulated and integrated into a climate responsive architectural system. This research will be presented alongside a full-scale architectural project (Figure 1, Figure 2).
keywords computational design; robotic fabrication; wood construction; elastic bending; hygroscopic actuation
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id cf2013_063
id cf2013_063
authors Correia, José Vitor; Romao Lu_s, Ganhao Susana Rosado, Manuel Couceiro da Costa, Ana Santos Guerreiro, Diogo Pereira Henriques, Sara Garcia, Carlos Albuquerque, Maria Beatriz Carmo, Ana Paula Claudio, Teresa Chambel, Robin Burgess and Christian Marques
year 2013
title A New Extended Perspective System for Architectural Drawings
source Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 63-75.
summary This paper presents the work carried out by a multidisciplinary team of researchers, gathering knowledge in architecture, drawing, geometry, mathematics and computation. The research was directed in order to create a computational tool for architectural visualization - a new digital perspectograph - with the use of a new theoretical and operative approach to linear perspective. A new kind of projection surface, a parametric one, is added to the perspective concept under current tools. The mutations of this surface are explained and a set of graphical outputs is shown. A workshop with architecture students took place to help test and validate the concept and the computational prototype.
keywords Linear perspective, visualization, drawing, perspectograph
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2014/03/24 07:08

_id sigradi2013_375
id sigradi2013_375
authors Dametto, Ana Paula; Adriane Borda Almeida da Silva; Janice de Freitas Pires; Luisa dalla Vecchia
year 2013
title A Lógica Compositiva dos Artefatos Metálicos da Arquitetura Eclética de Pelotas [The Logic of Composition in Metallic Artifacts of Pelotas´ Eclectic Architecture]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 604 - 607
summary This paper describes a method of analysis of metallic artifacts present in the eclectic buildings considered cultural heritage in the city of Pelotas. This kind of analysis is configured as a reference in order to structure didactic content to be used in courses which discuss the geometry of form in a context of architectural training. These analyses demonstrate the potential of identifying basic concepts of geometry which can be viewed in a concrete manner in the compositions being analyzed. 
keywords Metallic artifacts of Pelotas; Analysis of geometric composition; Eclectic architecture; Didactic activities
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:50

_id sigradi2013_350
id sigradi2013_350
authors de Freitas Pires, Janice; Carolina Machado Alves; Luisa dalla Vecchia; Adriane Borda Almeida da Silva; Ana Paula Dametto
year 2013
title Padrões de Simetrias e Recursão em Ladrilhos Hidráulicos e Bandeiras: Exercícios Didáticos e Construção de Conhecimento Sobre Patrimônio Histórico [Symmetry and Recursion Patterns in Hydraulic Tiles and Fanlights: Didactic Exercises and Building Knowledge about Historic Heritage]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 595 - 599
summary This paper describes activities of analysis and composition of patterns based on architectural elements of buildings of historic heritage. During two separate workshops, which used a method previously established, the rules of symmetry and recursion were recognized in the geometry of these architectural elements and new patters were created through dynamic processes of digital representation. Such activities can stimulate the students´ capacity of recognizing design actions, contributing to their perception of the design problems and, thus, to the knowledge for design practice.
keywords Symmetry and recursion patterns; Historic heritage; Architectural elements; Digital graphic representation
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:50

_id cf2013_347
id cf2013_347
authors Dillenburger, Benjamin and Michael Hansmeyer
year 2013
title The Resolution of Architecture in the Digital Age
source Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 347-357.
summary The resolution of architecture is a measure of the spatial density of information inherent in a building. This paper demonstrates how the confluence of advances in computational design and additive manufacturing has recently led to a paradigm shift in potential architectural resolution. Buildings can now be designed and fabricated with elements at the threshold of human perception. This resolution can be used to replicate existing architectural styles ever more efficiently and accurately. Yet as with the introduction of other new technologies, architects must now explore the latent potentials and determine what kind of new architectures become conceivable. Specifically, what architectures can adequately express this enormous resolution and the unlimited geometric complexity within reach? With the project Digital Grotesque, we present the first human-scale, enclosed structure that truly exploits these opportunities. Algorithms are used to articulate and orchestrate the geometry from the macro scale down to 1mm small details. The structure is enriched with local information at a previously unseen resolution. A unique language of form is developed that transcends rationality and celebrates spatial expression: a digital exuberance.
keywords high resolution, additive manufacturing, 3d printing, digital fabrication, computational design, subdivision, mesh
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2014/03/24 07:08

