CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id caadria2013_188
id caadria2013_188
authors Peña De León, Alexander; Jane Burry, Daniel Davis, Nick Williams, Mark Burry and Michael Wilson
year 2013
title A Flexible Automated Digital Design for Production Workflow
source Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 643-652
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.643
wos WOS:000351496100063
summary This paper documents the flexible automated digital design for production workflow utilized for the materialization of the FabPod Project, together with the use of an integrated practice methodology and highly collaborative process. The research seeks to narrow the divide between the acts of designing and the acts of making, by integrating through the act of automating computer assisted designs with computer assisted manufacturing.  
keywords utomated design to fabrication workflow, Integrated practice, CAD/CAM, Parametric modelling, Flexible modelling 
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 08:00

_id cf2013_118
id cf2013_118
authors Dritsas, Stylianos and Mark Goulthorpe
year 2013
title An Automated Robotic Manufacturing Process: For the Thermoplastic Panel Building Technology
source Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 118-129.
summary This paper presents the design-computation digital fabrication research for a thermoplastic panel technology for housing applications; a high-performance, low-cost building product based on parametric design methodology, glass fiber reinforced composite materials, and numerically controlled robotic fabrication processes. We present a highly integrated schematic design to production workflow, and discuss the potential and challenges of robotic prototyping and fabrication.
keywords Digital Fabrication, Architectural Robotics, Computer Aided Manufacturing, Building Composites, Thermoplastic Manufacturing
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2014/03/24 07:08

_id caadria2013_135
id caadria2013_135
authors Williams, Nick; Daniel Davis, Brady Peters, Alexander Peña De León,  Jane Burry and Mark Burry
year 2013
title FabPOD: An Open Design-to-Fabrication System
source Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 251-260
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.251
wos WOS:000351496100025
summary Digital workflows from the design to the production of buildings have received significant recent attention in architectural research. The need for both integrated systems for design collaboration (Boeykens and Neuckermans, 2006) and clear and flexible communication flows for non-standard fabrication outcomes have been identified as fundamental (Scheurer, 2010). This paper reports on the development of a digital “design system” for the design and prototyping of an acoustic enclosure for meetings in a large open work environment, theFabPod. The aim was to keep this system open for temporal flexibility in as many aspects of the finalisation of the design as possible. The system provides novel examples of both integrated collaboration and clear communication flow.  (1) Acoustics is included as a design driver in early stages through the connection of digital simulation tools with design models. (2) Bi-directional information flows and clear modularisation of workflow underpins the system from design through to fabrication and assembly of the enclosure. Following the completion and evaluation of the FabPod prototype, the openness of the system will be tested through its application in subsequent design and prototyping iterations. Design development will respond to performance testing through user engagement methods and acoustic measurement.  
keywords Digital workflow, Prototyping, Acoustic simulation, Collaborative design 
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id sigradi2013_337
id sigradi2013_337
authors Al-Haddad, Tristan; Keyan Rahimzadeh; Jill Fredrickson
year 2013
title Concrete Continuum: Concept, Calculus, & Construction Connected Through Parametric Representation
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 230 - 234
summary This paper outlines a custom-built suite of scripts that automate the processes of reinforced concrete design and is directly linked to the parametric design model of the architect. The workflow creates a design and engineering feedback loop for early phase schematic design. Using this system, the design geometry is generated and then deconstructed into a Finite Element model. The workflow executes a static analysis then calculates rebar size and placement, and finally generates fabrication drawings. This methodology allows architectural intent and engineering analysis to be collapsed into a single non-linear design process.
keywords Parametric design; Digital fabrication; Reinforced concrete; Production automation; Design feedback proces
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id caadria2014_150
id caadria2014_150
authors Knapp, Chris; Jonathan Neslon and Michael Parsons
year 2014
title Constructing Atmospheres
source Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, pp. 149–158
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.149
summary This paper documents and critically reflects upon the design, development, fabrication, and implementation of three pavilion projects developed during 2013-14. The core investigation of this work is the production of architectural spaces characterized by a quality of enveloping, diffuse, visual and spatial atmospheres. The principal activity of the research is aimed at refining methods for software-based exploration of formal complexities and the subsequent need to control variability and efficiency in fabrication output, using Grasshopper for Rhino to develop customized definitions particular to each specific project scenario. Linking the projects together are issues of scale, resolution of effect, and intent to move from disparate assemblies of structure and skin toward composite, manifold construction techniques that address multiple concerns (gravity, bracing, affect, etc) with a minimum of assembly. A material palette common to the current vernacular of CNC-based projects such as plywood, plastics, and other sheet materials is utilised. This work is invested in extending the possibilities of the architect and architecture as a discipline, extrapolating the workflow from these successive projects to the speculative impact of the work upon emerging possibilities of architectural construction and craft.
keywords 3d modelling; Digital fabrication; Rhinoceros; Grasshopper; Tessellation
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id ecaade2013r_017
id ecaade2013r_017
authors Meghna, Saiqa I.; Chowdhury, Suvro S.
year 2013
title Contextual customization of design process. Design through the digital and the material
source FUTURE TRADITIONS [1st eCAADe Regional International Workshop Proceedings / ISBN 978-989-8527-03-5], University of Porto, Faculty of Architecture (Portugal), 4-5 April 2013, pp. 205-216
summary In contemporary world, digital technologies have initiated new architectural languages and have eased the way to communicate them directly from initial design phase to production facilities, allowing for the construction of complex geometries with the use of ever evolving techniques and tools. When the emergence of a substance depends on the material behavior, the design interest shifts towards the ‘formation’ instead of the ‘final form’. Regarding these the design procedures will be discussed from the premise where architecture will be perceived through an evolution process that deals with the coherent variables of elements and shifting parameters within a context. However, there are crucial questions about its application in the contexts which have lower access to contemporary technologies although digital technology has already influenced almost every aspects of the culture of the respective context. Besides, the huge production cost has limited its adaptability in many under developed and developing countries where the construction field relies mainly on traditional and low-tech methods. The paper is an effort to give attention on exploration of the new-found freedoms of material computation in close connection with the respective context by inventing new design processes, material applications and custom devices. It is the time to experiment with flexible, mobile and low-cost fabrication methods applicable to different scenarios while achieving the complexity of the contemporary architectural ge¬ometries. Thus an equal focus has to be given to speculate about projects that are site-specific, custom¬ized and adapted to local climatic conditions and technical know-how, in areas that traditionally have limited access to new technologies.
keywords Complex geometries, material behavior, custom devices, low-cost fabrication, design process
email
last changed 2013/10/07 19:08

