Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	acadia13_447
id	acadia13_447
authors	Smith, Wesley; Colapinto, Pablo
year	2013
title	Constructing Morphogenetic Operators with Inversive Geometry
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.447
source	ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 447-448
summary	We aim to expand the toolset of geometric operations available in computer modeling programs. Our work introduces novel techniques for the development of surface topologies inspired by deformations of biological membranes. Using examples from morphogenetic mechanisms, we model continuous changes in curvature and genus through innovative use of inversive geometry.
keywords	inversive geometry, conformal geometry, geometric algebra, morphogenesis, surface topology
series	ACADIA
type	Research Poster
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	ecaade2013_249
id	ecaade2013_249
authors	Araya, Sergio; Zolotovsky, Ekaterina; Veliz, Felipe; Song, Juha; Reichert, Steffen; Boyce, Mary and Ortiz, Christine
year	2013
title	Bioinformed Performative Composite Structures
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.1.575
source	Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 1, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 575-584
summary	This ongoing investigation aims to learn from nature novel material organizations and structural systems in order to develop innovative architectural system. We developed a multidisciplinary approach, using scientific analysis and design research and prototyping. We focus on the study of a “living fossil” fish, whose armor system is so efficient it has remained almost unchanged for millions of years. We investigate its morphological characteristics, its structural properties, the assembly mechanisms and the underlying material properties in order to derive new principles to design new enhanced structural systems. We use micro computerized tomography and scanning electron microscopy to observe microstructures, parametric design to reconstruct the data into digital models and then several 3D printing technologies to prototype systems with high flexibility and adaptive capabilities, proposing new gradual material interfaces and transitions to embed performative capabilities and multifunctional potentials.
wos	WOS:000340635300060
keywords	Bioinformed; multi-material; composite; parametrics; performative design.
series	eCAADe
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	acadia13_033
id	acadia13_033
authors	Correa, David; David Krieg, Oliver; Menges, Achim; Reichert, Steffen; Rinderspacher, Katja
year	2013
title	HygroSkin: A prototype project for the development of a constructional and climate responsive architectural system based on the elastic and hygroscopic properties of wood
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.033
source	ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 33-42
summary	This paper focuses on the implementation of a computational design and robotic fabrication method that integrates the elastic and hygroscopic behavior of wood as active drivers in the design process, using the material’s differentiated characteristics as its main capacity. The project builds on previous work by the authors, furthering their research on the formal and performative transfer of such behaviors into informed architectural systems. Wood’s fibrous structure, relatively low stiffness and high structural capacity are instrumentalized into self-forming mechanisms through conical elastic deformation, while the same organic makeup and corresponding hygroscopic properties have also been programmed, formally articulated and integrated into a climate responsive architectural system. This research will be presented alongside a full-scale architectural project (Figure 1, Figure 2).
keywords	computational design; robotic fabrication; wood construction; elastic bending; hygroscopic actuation
series	ACADIA
type	Normal Paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	acadia13_179
id	acadia13_179
authors	Geiger, Jordan
year	2013
title	An Adaptive Architecture for Refugee Urbanism: Sensing, Play, and Immigration Policy
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.179
source	ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 179-182
summary	Now more than ever, architecture’s entanglement with human-computer interaction (HCI) is conditioned by a host of global forces: telecommunications networks and their infrastructures in satellites and subsea fiber-optic cables, but also international legal and financial mechanisms, climate events and other forces that amalgamate rapidly and recast the ways that the built environment responds. These affect the architecture and HCI of air travel, of agriculture, of high-speed trading and more. Further, they place the formation and experience of architecture in between scales; between the handheld device and the satellite. An adaptive architecture in this context is one that deploys familiar HCI protocols and technologies but reasserts the subjective figure and its space. The project currently in progress, Beau-Fleuve, is an attempt at such an adaptive architecture.Addressing the novel phenomenon that is “refugee urbanism”, this mobile play structure hosts immigrant and refugee youth, revisits some of the tracking that attended their global migration and mines wireless transcriptions of their recorded input. Data from those recordings subsequently build an online map to which participants can return and discover some of the invisible legal mechanisms that enabled their movements. The structure’s responsiveness is therefore conditioned socially and physically, but also legally.
keywords	TOOLS and INTERFACES: human-computer interfaces
series	ACADIA
type	Normal Paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	ijac201310204
id	ijac201310204
authors	Kontovourkis, Odysseas; Marios C. Phocas, George Tryfonos
year	2013
title	Prototyping of an Adaptive Structure based on Physical Conditions
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 11 - no. 2, 205-226
summary	Latest advances in digital architectural design enable applications of computation and fabrication strategies for the development of adaptive mechanisms. Adaptive design processes, influenced by environmental and human related conditions, are only developed partially with regard to the design, fabrication, and multi-objective performance based context. The current paper proposes an adaptive design process that investigates the design of a kinetic structure emphasizing material behaviour, embedded technology and computation. In parallel, it allows design proposals to adapt or transform with regard to geometrical configuration and structural behaviour according to external and internal influences. An adaptive hybrid structure is developed at digital and physical prototype level, where its behaviour is examined in real time under the influence of physical conditions. The development is based on a holistic design approach driven by environmental and human activity related conditions, while focusing on the application of elastic materials and embedded technology.
series	journal
last changed	2019/05/24 09:55

