CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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Hits 1 to 20 of 604

_id ecaade2013r_004
id ecaade2013r_004
authors Figueiredo, B.; Costa, Eduardo C.; Duarte, José P.; Krüger, M.
year 2013
title Digital Temples: a shape grammar to generate sacred buildings according to Alberti’s theory
source FUTURE TRADITIONS [1st eCAADe Regional International Workshop Proceedings / ISBN 978-989-8527-03-5], University of Porto, Faculty of Architecture (Portugal), 4-5 April 2013, pp. 63-70
summary The research presented further is part of the Digital Alberti research project, which aims to determine the influence of Alberti’s treatise on Architecture, De re aedificatoria, on the Portuguese Renaissance architecture, through the use of a computational framework. One of the project tasks entailed the translation of the treatise’s textual descriptions concerning the morphological, proportional and algorithmic principles of the sacred buildings into a shape grammar. Subsequently a computational model was developed, in order to proceed to the derivation of examples of the same language. This article discusses the use of analytical shape grammars to undertake an architectural analysis, as well as the fact of the source of this grammar and correspondent architectural language to be a text instead of a set of buildings and designs. It reviews the methodology to implement the shape grammar and describes the several stages of development, following the interpretation of treatise into a consistent set of shape rules, by defining their spatial relations, parameters and conditions. It also reviews the implementation of this knowledge into a generative parametric computer program through visual programming language Grasshopper.
keywords Shape Grammars; Parametric Modelling; Generative Design; Alberti; Classical Architecture
email
last changed 2013/10/07 19:08

_id ecaade2013_026
id ecaade2013_026
authors Kucukoglu, J. Gozde and Colakoglu, Birgul
year 2013
title Algorithmic Form Generation for Crochet Technique
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 273-278
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.273
wos WOS:000340643600027
summary In architecture use of generative computation suggests a possibility of rethinking the form finding process. In order to generate form, one method could be predefining first the production technique and constraining the form by the rules of it. In this study crochet-knitting technique is chosen as a production technique. To explore various forms developed through this technique; a computational model, which the behavior of crochet-knitted surface is embedded into, is developed. This paper explains the process of decoding the behavior of a crochet-knitted surface for a computational model in order to extract the crochet-knitting patterns of complex geometrical surfaces.
keywords Form generation; crochet technique; hyperbolic geometry; decoding rule
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id acadia13_237
id acadia13_237
authors Arenas, Ubaldo; Falcón, José Manuel
year 2013
title Adaptable Communication Protocols for Robotic Building Systems
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 237-243
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.237
summary This work in progress presents the framework for an information system to be used as a first step in the generation of a communication protocol for adaptable designs and adaptable constructive systems. Using the chemoton model developed by Tibor Gánti as a basic information network structure which answers some of the questions about what adaptability means in living forms; extracting the characteristics of such adaptable systems we continue to describe how this information network can be applied in the state of contemporary adaptable architecture and it _s design methods. Finally it describes the state of the simulation experiments taken in course by us in the search to generate adaptable communication protocols between robotic building elements.
keywords computational design methodologies, chemoton model, adaptable architecture, reconfigurable systems, ALOPS
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ijac201310103
id ijac201310103
authors Bollmann, Dietrich and Alvaro Bonfiglio
year 2013
title Design Constraint Systems - A Generative Approach to Architecture
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 11 - no. 1, 37-63
summary Generative Architectural Design permits the automatic (or semiautomatic) generation of architectural objects for a wide range of applications, from archaeological research and reconstruction to digital sketching. In this paper the authors introduce design constraint systems (DCS), their approach to the generation of architectural design with the help of a simple example: The development of the necessary formalisms to generate a family of architectural designs, i.e. simple houses and pagodas. After explaining the formal system the authors introduce an approach for the generation of complex form based on the application of transformations and distortions.Architecture is bound by the constraints of physical reality: Gravitation and the properties of the used materials define the limits in which architectural design is possible. With the recent development of new materials and construction methods however, the ways in which form and physics go together get more complicated. As a result, the shapes of architecture gain more liberty, and more and more complex shapes and structures become possible.While these advances allow for new ways of architectural expression, they also make the design process much more challenging. For this reason new tools are necessary for making this complexity manageable for the architect and enable her to play and experiment with the new possibilities of complex shapes and structures. Design constraint systems can be used as tool for experimentation with complex form. Therefore, the authors dedicate the final part of this paper to a concise delineation of an approach for the generation of complex and irregular shapes and structures. While the examples used are simple, they give an idea of the generality of design constraint systems: By using a two-component approach to the generation of designs (the first component describes the abstract structure of the modelled objects while the second component interprets the structure and generates the actual geometric forms) and allowing the user to adjust both components freely, it can be adapted to all kind of different architectural styles, from historical to contemporary architecture.
