CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id ecaade2013_137
id ecaade2013_137
authors Camporeale, Patricia
year 2013
title Genetic Algorithms Applied to Urban Growth Optimization
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 227-236
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.227
wos WOS:000340643600022
summary This work is a research on the application of genetic algorithms (GA) to urban growth taking into account the optimization of solar envelope and sunlight in open spaces.It was considered a typical block of a Spanish grid, which is the most common subdivision of the urban land in towns situated in Argentina. Two models are compared, one in which the growth has no more limitations than building codes. The other one, in which the growth incorporates the solar radiation as a desirable parameter.This way of parameterizing configures a bottom-up method of urban growth. No top-down decisions intervenes in the growth process.This tool proves to be useful at early stages of urban planning when decisions—which will influence along the development of the city for a long time—are taken.
keywords Genetic algorithms; solar envelope.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id sigradi2013_222
id sigradi2013_222
authors de la Barrera Poblete, Carlos I.
year 2013
title Librería de Algoritmos Genéticos para Arquitectura (LAGA) [Genetic Algorithms Architectural Library]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 338 - 342
summary LAGA is an all-purpose library to create and design Genetic Algorithms (GAs). Originally the library was born as a series of GAs as a search and optimize tool for author's PhD thesis. The originals GAs were applied to different architectural scales: Urban design, architectural design, space optimization and energy design optimization. At the beginning the algorithms were written in different platforms: Rhinoscript, C#.NET and GCScript. The author after finish his PhD, he decided to put all the algorithms in a single language. JAVA was selected to create a flexible Genetic Algorithm library to use in different platforms.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:50

_id ecaade2013r_013
id ecaade2013r_013
authors Verma, Sushant; Devadass, Pradeep
year 2013
title Adaptive [skins]: Responsive building skin systems based on tensegrity principles
source FUTURE TRADITIONS [1st eCAADe Regional International Workshop Proceedings / ISBN 978-989-8527-03-5], University of Porto, Faculty of Architecture (Portugal), 4-5 April 2013, pp. 155-170
summary The project investigates responsive building skin systems that adapt to the dynamic environmental conditions to regulate the internal conditions in a habitable space over different periods of time by exhibiting a state of motion and dynamism. Heat and Light are the primary parameters for regulation, leading to energy efficiency and dynamic spatial effects. Passive and active skins using shape memory alloys and pneumatic actuators are developed through investigations of smart systems that integrate smart materials and smart geometries. The precedents in this domain have rarely dealt with individually controlled multiple parameters of heat and light in a single system, which is attempted in this project. Owing to the complexity of the multi-parametric system, genetic algorithms are developed for system optimization and calibrated with physical prototypes at varied scales. The developed systems are tested against two distinct climatic models- New Delhi and Barcelona, and evaluated for performance, based on heat and light, which are quantified as solar gain and illuminance as principles, and daylight factor for evaluation purpose. The use of genetic algorithms makes the problem solving faster and accurate. New tool-sets are developed in the process by combining various digital tools, to create a real-time feedback and memory loop system.
keywords Adaptive architecture, Building skins, Genetic algorithms, Tensegrity, Smart materials
email
last changed 2013/10/07 19:08

