Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	acadia13_419
id	acadia13_419
authors	Kaczynski, Maciej P.
year	2013
title	Crease, Fold, Pour: Rethinking flexible formwork with digital fabrication and origami folding
source	ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 419-420
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.419
summary	Crease, Fold, Pour is a line of research that proposes a new method of casting freeform reinforced concrete geometries with the use of folded thin-gauge plastics as semi-rigid formwork. The research seeks to expand the architectural discipline’s ongoing exploration of flexible formwork processes beyond the predominant membrane tectonic (non-rigid textiles) by incorporating methods of folding.
keywords	flexible formwork, folded formwork, digital fabrication, variable concrete, site-cast concrete
series	ACADIA
type	Research Poster
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	ijac201311303
id	ijac201311303
authors	Beorkrem, Chris; Mitchell McGregor, Igor Polyakov, Nicole Desimini
year	2013
title	Sphere Mapping: a method for responsive surface rationalization
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 11 - no. 3, 319-330
summary	The method proposed in this project addresses the parametric manipulation of a given pattern to respond directly to a parametric surface. The research attempts to propose a method for attaching fixed sized objects to a free flowing surface or "blanket." The model can be used to interrogate a series of shapes and forms with the same componentry. Continuing the research of Kevin Rotheroe, Yale University and founder of FreeForm Design. Rotheroe and his students developed a series of studies in material and surface properties. By utilizing a proven pattern, the proposed method sets parameters derived from the formal properties of the original pattern and produces a new pattern that is responsive to the curvature of a complex surface. The workflow developed in this research consists of a complex blending of tools in Rhino Grasshopper and Gehry Technologies Digital Project. The intent is to achieve the aesthetics and structure offered by Rotheroe's original research and to add a responsive precision that provides an accurate adaptation of the pattern based on curvature of a specific computationally defined surface.
series	journal
last changed	2019/05/24 09:55

_id	caadria2013_021
id	caadria2013_021
authors	Alhadidi, Suleiman
year	2013
title	Generative Design Intervention: Creating a Computational Platform for Sensing Space
source	Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 345-354
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.345
wos	WOS:000351496100034
summary	This paper outlines some investigations from a project which utilizes computing and scripting of specific site components, spatio-temporal movement and behavioural patterns to explore how designer might understand people activities and formulate design interventions within public spaces. This research looks at how generative tools can facilitate designers to integrate the large volume of information received by hybrid data collection, and conventional data analysis directly into the design process. Through an examination of sensing urban space, this research proposes a method to track and record people’s movement patterns in order to implement them via generative design tool. To facilitate this, a scripting method is specified; which uses sensors and motion tracking devices to capture the use of a specific public space. This project proposes a methodology for developing designed spaces and optimal pathways generated from real-time data and feedback captured by sensors.
keywords	Real-time computation, Generative design, Sensing space, Design simulation
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ecaade2013_069
id	ecaade2013_069
authors	Araneda, Claudio
year	2013
title	The Jacobs´ Urban Lineage Revisited
source	Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 355-363
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.355
wos	WOS:000340643600036
summary	Since the almost simultaneous publication of Kevin Lynch and Jane Jacobs´ seminal and pioneer urban manifestos, the discipline has been increasingly permeated by what could be rightly called the phenomenological impulse. While sharing methodological principles, however, they represent two very distinct approaches to the study of urban matters, a distinction rooted on their chosen object of study. The drawing of this distinction constitutes this research´s point of departure. Its fundamental aim is to help further the development of what we characterize as the Jacobs´s lineage of urban thought. To this end, the paper outlines methodological rudiments for the development of a methodological tool that would allow the beginning of a systematic study of the patterns of people´s presence and absence in urban space (streets). We call it Urban Polaroid. This work is part of a government funded (fondecyt 11110450) project.