series journal
last changed 2019/05/24 09:55

_id sigradi2013_345
id sigradi2013_345
authors Calixto, Victor; Charles C. Vincent
year 2013
title Arquitetura Algorítmica: Processos e Ferramentas [ Algorithmic Architecture: Processes and Tools]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 362 - 365
summary This paper presents the results of an academic research in the field of parametric-generative design and through projective tests and processes using parametric tools and computational logic. Thus, five experiments for the region of the Terminal Bandeira Flag Square were set forth. From the urban guidelines and an object in common, it was a distinct possibility, where it was possible to analyze the advances and setbacks in the process of project development. The approach taken is an exploration of design processes that involve computational logic for formulating, exploring and creating architectural themes and its interfaces with other fields of knowledge: algorithmic architecture.
keywords Performance-based design; Parametric modeling; Simulation
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id ecaade2013_011
id ecaade2013_011
authors Dritsas, Stylianos; Kalvo, Raul and Sevtsuk, Andres
year 2013
title Packing Optimization for Digital Fabrication
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 1, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 655-664
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.1.655
wos WOS:000340635300068
summary We present a design-computation method of design-to-production automation and optimization in digital fabrication; an algorithmic process minimizing material use, reducing fabrication time and improving production costs of complex architectural form. Our system compacts structural elements of variable dimensions within fixed-size sheets of stock material, revisiting a classical challenge known as the two-dimensional bin-packing problem. We demonstrate improvements in performance using our heuristic metric, an approach with potential for a wider range of architectural and engineering design-built digital fabrication applications, and discuss the challenges of constructing free-form design efficiently using operational research methodologies.
keywords Design computation; digital fabrication; automation; optimization.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id cf2013_358
id cf2013_358
authors Gonzalez-Quintial, Francisco; Antonio Sanchez-Parandiet, and Javier Barrallo
year 2013
title Freeform Surfaces Adaptation through Developable Surfaces Using Apparent Contours
source Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 358-367.
summary Free-form surfaces construction has been limited to the possibilities of graphical and constructive control. In a few years we have seen an important development of control of the form through digital graphic technology, software and hardware that allowed truly spectacular constructions. A significant researching way not only in architecture, but also in engineering even in sculpture, has been the adaptation of free forms through developable surfaces using different systems, many based on differential geometry. Reinterpreting some topics of projective geometry that allows the use of certain CAD software, jumping from the physical to the digital drawing system, has been developed a method allows the adaptation of free forms through developable surfaces using apparent contours that we can draw over these free form surfaces. Trough using them we can trace two types of developable surfaces as cones and cylinders that are touching the surface tangentially to this contours.
keywords Freeform surfaces, Double curved surfaces, Developable surfaces, Algorithmic approach.