_id acadia13_327
id acadia13_327
authors Raspall, Felix; Imbern, Matías; Choi, William
year 2013
title Adaptive Tectonic Systems: Parametric Modeling and Digital Fabrication of Precast Roofing Assemblies Toward Site-Specific Design Response
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 327-336
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.327
summary In order to design adaptable systems, the requirements include flexible models to generate a range of alternative configurations, analytical engines to evaluate performance, and well-defined selection criteria to identify suitable options. In most cases, design processes driven by performance concentrate on environmental or structural parameters; fabrication often remains disconnected from the generative process. Nonetheless, as design-to-fabrication methods become more robust, it is possible to extend the digital process to introduce fabrication variables to the definition of the project. The main focus of the research presented in this paper is the development of a digital and material workflow that connects design, structural and climate-specific topics (such as sun lighting and water drainage) toward producing a range of efficient structural and spatial assemblies.A case study serves as the main support for this investigation. Miguel Fisac’s “bones” is a light-weight roof system developed during the 1960’s, which had a very well-calibrated structural, natural-lighting, drainage and construction performance, as well as a highly refined spatial output. The system, despite its intelligence, lacked the flexibility possible today: using digital technologies, it can adapt to a significantly wider range of applications. Using “bones” as a starting point, this research develops a design-to-fabrication workflow that attempts to move forward tools, material systems and processes to enable an adaptable tectonic system.This paper describes the background research, concept, form-finding, construction process, methodology, results and conclusions of the investigation.
keywords complex systems, parametric design, integrated design and fabrication, mass customization, Miguel Fisac bones, adaptive material system
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 08:00