keywords	Urban phenomenon; phenomenology; Urban Polaroid; space syntax; Jane Jacobs.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	sigradi2013_77
id	sigradi2013_77
authors	Banda, Pablo S.; Arturo Lyon Gottlieb
year	2013
title	Agregados Inflables y Patrones Emergentes: Logro de Patrones de Orden Superior mediante Compresión Axial [Inflatable Aggregates and Emergent Patterns: Higher-Order Patterns Achievement through Axial Compression]
source	SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 239 - 243
summary	This paper presents a Generative Design exploration of a simulated Inflatable Components Aggregate (ACN) ruled by local configurations and mechanical behavior, tested in a digital environment. The Design Product is revealed through compressions and deformations evaluation, where the ACN internal interaction’s exhibits emerging global patterns.
keywords	Generative design, Form Finding, Simulation
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	sigradi2013_390
id	sigradi2013_390
authors	Banda, Pablo; Juan Eduardo Subercaseaux
year	2013
title	Meta-patrones Morfogenéticos: Propuesta de Framework para Arquitecturas Generativas Basadas en Desempeño [Morphogenetic Meta-Patterns: A framework proposal for Performance-Generated Architectures]
source	SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 253 - 257
summary	Architecture and Technology’s relationship nowadays has arrived to multi-disciplinary practices; they are growing exponentially while keeping away from to architectural discourse, are remarkable for its expressive power and the ability to solve complex problems. This opens the possibility for the generation of the organic, a path discarded by the Modern Movement in the past.Our approach explores three active premises called Morphogenetic Meta-Patterns: discrete processes (systemic guidelines) for the development of performance-based generative systems. These processes arise from Generative Design and their associated paradigms in the creation of a Framework between architecture and related disciplines.
keywords	Design of parametric systems; Part-to-whole debate; Generative design
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	sigradi2013_000
id	sigradi2013_000
authors	Bernal, Marcelo & Paula Gómez (Eds.)
year	2013
title	Knowledge-based Design
source	SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013
summary	Knowledge based design is acquired through one's exposure to a large number of projects and establishes a set of patterns regarding organizations, techniques, procedures, heuristics, priorities and preferences. Over time, designers develop a distinctive set of principles that represent their own individual methods of addressing design problems. Creative designers not only design the solutions, they also design the problems. Although their repertoire of resources includes explicit declarations regarding recognizable problem types, physical components, design rules, or evaluation methods of different aspects, design decisions are also driven by vast amounts of tacit considerations derived from professional experience. Designers make such decisions balancing design intent and technical requirements in a very efficient and synthetic manner. We designers know what we do, but it is not so clear how we do it. This conference is an invitation to engage in a dialogue concerning how Design Knowledge can be represented and manipulated within digital environments.
series	other
type	normal paper
email
more	https://www.dropbox.com/s/nl70a4rz9wh7c03/SIGRADI_2013.pdf
last changed	2014/07/02 08:00

_id	sigradi2013_201
id	sigradi2013_201
authors	Bustamante Oleart, Carlos; Paulo K. Ogino Altamirano; Ester Higueras García
year	2013
title	Estrategia Metodológica para la Visualización Digital de Patrones Aerodinámicos Presentes en la Morfología Urbana y su Incidencia en el Uso Estancial de los Espacios Públicos [Methodological Strategy for the Visualization of Aerodynamic Patterns in the Urban Morphology and their Impact on the Use of Public Spaces ]
source	SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 108 - 111
summary	In relation to cities, wind is one of the less studied meteorological parameter. Constant vertical rate variations from meso scale to micro scale, altogether with strenght, direction, velocity of the urban canyon, makes the wind a complex subject of study. To achieve this, a methodological strategy that addresses the wind's multi dimensionality was raised. It was aplied to Punta Arenas, the southernmost city in the world, where most of the time winds come 90% from the same direction with speeds reaching 128 km/h. Wind's constant directional behavior allows the recognition of areodynamic phenomena produced, in the first instance, for the wind profiles influenced by the urban rugosity and then, at morphologycal level, the aerodynamic behavior of the layered fluids over the building bodies, generating a regular pattern between solids and fluids. The strong winds in cities with cold climate influence the use of public spaces, which, not being designed under this conditions, do not develop proper levels of thermal comfort.