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2014/03/24 07:08

_id sigradi2013_157
id sigradi2013_157
authors Gómez, Diego; Mario Marchant; Loreto Ulloa ; Bárbara Echaíz; Carla Ponzano; Rocío Hurtado; Adolfo Álvarez;
year 2013
title Mediaciones Algorítmicas para la Percepción de la Ciudad y su Apropiación Agonista [Algorithmic mediations for the perception of the city, and its agonistic appropriation ]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 479 - 483
summary This paper presents conceptual and theoretical basis, methodological processes, and ongoing developments for the research work done within the Design and Agonism group at the Department of Design of the School of Architecture and Urbanism of the University of Chile. The research problem guiding this work has been defined as algorithmic mediations for the perception of the city, as vehicles for agonistic citizen appropriation in a hypothetic Santiago, Chile.
keywords Adversarial design; Agonism; Mediations; Citizenship; Media arts
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:53

_id caadria2013_230
id caadria2013_230
authors Gün, Onur Y.
year 2013
title The Executed and the Observed in Sketches: Visual and Computational Processing for Explorative Drawings
source Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 801-810
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.801
wos WOS:000351496100083
summary Drawing is expressing. The mind’s eye works with the drawing to materialize ideas via transforming them into visual abstractions. The genuine supremacy of drawing emerges from its potential to evoke, not from its ability to represent. Computers are harbingers of unprecedented and enriching drawing environments. Yet they also introduce ambivalences since they suppress drafter’s bodily and perceptual engagement with drawings. This paper aims to delineate the similarities and differences between hand drawing and (via-computer) algorithmic drawing for design. The goal is to discuss the altering role of eyes and hands in long-contrasted virtual and material environments of drawing. The outlined comparisons of algorithmic and hand sketching should encourage research for blending digital and analogue modes of sketching.  
keywords Drawing, Computation, Sketch, Algorithmic, Design, Studio, Visual, Calculation 
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id cf2013_084
id cf2013_084
authors Herr, Christiane M. and Thomas Fischer
year 2013
title Generative Column and Beam Layout for Reinforced Concrete Structures in China
source Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 84-95.
summary This paper outlines generative strategies for the design of structural layout patterns of columns and beams in reinforced concrete structures based on contemporary local construction practice in China. Following an introduction to constraints and opportunities of this new potential context for generative design application, possible generative strategies are proposed and discussed, with a view to their viability within the local context. The proposed strategies are illustrated in terms of geometry, generative sequence and plausibility of construction and discussed in terms of visual and overall structural merit.
keywords generative design, algorithmic design, structural design, visual thinking, reinforced concrete structures, China
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2014/03/24 07:08

_id ecaade2013_267
id ecaade2013_267
authors Hulin, Jaroslav and Pavlicek, Jiri
year 2013
title Algorithmic Engineering in Public Space
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 255-259
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.255
wos WOS:000340643600025
summary The paper reflects on a relationship between an algorithmic and a standard (intuitive) approach to design of public space. A realized project of a plaza renovation in Czech town Vsetin is described as a study case. The paper offers an overview of benefits and drawbacks of the algorithmic approach in the described study case and it outlines more general conclusions.
keywords Algorithm; public space; circle packing; optimization; pavement.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id caadria2014_099
id caadria2014_099
authors Koh, Immanuel
year 2014
title Generative-Glass: Prototyping Generative Architectural Systems with Artisan’s Glass-Blowing and Automated Digital Fabrication Techniques
source Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, pp. 389–398
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.389
summary This paper aims to investigate the ways in which the traditional processes of glassblowing techniques could be incorporated with contemporary generative design processes in the realization of new novel architectural systems. Pedagogical issues on how such prototyping processes could be better integrated within architectural education are also discussed. With the use of algorithmic design methodology to generate/visualize the components assembled in multitudes and digital fabrication machineries to produce the necessary moulds/jigs/tools/connection joints, a series of 5 different glass prototypes have been actualized at the scale of 1:1 or otherwise. The work is the direct outcome of a new programme founded and directed by the author as part of the Architectural Association (AA) School of Architecture‘s Visiting School in 2013. Part 1 briefly introduces the specific agenda and how the corresponding structure of the programme is designed to facilitate the glass research work done concurrently at the digital fabrication laboratory and glassblowing studio. Part 2 would systematically discuss in detail the design of each of the 5 main glass prototypes made, presented alongside photographs and diagrams to illustrate the prototypes’ respective assembly and fabrication logics. Part 3 would evaluate the work done and project plans for the next iteration of the research in 2014.