_id ijac201310105
id ijac201310105
authors Agkathidis, Asterios and Andre_ Brown
year 2013
title Tree-Structure Canopy:A Case Study in Design and Fabrication of Complex Steel Structures using Digital Tools
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 11 - no. 1, 87-104
summary This paper describes and reflects on the design and manufacturing process of the Tree-Structure canopy for the WestendGate Tower in Frankfurt upon Main, completed early 2011.The project investigated fabrication and assembly principles of complex steel structures as well as the integration of contemporary computational design, engineering, optimization and simulation techniques in a collaborative design approach. This paper focuses on the notion of modular standardization as opposed to non standard customized components. It also engages with issues relating to digital production tools and their impact on construction cost, material performance and tolerances. In addition it examines the reconfiguration of liability during a planning and construction process, an aspect which can be strongly determined by fabrication companies rather than the architect or designer.This paper is written as a reflection on the complete building process when contemporary digital tools are used from design through to fabrication. It studies both the generation of the steel structure as well the ETFE cushion skin. It reports on a collaborative project, where the main author was responsible for the canopies design, parameterization, digitalization and fabrication, as well as for the dissemination of the outcomes and findings during the design and realization process.As such it represents an example of research through design in a contemporary and evolving field.The canopy received a design award by the Hellenic Architecture Association.
series journal
last changed 2019/05/24 09:55

_id ijac201311303
id ijac201311303
authors Beorkrem, Chris; Mitchell McGregor, Igor Polyakov, Nicole Desimini
year 2013
title Sphere Mapping: a method for responsive surface rationalization
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 11 - no. 3, 319-330
summary The method proposed in this project addresses the parametric manipulation of a given pattern to respond directly to a parametric surface. The research attempts to propose a method for attaching fixed sized objects to a free flowing surface or "blanket." The model can be used to interrogate a series of shapes and forms with the same componentry. Continuing the research of Kevin Rotheroe, Yale University and founder of FreeForm Design. Rotheroe and his students developed a series of studies in material and surface properties. By utilizing a proven pattern, the proposed method sets parameters derived from the formal properties of the original pattern and produces a new pattern that is responsive to the curvature of a complex surface. The workflow developed in this research consists of a complex blending of tools in Rhino Grasshopper and Gehry Technologies Digital Project. The intent is to achieve the aesthetics and structure offered by Rotheroe's original research and to add a responsive precision that provides an accurate adaptation of the pattern based on curvature of a specific computationally defined surface.
series journal
last changed 2019/05/24 09:55