_id ecaade2013_298
id ecaade2013_298
authors Gadelhak, Mahmoud
year 2013
title Integrating Computational and Building Performance Simulation Techniques for Optimized Facade Designs
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 261-269
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.261
wos WOS:000340643600026
summary This paper investigates the integration of Building Performance Simulation (BPS) and optimization tools to provide high performance solutions. An office room in Cairo, Egypt was chosen as a base testing case, where a Genetic Algorithm (GA) was used for optimizing the annual daylighting performance of two parametrically modeled daylighting systems. In the first case, a combination of a redirecting system (light shelf) and shading system (solar screen) was studied. While in the second, a free-form “gills surface” was also optimized to provide acceptable daylighting performance. Results highlight the promising future of using computational techniques along with simulation tools, and provide a methodology for integrating optimization and performance simulation techniques at early design stages.
keywords High performance facade; daylighting simulation; optimization; form finding; genetic algorithm.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id cf2013_286
id cf2013_286
authors Pang, Lei; Xiaodong Song, and Chengyu Sun
year 2013
title Computer Aided Simulation for Compact Residential Regulatory Plan
source Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 286-294.
summary Residential land development requires compact and intelligent growth in order to conserve land, especially in countries such as China with a large population but little usable land for built environment. This should not be done at the expense of public green space. Living density is an important issue that cannot be avoided in the urbanization process. This research uses Spatial Form Compact as the goal of trying to support the residential regulatory plan. A prototype site has been chosen to optimize the layout. Suppose the type of residential building had been decided and FAR is given as a premise. This method allows the arrangement of residential buildings to be compact and leads to more available space for concentrated green area, for example parks or other facilities. The BL-based method of genetic algorithm and VB program is used for the optimization and calculation of the prototype. The arrangement of residential buildings which is done by computer in this period is only used to explore the relationship between FAR and reasonable building layout. In order to guide the real construction of the building, the site plan should be done further elaborately under the guidance of regulatory plan by the developer and urban planner.
keywords Compact, Residential area, FAR, Concentrated Green Space
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2014/03/24 07:08

_id caadria2013_098
id caadria2013_098
authors Park, Jong Jin and Bharat Dave
year 2013
title Bio-Inspired Adaptive Stadium Façades – An Evolution-Based Design Exploration
source Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 107-116
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.107
wos WOS:000351496100011
summary Our research focuses on bio-inspired evolutionary design based on genetic algorithms to explore façade surfacesthat improve adaptivity and solar performance of stadium design during the early stages of design development. This paper describes prototype implementation of an automated computer design system, its architecture, and initial results. Our approach highlights importance of early exploration of architectural geometries by rapidly narrowing down optimised design solutions within an infinite search space of possible design solutions. Additionally, the prototype supports automatic generation of design variations and demonstrates potential use of genetic algorithms as a means to constrained design exploration.  
keywords Adaptive façades, Evolutionary design, Genetic algorithm, Performance simulations 
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 08:00

_id caadria2013_068
id caadria2013_068
authors Pedersen, Jens and Andy VanMater
year 2013
title Resource Driven Urban Metabolism – How Can Metabolic Scaling be Used in Urban Design?
source Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 561-570
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.561
wos WOS:000351496100055
summary City scale projects are complex multivariable problems and have previously been addressed using a variety of organisational principles, whether it be the infrastructural grid, used by Ludwig Hilbersheimer in his project “Hochhausstadt” or the spinal organisation of the Tokyo Masterplan done by Kenzo Tange and the Metabolist Movement. This project strays from traditional methods of structuring a city and investigates a novel self-engineered anticipatory model, which focuses on the use of generative and genetic algorithms to develop a new associative system to develop coastal cities in arid climates. The system functions as a negative feedback loop, analysing existing conditions, and by a series of mathematical functions, projecting the new growth patterns for major components of a city, such as building envelopes, road networks, canal networks and public space distribution as a result of the cities internally generated resources.  
keywords Computational design, Generative & evolutionary design, Tooling, City modelling, Urban metabolism 
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id caadria2013_256
id caadria2013_256
authors De Oliveira Barata, Eduardo; Dirk Anderson and Dagmar Reinhardt
year 2013
title A Minimal Tension Canopy – Through Investigations of Self-Organised Systems
source Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 147-156
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.147
wos WOS:000351496100015
summary The dynamics of a physics-based algorithm which acquires its complex organization through a number of localised interactions applied over a prescribed network can be described as a self-organised system. This in turn has the capacity to define explicit form and space based upon behavioural computational processes with an embedded structural logic. This paper discusses the way in which physics based algorithms can be used to inform the organisation of a compressional structure in a case study. Its structure is based on Hooke’s law of elasticity; which establishes a three dimensional catenary logic through a number of localised interactions applied over an entire network. This is applied to a project with specific constraints to site, boundary conditions and maximising solar gain whilst maintaining structural rigidity. The methodological approach describes the design to assembly process in which the project has been developed. This includes the applied generative design tools in order to establish the self-organised logic, the form finding process, the techniques of design documentation, the fabrication process and the logistics of construction and assembly.  
keywords Digital fabrication and construction, Generative, Parametric, Simulation 
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id sigradi2013_303
id sigradi2013_303
authors Zalamea, Esteban; Rodrigo García Alvarado; Maureen Trebilcock Kelly; Paulina Wegertseder; Sergio Baeriswyl; Laline Cenci
year 2013
title Estimación Integrada de Captación Energética Solar en SIG-BIM [Integrated Assessment of Solar Energy Capture in SIG-BIM]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 348 - 352
summary The use of solar energy in buildings requires defining proper systems according to different urban typologies. This paper presents a strategy for assessment in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and a parametric analysis of an detached housing typology in Building Information Modeling (BIM), which demonstrates an integrated approach to estimate solar energy potential, applied to the context of Concepción, Chile. Residential areas are identified with different energy consumption and solar capture in roofs, walls or outside space recorded in a urban GIS, and checks the architectural implementation of a roofing system in residential buildings through an integrated evaluation and design in BIM.
keywords Solar energy; BIM; GIS; Housing
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 10:03