keywords Glass; Digital Fabrication; Generative Design; Traditional Crafts
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id acadia13_311
id acadia13_311
authors Maxwell, Iain; Pigram, David; McGee, Wes
year 2013
title The Novel Stones of Venice: The Marching Cube Algorithm as a Strategy for Managing Mass-customisation
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 311-318
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.311
summary The Marching Cube (MC) algorithm is a simple procedural routine for the surface representation of three- dimensional scalar fields. While much has been written of the algorithm’s efficiencies and adaptive nature within the domain of computer graphics and imaging, little has been explored within the context of architectural geometry and fabrication. This paper posits a novel implementation of the MC algorithm coupled with robotic fabrication (RF) techniques, to realise an open-ended design method that approaches mass-customisation as the unique geometric distortion of a finite set of topologically consistent families of tectonic elements.The disciplinary consequences of this and similar methods that intimately couple algorithmic design techniques with robotic fabrication are discussed. These include the re-affirmation or expansion of the role of the architect as master builder that is enabled by challenging Leon Battista Alberti’s 15th Century division between design concept and building.The method and its disciplinary potentials are illustrated through the description of an installation built by the authors for the Australian Pavilion at the Venice Biennale. Clouds of Venice serves as a case study for a new integrated mode of production, one that increases the quality and number of feedback relations between design, matter and making.
keywords tools and interfaces, mass-customisation, robotic fabrication, algorithmic architecture, marching cube, digital fabrication
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id sigradi2013_245
id sigradi2013_245
authors Salinas Arriagada, Alexis
year 2013
title Estrategia Experimental para la Visualización de Datos Urbanos: Visualización, Análisis y Evaluación de Flujos Vehiculares & Transporte Público [Experimental Strategy for Urban Data Visualization: Visualization, Analysis and Evaluation of Vehicle & Transportation Flows]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 116 - 119
summary The distance between the data and conventional graphical representation (line graphs, pie, bar), subtraction urban context information impoverishing their reading and understanding of territory, therefore his chances of inference, which leads to the omission of information for lack of representation. The urban spatial referencing such data could accommodate a much more thorough examination of these to a deeper realization of Analysis, Diagnostics and Evaluations for the city and its transport system is, as this research focuses his gaze, looking promote the efficient functioning of this important player in the city urban. This research presents the early development of a 'Strategy for representing experimental urban data "and visualization, using a graphical editor graphics algorithmic " Grasshopper ", as well as investigate their impact and how these can glimpse useful criteria to consider in the implementation and urban design.
keywords Urban data visualization; Experimental strategy; Streams & transportation
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:59

_id acadia13_207
id acadia13_207
authors Sanchez, Jose
year 2013
title Gamescapes
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 207-216
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.207
summary While parametrics and form-finding techniques focus on design as an idea of “search,” it is inevitable to wonder if the field is becoming stagnated, converging on similar “solutions” in an ever-shrinking design search space.Initiatives like Minecraft, coming from video game design, reopen the creative desires of players by providing a rigorous algorithmic set of rules and a fully open world coupling algorithmic design and intuition. This is what J.C.R. Licklider would call “man-computer symbiosis”(Licklider 1960).This paper presents how game mechanics suggest a radically different ethos for computational design thinking. It presents the Bloom project, commissioned for the London Olympics in 2012, which combines the use of industrially produced identical components with game mechanics. This project breaks the idea of serialized outcomes and suggests that within the search space of possible formations, there are unforeseeable assemblies and creative outcomes.The Bloom project has become a new research unit at UCL Bartlett, coupling notions of digital modular materials and crowd-farming for assembly, which positions gaming as a design heuristics to open the field of architectural design.
keywords crowd search, game mechanics, combinatorics, open-ended, sandbox, intelligence augmentation.