keywords	Aerodynamics; Urban morphology; Public space; Information visualization
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	sigradi2013_280
id	sigradi2013_280
authors	Gokmen, Sabri
year	2013
title	Studio on Beauty: A new Methodology for Digital Design Research
source	SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 505 - 509
summary	In this paper we present a studio framework that connects Ruskin’s conception of beauty and digital design tools. We define eight different aspects of beauty that are studied via natural and artificial patterns. These studies developed by students are later applied to a site and program in the second half of the studio. Some of the works of the students are presented while narrating the overall pedagogical process. The aim of the paper is to present a unique approach that combines theory on beauty with digital tools in order to re-define design research as an open-ended and dynamic practice.
keywords	Beauty, Digital design pedagogy, Ruskin
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:52

_id	ecaade2013r_009
id	ecaade2013r_009
authors	Orsi, Francesco; Fiorito, Stefano
year	2013
title	Learning from vernacular
source	FUTURE TRADITIONS [1st eCAADe Regional International Workshop Proceedings / ISBN 978-989-8527-03-5], University of Porto, Faculty of Architecture (Portugal), 4-5 April 2013, pp. 115-120
summary	By looking at time-tested recurrent design patterns drawn from Portuguese vernacular settlements, the present research tries to address the problem of developing sustainable urban solutions for scattered low density territories throughout Portugal. The research departs from the hypothesis that Portuguese vernacular settlements contain morphological characteristics that can be captured and reused in new designs: this may be particularly useful for rethinking extensive suburban territories’ densification conditions, in order to enhance both their consistency and sustainability. Urban sprawl and uncontrolled space consumption have often hastened the problem of territorial sustainability, that’s the reason why completing, restructuring and enhancing dispersed built environments is of paramount importance in order to foster both cultural and economical sustainability in contemporary Portugal. This project ultimately aims at contributing towards the definition of design procedures and planning tools for the re-urbanization of extensive urban fabrics. One of the major objectives is developing a decision making support tool for generating meaningful and coherent interventions in dispersed urban fabrics which could foster connectivity, integration and quality of life, by doing so this work tries to propose a novel methodology that could prove to be valuable in different contexts, even outside Portugal.
keywords	Generative patterns; Vernacular urbanism; Bottom-up processes; Re-urbanization; Territorial sustainability
email
last changed	2013/10/07 19:08

_id	ecaade2013_230
id	ecaade2013_230
authors	Parascho, Stefana; Baur, Marco; Knippers, Jan and Menges, Achim
year	2013
title	Design Tools for Integrative Planning
source	Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 237-246
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.237
wos	WOS:000340643600023
summary	The performance of an architectural object is highly difficult to both define and measure in its complexity since it is integrating a constantly increasing amount of information, from concrete measurable characteristics to the subjective perception of individual users. The question arising though is how to predict the performance of a building and influence the design in order to increase it according to a significantly high number of criteria.The presented paper proposes two design tools, both developed and programmed in rhino python for the generation of freeform geometries. The tools are generated for specific tasks, but may be interpreted as exemplary for a way of defining and structuring a design program in order to increase its efficiency. Both tools rely on a computational core that is generally defined and may be fed with as many and different constraints and criteria as considered suitable for the defined task.
keywords	Integrative design; evolutionary algorithm; agent-based system.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	acadia13_347
id	acadia13_347
authors	Sabin, Jenny E.
year	2013
title	myThread Pavilion: Generative Fabrication in Knitting Processes
source	ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 347-354
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.347
summary	Advancements in weaving, knitting and braiding technologies have brought to surface high-tech and high- performance composite fabrics. These products have historically infiltrated the aerospace, automobile, sports and marine industries, but architecture has not yet fully benefitted from these lightweight freeform surface structures. myThread, a commission from the Nike FlyKnit Collective, features knitted textile structures at the scale of a pavilion. The evolution of digital tools in architecture has prompted new techniques of fabrication alongside new understandings in the organization of material through its properties and potential for assemblage. No longer privileging column, beam and arch, our definition of architectural tectonics has broadened alongside advancements made in computational design. Internal geometries inherent to natural forms, whose complexity could not be computed with the human mind alone, may now be explored synthetically through mathematics and generative systems. Textiles offer architecture a robust design process whereby computational techniques, pattern manipulation, material production and fabrication are explored as an interconnected loop that may feed back upon itself in no particular linear fashion. The myThread Pavilion integrates emerging technologies in design through the materialization of dynamic data sets generated by the human body engaged in sport and movement activities in the city.