_id ecaade2013_180
id ecaade2013_180
authors Mueller, Volker and Strobbe, Tiemen
year 2013
title Cloud-Based Design Analysis and Optimization Framework
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 185-194
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.185
wos WOS:000340643600018
summary Integration of analysis into early design phases in support of improved building performance has become increasingly important. It is considered a required response to demands on contemporary building design to meet environmental concerns. The goal is to assist designers in their decision making throughout the design of a building but with growing focus on the earlier phases in design during which design changes consume less effort than similar changes would in later design phases or during construction and occupation.Multi-disciplinary optimization has the potential of providing design teams with information about the potential trade-offs between various goals, some of which may be in conflict with each other. A commonly used class of optimization algorithms is the class of genetic algorithms which mimic the evolutionary process. For effective parallelization of the cascading processes occurring in the application of genetic algorithms in multi-disciplinary optimization we propose a cloud implementation and describe its architecture designed to handle the cascading tasks as efficiently as possible.
keywords Cloud computing; design analysis; optimization; generative design; building performance.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id ecaade2013r_011
id ecaade2013r_011
authors Varela, Pedro
year 2013
title Genetic algorithms in architecture. History and relevance
source FUTURE TRADITIONS [1st eCAADe Regional International Workshop Proceedings / ISBN 978-989-8527-03-5], University of Porto, Faculty of Architecture (Portugal), 4-5 April 2013, pp. 133-142
summary This work has its goal in clarifying hypothesis in using search computational power in the form of genetic algo-rithms to find geometric solutions while designing architecture. We will start by roughly explaining the fundamen-tals of this type of algorithms and its mechanics and ensue by exploring some uses of this technology in architecture. A clear separation between the traditional self-builder and the architect as a profession, in their ways of designing, cannot be denied. Christopher Alexander has a clear view on the mechanics behind these processes, in which repeti-tion over time drives perfection and self-awareness in error detection. Some years before Alexander, computation brought technological possibilities of brute force solution finding, only to be “evolved” into evolutionary strategies – as predicted by Turing. Bringing biology and genetics concepts into the fields of computation, Holland creates ge-netic algorithms, a simulation of the laws of Mendel and Darwin applied to solutions finding. Architecture design, in its pursuit of finding good project solutions, started using these computing strategies recently. Over the last years, the complexity of design levels in which these algorithms have been applied has increased steadily, giving us a glimpse of the future of computing architecture.
keywords Genetic Algorithms; Evolutionary; Bottom-up; Computation; History
email
last changed 2013/10/07 19:08