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id ecaade2013_084
id ecaade2013_084
authors Stojanovic, Djordje and Cerovic, Milutin
year 2013
title Self-regulating Fields and Networks
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 1, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 633-642
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.1.633
wos WOS:000340635300066
summary This paper will explore the connection between two theoretical models, initially identified as the Field and the Network Conditions (Allen, 1997; Wigley, 2001) and material based studies in architectural design, conducted as a sequence of experiments. A number of prototypical models have been produced to test the practical and theoretical dimensions of the design approach which employs elastic material performance to achieve highly versatile spatial organization. One of the concrete outcomes of the exploration is the specific software extension produced by the authors of this paper. Its purpose is to enable designers to maintain an indirect control of complex spatial models based on the use of two parallel sets of algorithmic protocols which define: a. geometric logic and b. intrinsic material behavior.
keywords Elasticity; material performance; self-regulating systems; prototypical models; physics based simulation.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id caadria2013_057
id caadria2013_057
authors Turakhia, Dishita G.
year 2013
title Dynamic Tensegrity Systems – Investigating a Case in Reconfigurable Habitable Structures
source Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 97-106
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.097
wos WOS:000351496100010
summary Irregular tensegrity structures, due to their non-linear behaviour, possess the potential ability to configure in multiple stable states. The kinematics and inherent properties of the compressive and tensile components govern the final static configuration of the system. The primary objective of the research is to study the non-linear behaviour of irregular tensegrity structures and formulate a computational generative, evaluative and algorithmic method to design a structurally dynamic tensegrity system, with inherent potential to adapt to the varying contexts and its respective demands, requirements and spatial needs.  
keywords ensegrity, Non-linear systems, Dynamic, Generative algorithm, Reconfigurable structures 
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id acadia13_451
id acadia13_451
authors Turakhia, Dishita G.
year 2013
title Dynamic Tensegrity Systems: A case for reconfigurable structures in urban context
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 451-452
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.451
summary The primary objective of the research is to study the non-linear behavior of irregular tensegrity structures and formulate a computational generative, evaluative and algorithmic method to design a structurally dynamic tensegrity system, with inherent potential to adapt to the varying contexts and its respective demands, requirements and spatial needs.
keywords Complex systems, tensegrity systems, dynamic structures, generative algorithms, membranes
series ACADIA
type Research Poster
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id caadria2013_156
id caadria2013_156
authors Wang, Tsung-Hsien
year 2013
title Tessellating Freeform Surfaces with Boundary – Driven Analysis
source Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 873-882
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.873
wos WOS:000351496100090
summary In this paper, we look at the surface tessellation problem, in particular, the problem of meshing a surface with the added consideration of incorporating constructible building components. When a surface is tessellated into discrete counterparts, certain conditions usually occur on the surface boundaries that are caused by trimming operations; for example, irregularly shaped panels at the trimmed edges. We present an algorithmic approach to tessellating quad-dominant mesh surfaces to deal with such irregular boundary conditions, and demonstrate its application through surface subdivision examples. 
keywords Freeform surfaces, Boundary-driven analysis, Surface tessellation  
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id cf2013_130
id cf2013_130
authors Yuan, Philip F.; Eleni Sotiriou, and Mei Zhang
year 2013
title Modular Digital Tectonics: Algorithmic Optimization of a Glass Component Wall for a Customized Fabrication Method
source Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 130-138.
summary This paper examines the implications of digital fabrication techniques on design and tectonics, through the example of a double-curvature glass-brick wall, designed and constructed in the context of ongoing research on modular tectonics by the architectural practice of Archi-Union. The high level of form complexity posed a great challenge for fabrication and gave rise to an alternate solution: customization and prefabrication of the supporting steel frame through a CNC rod-bending machine output a robust structure which allowed for accurate and fast placement of the bricks, thus minimizing costs, construction time and preserving design integrity. Therefore, the design orientated towards fabrication, and an algorithmic method that took into consideration production parameters was developed to optimize the structure. Realization of this prototype helps support our methodology for control of complexity in non-standard geometries which is based on adapting the design approach to customized fabrication methods.
keywords Digital Fabrication, digital tectonics, component architecture, algorithmic design, CNC rod-bending
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2014/03/24 07:08

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