_id acadia13_415
id acadia13_415
authors Briscoe, Danelle; Prentice, Reg
year 2013
title Reconfiguring Frit: Serendipity in Digital Design Processes
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 415-416
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.415
summary This paper presents a case study of the fritted glass design completed for the Interactive Corporation Building (IAC) in New York, New York—a key building designed by Gehry Partners, LLP—and proposes further research into a “glitch” in the production of the frit pattern that could be refined into legitimate design processes.
keywords frit pattern; Building Information Modeling; glitch
series ACADIA
type Research Poster
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id acadia13_061
id acadia13_061
authors Bruscia, Nicholas; Romano, Christopher
year 2013
title Material Parameters and Digitally Informed Fabrication of Textured Metals
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 61-68
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.061
summary The research represented in this paper proposes to reinvestigate the relationship between structure and appearance through a performative analysis of textured stainless steel, as verified through full-scale prototyping. The work takes a scientific design approach while incorporating a computational workflow that is informed by the material’s physical parameters, and draws a connection between the scales of molecular composition to large-scale geometric systems.Furthermore, the work attempts to provide evidence for thin-gauge textured metals as a high performance and adaptive material, by identifying structural rigidity and particular specular quality as inherent characteristics born from the texturing process. In addition, through close collaboration with the sponsoring manufacturer of textured stainless steel, we are able to gain access to material expertise and large-scale fabrication equipment not readily available to designers, thereby forging a mutually beneficial relationship surrounding the research.
keywords Next Generation Technology, Architecture and Manufacturing, Material Research, Material Science, Digital Fabrication, Rigidized Metal, Parametric Modeling
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id sigradi2013_328
id sigradi2013_328
authors Bustos, Gabriela
year 2013
title El Método 7.1, Re-acción en Multi-re-forma: Re-generación Ética en la Tecnología Digital (TD) + Diseño Arquitectónico (DA) [Method 7.1, Re-action in Multi-re-form: Ethical Re-generation of Digital Technology (DT) + Architectural Design (AD)]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 54 - 57
summary The goal of this article is to conceptualize and structure a theoretical proposed framed of ethics in digital technology in architectural design. The methodological vision of this proposal is one of complex epistemology, which seeks to understand applied ethics in a multicultural reality and the digital processes that reformulate contemporary architectural vision. The proposed “Method 7.1: Re-action in Multi-re-form” is based on Edgar Morin’s “Method 6, Ethics”, and Victor Martin’s “Applied Ethics.” The Method 7.1 is formed by seven ethical dimensions that constitute a pattern of complex thought that systematizes the values for the production of techno-architecture.
keywords Complex Ethics; Digital Technology (DT); Architectural Design (AD); Re-action; Multi-reform
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id caadria2013_100
id caadria2013_100
authors Chen Kian Wee, Patrick Janssen and Arno Schlueter
year 2013
title A Design Method for Multicriteria Optimisation of Low Exergy Architecture
source Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 117-126
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.117
wos WOS:000351496100012
summary This paper proposes a design method for the exploration of holistic low exergy design strategies which factor in limitations and constraints of both passive and active systems. A design method that consists of a two loop structure is proposed. The inner loop consists of an automated workflow that includes three main components: a developmental procedure for generating design variants; evaluation procedures for evaluating design variants; and an optimisation procedure for optimising populations of design variants. The outer loop consists of a manual workflow that has two main components: a schema formulation process for defining the inputs to the automated workflow and a data analysis process for analysing the data produced by the automated workflow. A case study is presented that demonstrates the proposed method.  
keywords Low exergy design, Parametric design, Evolutionary design, Integrated design process, Performance driven design 
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id sigradi2022_7
id sigradi2022_7
authors Danesi Morisso, Joao Gabriel; Gitirana Gomes Ferreira, Marcelo
year 2022
title Microinteraction study in user experience: a systematic literature review of research perspectives
source Herrera, PC, Dreifuss-Serrano, C, Gómez, P, Arris-Calderon, LF, Critical Appropriations - Proceedings of the XXVI Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2022), Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, 7-11 November 2022 , pp. 583–594
summary To broaden the understanding of what has been studied on the topic of microinteractions in human-computer interaction, this article conducts an exploratory study to survey the scientific production in articles and dissertations that work with the microinteractions framework, by Saffer (2013), applied to the scope of the user experience. As a method, a systematic literature review is proposed. For this, the following scientific bases are used: Scopus Elsevier, Capes Periodicals, EBSCO and Proquest. From the perspective of design and human-computer interaction, the quantity and approaches used are investigated. Of the 731 scientific works found, 14 were filtered and selected to compose the panorama of scientific research in microinteractions. The article brings the main approaches used in microinteractions research that focus on user experience in the last decade and points out perspectives on how to investigate microinteractions in future academic research.
keywords User experience, Microinteractions, Human-computer interaction, Systematic review, UX
series SIGraDi
email
last changed 2023/05/16 16:56

_id sigradi2013_222
id sigradi2013_222
authors de la Barrera Poblete, Carlos I.
year 2013
title Librería de Algoritmos Genéticos para Arquitectura (LAGA) [Genetic Algorithms Architectural Library]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 338 - 342
summary LAGA is an all-purpose library to create and design Genetic Algorithms (GAs). Originally the library was born as a series of GAs as a search and optimize tool for author's PhD thesis. The originals GAs were applied to different architectural scales: Urban design, architectural design, space optimization and energy design optimization. At the beginning the algorithms were written in different platforms: Rhinoscript, C#.NET and GCScript. The author after finish his PhD, he decided to put all the algorithms in a single language. JAVA was selected to create a flexible Genetic Algorithm library to use in different platforms.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:50