keywords	next generation technology, textiles, responsive material, knitting, data visualization, generative design, bio-data
series	ACADIA
type	Normal Paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	caadria2013_156
id	caadria2013_156
authors	Wang, Tsung-Hsien
year	2013
title	Tessellating Freeform Surfaces with Boundary – Driven Analysis
source	Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 873-882
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.873
wos	WOS:000351496100090
summary	In this paper, we look at the surface tessellation problem, in particular, the problem of meshing a surface with the added consideration of incorporating constructible building components. When a surface is tessellated into discrete counterparts, certain conditions usually occur on the surface boundaries that are caused by trimming operations; for example, irregularly shaped panels at the trimmed edges. We present an algorithmic approach to tessellating quad-dominant mesh surfaces to deal with such irregular boundary conditions, and demonstrate its application through surface subdivision examples.
keywords	Freeform surfaces, Boundary-driven analysis, Surface tessellation
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	acadia13_421
id	acadia13_421
authors	Lee, Dave
year	2013
title	Self-Organizing Origami Structures
source	ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 421-422
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.421
summary	This research investigates the use of shape memory alloy to actuate the folding of origami patterns into stable structural formations.
keywords	Next Generation Technology, responsive, computation, programmable matter, origami, self-organization, kinetic
series	ACADIA
type	Research Poster
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	ecaade2013_203
id	ecaade2013_203
authors	Takenaka, Tsukasa and Okabe, Aya
year	2013
title	A Computational Method for Integrating Parametric Origami Design and Acoustic Engineering
source	Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 289-295
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.289
wos	WOS:000340643600029
summary	This paper proposes a computational form-finding method for integrating parametric origami design and acoustic engineering to find the best geometric form of a concert hall. The paper describes an application of this method to a concert hall design project in Japan. The method consists of three interactive subprograms: a parametric origami program, an acoustic simulation program, and an optimization program. The advantages of the proposed method are as follows. First, it is easy to visualize engineering results obtained from the acoustic simulation program. Second, it can deal with acoustic parameters as one of the primary design materials as well as origami parameters and design intentions. Third, it provides a final optimized geometric form satisfying both architectural design and acoustic conditions. The method is valuable for generating new possibilities of architectural form by shifting from a traditional form-making process to a form-finding process.
keywords	Interactive design method; parametric origami; acoustic simulation; optimization; quadrat count method.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	ijac201310207
id	ijac201310207
authors	Abondano, David
year	2013
title	The Return of Nature as an Operative Model: Decoding of Material Properties as Generative Inputs to the Form-Making Process
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 11 - no. 2, 267-284
summary	The abandonment of nature as an architectural model and the redefinition of the relationship between form and material were two of the main consequences of industrialization for modern architecture. While nature was replaced by the machine as a model for architecture, industrial production suppressed the craftsman's knowledge of the material and the associated techniques once essential to the form-making process. Thus, the replacement of nature as a model implied that principles once related to natural processes started to be seen as industrial values, i.e., the economy of means stopped being recognized as a quality related to natural form-making processes and became a demand of industrial production. Nowadays, material properties and nature are being reintroduced into architecture with the help of digital technologies; that is, the return of nature though computation. As a result, nature has become an operational model as opposed to the visual or iconic one it used to be; its inner qualities and processes are being decoded in order to inform the form-making process and foster innovative digital ornamentation.