_id caadria2013_001
id caadria2013_001
authors Doelling, Max C. and Ben Jastram
year 2013
title Daylight Prototypes: From Simulation Data to Four-Dimensional Artefact-Physical Metrics  Models in Sustainable Design Education
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.159
source Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 159-168
summary The increasing use of building performance simulation in architectural design enriches digital models and derived prototyping geometries with performance data that makes them analytically powerful artefacts serving sustainable design. In our class “Parametric Design”, students perform concurrent thermal and daylight optimization during the architectural ideation process, employing digital simulation tools, and also utilize rapid prototyping techniques to produce process artefacts and whole-building analysis models with climate-based day-light metrics physically embedded. Simulation metrics are merged with prototyping geometries to be output on a colour-capable Zprinter; the resultant hybrid artefacts simultaneously allow three-dimensional formal as well as whole-year daylight performance evaluation, rendering analysis scope four-dimensional. They embody a specific epistemological type that we compare to other model instances and posit to be an example of multivalent representation, a formal class that aids knowledge accretion in  workflows and allows designers to gain a physically reframed understanding of geometry-performance relationships.
wos WOS:000351496100016
keywords Rapid prototyping, Building performance modelling, Daylight simulation, Physical data models, Design representation 
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id ecaade2013_076
id ecaade2013_076
authors Dolas, Caner; Dieckmann, Andreas and Russell, Peter
year 2013
title Building Your Own Urban Tool Kit
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.485
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 485-493
summary The paper describes the development of a set of smart BIM components to facilitate and accelerate the creation of large-scale urban models in the early design phase in a BIM software environment. The components leverage the analytical, parametric and modelling capabilities of the BIM environment to support adaptive parameter-driven building geometry, patterning of different building types, early numerical and graphical design evaluation, various simulation methods and the exploration of design alternatives. The toolset consists of the most common building shapes, but can be extended with additional shapes and their respective area and volumetric calculations when necessary. The rapid large-scale deployment of the components has been achieved by diverting existing tools from their intended use.
wos WOS:000340643600049
keywords BIM; urban planning; early design; rule-based design; parametric design.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id acadia13_173
id acadia13_173
authors Ericson, Mark
year 2013
title Manufacturing Method: A study of the stereotomic methods of Guarino Guarini
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.173
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 173-178
summary Methods of architectural representation are often considered fixed, scripted and defined.Methods are learned and acquired through the memorization and comprehension of specific rule sets. While these rules and conventions allow for legibility and communication between various sites, participants and drawings, they also have tendency to produce similar results. This paper considers the potential of manufacturing architectural methods through a detailed study of historic modes of representation. It examines the drawings of the Italian architect Guarino Guarini (1624-1683) and demonstrates the means by which he adapted stereotomic methods and Euclidian propositions to respond to specific architectural conditions. It argues that Guarini’s engagementwith the details of both method and instrumentality offer potential to the current studies in the development of form finding methodologies. If we are to continue to expand the methodological framework of architectural production through slow and tedious instrumental work, we must apply the same level of analysis to our historical precedents. Doing so will enable a finer grained manipulation of instrumentality through an increased focus not on the manufacturing of form but rather the manufacturing of method. Examples of drawings by the author and of students explain and support the text.
keywords Guarino Guarini, baroque, stereotomy, geometry and architecture, representation
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id acadia23_v1_128
id acadia23_v1_128
authors Fayyad, Iman
year 2023
title Bending Cylinders: Geometries of the Anthropocene
source ACADIA 2023: Habits of the Anthropocene: Scarcity and Abundance in a Post-Material Economy [Volume 1: Projects Catalog of the 43rd Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 979-8-9860805-8-1]. Denver. 26-28 October 2023. edited by A. Crawford, N. Diniz, R. Beckett, J. Vanucchi, M. Swackhamer 128-135.
summary Over the past several decades, the conception and construction of formal complexity has disregarded the realities of material waste, costs, and accessibility. By engaging the isometric relationship between flatness and three-dimensional form, the research shown here investigates how waste-conscious approaches to geometric innovation can create new architectural languages. Specifically, the work deploys a subset of curved-crease folding that uses planar reflections referred to as sectional mirror operations to create unique forms comprised of composite cylindrical and conical surfaces (Figure 1). Whereas known studies in curved-crease folding typically explore singular (one-off, figural) compositions (Davis et al. 2013), this process develops a module aggregation strategy to suggest large inhabitable structures as both figural and field-like conditions.
series ACADIA
type project
email
last changed 2024/04/17 13:58