_id acadia13_227
id acadia13_227
authors von Buelow, Peter
year 2013
title Techniques for More Productive Genetic Design: Exploration With GAs Using Non-Destructive Dynamic Populations
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 227-234
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.227
summary The products of generative design are ever more commonly explored and refined through evolutionary search techniques. Genetic algorithms (GAs) belong to this class of stochastic procedures, and are particularly well-suited to the way designers investigate a problem. GAs search by mixing and matching different parts of a solution, represented as parametric variables, to find new solutions that outperform their predecessors. Generally the method proceeds through generations of populations in which the better solutions out-survive their less desirable siblings. Inherent to this approach, however, is the fact that all but the select solutions perish. This paper discusses a non-destructive GA that uses dynamic populations drawn from a bottomless pool of solutions to find the most productive breeding pairs. In a typical GA the survival or destruction of a solution depends on a well-defined fitness function. By not enforcing the destruction of less fit individuals, the possibility is held open to modify the fitness function at any time, and allow different parts of the solution space to be explored. This ability is ideal for more complex multi-objective problems that are not easily described by a single fitness function. Generally, design presents just such a problem.
keywords tools and interfaces, design exploration, genetic algorithm, multi-objective optimization
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id cf2013_327
id cf2013_327
authors Worre Foged, Isak
year 2013
title Architectural Thermal Forms II: Brick Envelope
source Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 327-337.
summary The paper presents an architectural concept and design method that investigates the use of dynamic factors in evolutionary form finding processes. The architectural construct, phenotype, is based on a brick assembly and how this can be organized based upon material properties and environmental aspects selected from the factors used in the Fanger equations to determine perceived comfort. The work finds that the developed method can be applied as performance oriented driver, while at the same time allowing diversity and variation in the architectural design space.
keywords Architectural Design Method, Genetic Algorithm, Environmental Architecture, Architectural Performance
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2014/03/24 07:08

_id ecaade2013_032
id ecaade2013_032
authors Foged, Isak Worre
year 2013
title Architectural Thermal Forms
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 99-105
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.099
wos WOS:000340643600009
summary The paper presents a developed method and algorithm to create environmental sustainable optimised forms based on the solar energy received in relation to receiving, containing and distributing energy. Different studies are created based upon this approach, to which forms are evaluated against conventional building geometries. The work shows a significant improvement on several aspects of environmental performance. Lastly the work presents an idea of maximum structures, rather than minimum structures as a path in future research work.
keywords Sustainable environmental architecture; performative generative algorithms; simulation; material distribution.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id ecaade2013_167
id ecaade2013_167
authors Gokmen, Sabri
year 2013
title A Morphogenetic Approach for Performative Building Envelope Systems Using Leaf Venetian Patterns
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 1, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 497-506
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.1.497
wos WOS:000340635300052
summary Recent developments in theory and technology in performance based design show an interest towards generative systems. In this paper a morphogenetic approach will be introduced that looks at Goethean morphology and leaf venation patterns. To instrumentalize this approach an algorithm will be introduced to generate various leaf venation patterns on complex mesh surfaces. As a case study, the paper tests the applicability of such system as performative algorithms for building envelopes. The role of simulation is to generate self-organizing forms and provide a framework for design development. The overall approach is to consider performance as a direct input to guide the computation of form at an early design stage.
keywords Performative façades; growth; morphology; goethe; simulation.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id ecaade2013_055
id ecaade2013_055
authors Tapias Pedraza, Estefania; Kunze, Antje; Roccasalva, Giuseppe and Schmitt, Gerhard
year 2013
title Best Practices for Urban Densification
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 1, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 41-50
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.1.041
wos WOS:000340635300003
summary This paper presents an approach for microclimate aware densification of urban areas by creating best practices for an in situ application for block-size urban developments.The discussed procedure generates and evaluates urban block types according to microclimate criteria by integrating climate and comfort parameters in the design process of existing urban areas. It supports urban designers by generating design strategies that aim for climate, comfort and spatial as well as for urban design qualities.To achieve this, a multi-step method with different analysis and research processes has been set up. At the end, a parametric envelope tool was created for a local case study area by incorporating pre-defined design strategies built on previous investigations as urban design strategies. It is expected that this envelope tool can be transferred to similar urban development activities and guide microclimatic versus densification trade-offs. The presented approach can be applied from street canyon to block size urban situations.
keywords Urban design; parametric modelling; analysis tools; strategic densification; microclimate evaluation; decision-support tools; decision-making process.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id ijac201310202
id ijac201310202
authors Leidi, Michele; Arno Schlüter
year 2013
title Exploring Urban Space: Volumetric Site Analysis for Conceptual Design in the Urban Context
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 11 - no. 2, 157-182
summary This paper proposes a set of new analytic and visualization methods for conceptual design in the urban context. The methodology is based on the discretization of the urban site into a volumetric grid of points. For each of these points, different physical properties such as solar radiation, airflow, and visibility are computed. Subsequently interactive visualization techniques allow the observation of the site at a volumetric, directional and dynamic level, making visible information that is typically invisible. Several case-studies demonstrate how this allows to generate suggestions, for example, for the definition of the form of a building or for the rationalization of its surfaces. This approach aims at developing a conceptual design process that allows the fusion of active technologies, passive methods, and expressive aspects, in cohesive concepts able to embrace and exploit the diversities of an urban site.
series journal
last changed 2019/05/24 09:55