series	journal
last changed	2019/05/24 09:55

_id	caadria2013_030
id	caadria2013_030
authors	Adamantidis, Ermis; Madhav Kidao and Marios Tsiliakos
year	2013
title	Siphonophore – A Physical Computing Simulation of Colonial Intelligence Organisms
source	Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 355-364
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.355
wos	WOS:000351496100035
summary	This paper sets out to document the procedural design and implementation of “Siphonophore” a multisensory digital ecology, mimicking colonial-ordered behaviour systems. The exploration of the notion of “self” in a complex system of highly integrated individuals with reference to the emergence of behaviours from the human-machine-context interaction, is engaged by this open system’s hierarchical articulation of electronics, Arduino boards, sensors and programming routines. User interaction and recorded statistics from the system’s core algorithm are assessed, in relation to the capacity of this prototype to provide an alternative methodology of describing collective intelligence, while presenting a non-standard perspective of body-space interaction and design as entertaining art. The overall impact is discussed in relation to the examined observations, towards a potential advancement to a system of superior contextual understanding.
keywords	Colonial intelligence, Multisensory installation, Physical computing, Spatial sensing, Human-machine interaction
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	acadia13_161
id	acadia13_161
authors	Akbarzadeh; Masoud
year	2013
title	Performative Surfaces: Generating complex geometries using planar flow patterns
source	ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 161-172
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.161
summary	This research explains the development process of a design tool that can construct complex surface geometries using only two-dimensional plan drawings. The intention behind this tool is to address certain complex behavior of surface geometries such as hydrological characteristics. This paper briefly explains the historic and mathematic description of surface data structures, according to Cayley, Maxwell and Morse. This is followed by a brief introduction of the surface network/critical graph extraction technique in GIS. Additionally, the algorithm of contour extraction from asimple critical graph to reconstruct a surface is explained. In the final section the lessons learnedfrom the previous sections are used to develop algorithms for a tool which uses only plan drawings to construct complex surfaces. Three algorithms are explained in the final section among which the third one is considered to be the most complete and promising approach. Therefore,some design examples are presented to show the flexibility of the tool. At the end, this paper provides suggestions and discussions to reflect further ideas in order to improve the tool in future.
keywords	Tools and Interfaces, complex surface, drainage patterns, discrete flow diagram, surface networks, critical graph, and surface generation
series	ACADIA
type	Normal Paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	sigradi2013_112
id	sigradi2013_112
authors	Akemi Omine, Katia; José Neto de Faria; Karine Itao Palos
year	2013
title	Projeto Design Condensado: Definição de ‘Modelo Sociocultural’ para Sistemas de Visualização Dinâmica de Dados que Estimulem a Geração de Novos Conhecimentos sobre a História do Design [Condensed Design Project: The Definition of a ‘Social-cultural Model’ for Dynamic Data Visualization Systems Which StimulateKnowledge Building in Design History]
source	SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 143 - 147
summary	The ‘Condensed Design Project’ aims to discuss and reflect on how the definition of an ‘activity inducer’, by describing and characterizing ‘social-cultural models’, can be used in the development of dynamic data visualization systems. The aim is to discuss and try to understand how the profile of the ‘activity inducer’, routines, scenario and context impact the navigation, interaction, research and learning processes in design history. Thus, the knowledge building process is strictly conditioned to the way the relation between the ‘visualization system’ and the ‘activity inducer’ is promoted, considering the technological limitations and the individual’s predisposition.
keywords	Data visualization; Design history; Usage context, Experience; Knowledge
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	sigradi2013_234
id	sigradi2013_234
authors	Alencar, Viviane; Gabriela Celani
year	2013
title	The Art of Computer Graphics Programming: Translating Pioneer Programs
source	SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 500 - 504
summary	Considering the importance of the use of programming languages for teaching computational design to architects, this paper proposes the translation of computer programs from a pioneer work in this field into a more contemporary programming language. The book The Art of Computer Graphics Programming: A Structured Introduction for Architects and Designers was published in 1987 by William J. Mitchell, Robin Ligget and Thomas Kvan, and remains an important reference for architects. The original Pascal codes in the book were translated into Processing, and made available through an Internet website, along with images and comments, in order to give late Prof. Mitchell’s work the consideration it deserves.
keywords	Processing; Pascal; Computer graphics
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

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