_id cf2013_358
id cf2013_358
authors Gonzalez-Quintial, Francisco; Antonio Sanchez-Parandiet, and Javier Barrallo
year 2013
title Freeform Surfaces Adaptation through Developable Surfaces Using Apparent Contours
source Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 358-367.
summary Free-form surfaces construction has been limited to the possibilities of graphical and constructive control. In a few years we have seen an important development of control of the form through digital graphic technology, software and hardware that allowed truly spectacular constructions. A significant researching way not only in architecture, but also in engineering even in sculpture, has been the adaptation of free forms through developable surfaces using different systems, many based on differential geometry. Reinterpreting some topics of projective geometry that allows the use of certain CAD software, jumping from the physical to the digital drawing system, has been developed a method allows the adaptation of free forms through developable surfaces using apparent contours that we can draw over these free form surfaces. Trough using them we can trace two types of developable surfaces as cones and cylinders that are touching the surface tangentially to this contours.
keywords Freeform surfaces, Double curved surfaces, Developable surfaces, Algorithmic approach.
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2014/03/24 07:08

_id ecaade2013_002
id ecaade2013_002
authors Hanzl, Ma_gorzata
year 2013
title Modelling of Public Spaces
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.1.319
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 1, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 319-327
summary The relationship between the material settings and situational belonging to a more general notion of the culture of a given community remains the subject of inquiry of at least two scientific disciplines: anthropology and urban morphology studies. In this study an assessment of the various modelling platforms is performed with the objective of finding the most efficient method which allows the description of the semiotic features of urbanscapes. The ideal system should link the parametric definition of urban geometry with the high flexibility of data input and easy manipulation. In order to enable culture related analyses of urbanscapes, analyses should be performed which refers to the semiotics of morphological structures in the detailed scale of urban enclosure, which are streets or squares. Some elements of the proposed method of index key analyses are explained as one possible solution for the problems posed.
wos WOS:000340635300033
keywords Urban design; urban morphology; anthropology; parametric modelling; outdoor space.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:49

_id cf2013_084
id cf2013_084
authors Herr, Christiane M. and Thomas Fischer
year 2013
title Generative Column and Beam Layout for Reinforced Concrete Structures in China
source Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 84-95.
summary This paper outlines generative strategies for the design of structural layout patterns of columns and beams in reinforced concrete structures based on contemporary local construction practice in China. Following an introduction to constraints and opportunities of this new potential context for generative design application, possible generative strategies are proposed and discussed, with a view to their viability within the local context. The proposed strategies are illustrated in terms of geometry, generative sequence and plausibility of construction and discussed in terms of visual and overall structural merit.
keywords generative design, algorithmic design, structural design, visual thinking, reinforced concrete structures, China
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2014/03/24 07:08

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