_id sigradi2013_295
id sigradi2013_295
authors dos Santos Souto, Ivan C.; José Nieto Martínez; Matías Nieto Tolosa; José Wagner García
year 2013
title Aportaciones del Modelado Paramétrico a la Toma de Decisiones: Dos Estudios de Caso desde el Proyecto de Arquitectura [Contributions to Decision Making from Parametric Modeling: Two Case Studies from the Architectural Project]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 249 - 252
summary Research progress about the contributions from parametric, generative design to the general decision-making process, specially to Design & Decision Support Systems, into the architecture project, by 2 specific case study on professional practice in Brazil. Proposed approach deal with some contributions that contemporary media of computer graphics could add to architectural practice in a context of progressive automation, simultaneity demands and a need for higher coordination among engineering offices, taking into consideration the adaptation of handmade, industrial traditional tasks through computer-automated design, participative interfaces and digital fabrication support.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:50

_id caadria2013_015
id caadria2013_015
authors Dritsas, Stylianos and Kang Shua Yeo
year 2013
title Undrawable Architecture – Digital Workflows for the Conservation of Heritage Buildings and the  Discovery of Digital Tectonic
source Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 833-842
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.833
wos WOS:000351496100086
summary This paper presents a datacentric perspective to historical building conservation using digital media. In particular we explore a workflow based on large volumes digital data acquired via 3D scanning technology, virtual restoration using 3D modelling and physical artefact reconstruction using 3D printing technology. We offer an alternative perspective in contrast to the prevalent approach of reverse engineering or geometric rationalization via parametric design technology; highlight the research and design opportunities as well as the challenges of the approach. 
keywords Digital conservation, 3D scanning, Rapid prototyping 
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id ecaade2013_011
id ecaade2013_011
authors Dritsas, Stylianos; Kalvo, Raul and Sevtsuk, Andres
year 2013
title Packing Optimization for Digital Fabrication
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 1, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 655-664
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.1.655
wos WOS:000340635300068
summary We present a design-computation method of design-to-production automation and optimization in digital fabrication; an algorithmic process minimizing material use, reducing fabrication time and improving production costs of complex architectural form. Our system compacts structural elements of variable dimensions within fixed-size sheets of stock material, revisiting a classical challenge known as the two-dimensional bin-packing problem. We demonstrate improvements in performance using our heuristic metric, an approach with potential for a wider range of architectural and engineering design-built digital fabrication applications, and discuss the challenges of constructing free-form design efficiently using operational research methodologies.
keywords Design computation; digital fabrication; automation; optimization.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id acadia14projects_11
id acadia14projects_11
authors Gheorghe, Andrei
year 2014
title Robotic Infiltrations
source ACADIA 14: Design Agency [Projects of the 34th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 9789126724478]Los Angeles 23-25 October, 2014), pp. 11-14
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2014.011
summary This research describes the outcome of the Angewandte Architecture Challenge 2013 “Robotic Infiltrations” experimental workshop in Digital Design and Fabrication Strategies. The workshop is a collaboration between the University of Innsbruck’s REX|LAB and the Institute of Architecture at the University of Applied Arts Vienna, and represents a continuation of research that explores the potential of additive digital production through the use of robotically controlled placement of phase-change polymers in the production of full scale structures.
keywords Digital fabrication and construction, Digital architectural design, Digital design education, Digital design and production, Full scale digital fabrication, Digital fabrication research, Robotic fabrication
series ACADIA
type Research Projects
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id sigradi2013_426
id sigradi2013_426
authors Gonçalves, Marly
year 2013
title O Produto de Joias Representado Pela Ilustração Digital [Digital Illustration of Jewelry - A Teaching Methodology]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 613 - 616
summary This article will show learning activity developed during the third semester of Graphic Computer discipline, in the Jewelry and Accessories Production Course, from  Faculty of Technological Istituto Europeo di Design in Sao Paulo, using the Problem Based Learning methodology. The present theme aims to encourage students in searching for new ways of graphics representation of his projects using 2D digital programs, based on the work done in the previous semester. The main aim is to show the contribution of an exercise in interdisciplinary training for syllabus of the course Production jewelry and accessories.
keywords Digital illustration; Teaching methodology; Computer graphics
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:52

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