_id sigradi2013_274
id sigradi2013_274
authors Velasco, Rodrigo; Julián Viasus; Fabián Tocancipá
year 2013
title Customizable Volumetric High Performance Brise-Soleil System Based on the Use of Planar Faces
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 328 - 332
summary This paper presents a proposal for a cellular brise-soleil system appropriate for tropical humid climates. The system controls thermal gains whilst allowing for specific lighting requirements, permitting, in many cases, interior thermal and light comfort conditions without the use of thermal machines or artificial lighting. The development of the system involved a definition of variable design parameters and areas of performance evaluation and optimization, plus construction detailing development represented by a first project to be completed in 2014. Even if the geometrical definitions, optimization processes and production machinery are relatively simple and not particularly new to anyone in the field, it is claimed that the use of such already widely available technologies at this basic level, when solving relevant problems, has still to be used in generalised ways by common designers, and with the example shown, this paper wishes to promote such prospect.
keywords Solar shadings; Environmental simulations; Parametric models; Performance in architecture
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 10:02

_id ecaade2013_171
id ecaade2013_171
authors Yazici, Sevil
year 2013
title Performance Based Pavilion Design
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 127-135
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.127
wos WOS:000340643600012
summary This paper investigates the design process of a performance based pavilion from concept towards construction phases, by challenging conventional form and fabrication techniques. The proposed project is considered as a temporary structure, located in Antalya, Turkey. A free-form structure and a parametrically defined cladding are designed to serve as an installation unit, a shading element and urban furniture. The pavilion geometry, performance assessments and proposed fabrication schemes are clearly described in the paper. The method integrates form, performance, material and fabrication constraints and exposes how environmental and structural performances, including Solar Access Analysis and Static Structural Analysis, may inform the design project.
keywords Parametric design; performance; architectural geometry; material; fabrication.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id ecaade2013_027
id ecaade2013_027
authors Etman, Omar; Tolba, Osama and Ezzeldin, Sherif
year 2013
title Double-Skin Façades in Egypt between Parametric and Climatic Approaches
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 1, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 459-465
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.1.459
wos WOS:000340635300048
summary Daylight is a crucial element for indoor environment quality. Office buildings commonly use fully glazed façades to reflect a luxurious appearance and to maximize natural light at the expenses of high energy consumption due to cooling/heating. Double-skin façades are one of the solutions that improve the building efficiency while maintaining good natural lighting. This paper studies the impact of various perforated outer skins for non-sealed double-skin facades on light quality in prototypical office space in Egypt using parametric design. A traditional solution for light such as the Mashrabiya is taken as an inspiration for this study to generate different forms of perforated screens. The cases were analysed using light simulation tool and sorted by a genetic algorithm to show best 30 solutions offered by the design criteria. A methodology to achieve these objectives was suggested in this paper to reach better light quality in indoor spaces.
keywords Double-skin façades; parametric design; mashrabiya; genetic algorithms; illumination.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

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