_id	ecaade2014_159
id	ecaade2014_159
authors	Leyla Yunis, Ond_ej Kyjánek, Moritz Dörstelmann, Marshall Prado, Tobias Schwinn and Achim Menges
year	2014
title	Bio-inspired and fabrication-informed design strategies for modular fibrous structures in architecture
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.1.423
source	Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 423-432
summary	Research pavilions can serve as architectural scale demonstrations for the materialization of experimental forms and structures. Pavilions seek to prove and change methods of design and construction mechanisms in order to achieve desires such as material efficiency, novel spatial qualities and performative needs. The case of the ICD/ITKE Research Pavilion 2013-14 highlights the use of fiber composites in order to achieve a core-less filament winding modular system from bio-inspired lightweight structures through robotic fabrication. This paper describes the multi-disciplinary design and construction process of this pavilion that created a structure of out 36 unique components.
wos	WOS:000361384700042
keywords	Bio-inspired; fiber composites; multi-disciplinary design; robotic fabrication; modular system construction
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	acadia13_199
id	acadia13_199
authors	Meyboom, AnnaLisa; Reeves, Dave
year	2013
title	Stigmergic Space
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.200
source	ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 200-206
summary	This paper presents a multi-agent approach to space planning. Using the algorithm as a primary design tool, it posits to model an active site of programmable collective intelligence—one that is able to inform its own development internally. The mechanisms of self-organization from ants, termites, slime molds and other social organisms are examined and adapted to solve spatial adjacencies amongst elements of a given programmatic brief. Spatial organization becomes the emergent product of a competitive ecology. The task of space planning, one that is typically carried out by a singular high-level decision-maker (the architect, is approached through the distributed decision-making of low-level collective intelligence. This approach facilitates the design of a problem with high levels of complexity and competing requirements.
keywords	agent-based, collective intelligence, parametric, stigmergy, cybernetic ecology
series	ACADIA
type	Normal Paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	ecaade2013_245
id	ecaade2013_245
authors	Weston, Mark and Greenberg, Dan
year	2013
title	Sweetgum Panels
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.1.569
source	Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 1, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 569-573
summary	The paper describes a novel technique for creating flat, bi-layer, compliant mechanisms for adaptive building components to be used in solar shading. Micro-actuation of these periodic, flexible devices cause innumerable three-dimensional micro-loops to erupt in the panel surface, permitting passage of diffused light while maintaining visual privacy and shade.
wos	WOS:000340635300059
keywords	Compliant mechanisms; biomimicry; passive energy design; solar shading; autonomous control; computer aided manufacture; parametric modeling.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	sigradi2013_103
id	sigradi2013_103
authors	Molinas, Isabel
year	2013
title	El “Fuego inextinguible” de Harun Farocki: Dialéctica y Didáctica de las Imágenes Visuales en la Contemporaneidad [The "Inextinguishable Fire" of Harun Farocki: Dialectic and Didactics Visual Images in Contemporaneity]
source	SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 560 - 563
summary	The Farocki´s exhibition in Fundación PROA (Buenos Aires, 2013) and the publication in Argentina of his essays produced between 1980 and 2011 (the Black Box Editor, 2013), support the relevance of the german filmmaker. In his works, the sense it reads in transit, at the edges, in the dialogue between screens and languages, and in the virtuosity detail. The purpose is to make the perception less automatic to humanize the images and bring back sense to them. In the field of Didactics Proyectual - under construction-, that artistic experience intensifies the perception and reconstructs the established repertoire of situational grammars, enabling teaching and learning experiences enriched.
keywords	iovisual languages __; Rhetoric; Experience; Education; Didactics projective; Morphogenesis
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:55

_id	sigradi2013_168
id	sigradi2013_168
authors	Pirela Rivas, Dayana
year	2013
title	Dialéctica Irresuelta de la Arquitectura en el Escenario Digital [Indecisive Dialectics of the Architecture in the Digital Stage]
source	SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 36 - 39
summary	The aim of this text is to devise a flexible and thoughtful way to venture so responsibly in the plot of multiple dimensions involved in the architectural design and our contemporary reality immersed in a digital stage. We propose the integration of scans social and cultural process, from the recognition of the significant and symbolic choreography describing the bodies to inhabit the space in the architectural design process, through scenic bios architectural models.
keywords	Cultural choreography; Variability; Complexity; Morphogenesis
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:57

_id	acadia13_051
id	acadia13_051
authors	Ramirez-Figueroa, Carolina; Dade-Robertson, Martyn; Hernan, Luis
year	2013
title	Adaptive Morphologies: Toward a Morphogenesis of Material Construction
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.051
source	ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 51-60
summary	Architectural discourse has recently suggested a new material practice derived from advances in the field of synthetic biology. As biological organisms can now be designed and engineered for specific purposes, it is expected that, in the near future, it will be possible to program even more complex biologically based systems. One potential application is to literally grow buildings by programming cellular organisms to fabricate and deposit material into architecturally relevant patterns. Our current design methods do not anticipate the potentially challenging material practice involved in a biologically engineered architecture, where there is a loose and emergent relationship between design and material articulation. To tackle this conflict, we developed SynthMorph, a form-finding computational tool based on basic biological morphogenetic principles. A reflection is offered on its use, discussing the effect of multicellular morphogenesis on the production of shape. We conclude that such a strategy is an adaptive design method in two ways: (a) the mechanics of design using morphological constraints involve a practice of dynamic and continuous negotiation between a design intent and material emergence, and (b) the proposed design strategy hints at the production of a biologically produced architecture, which would potentially behave as an adaptive organism.
keywords	complex systems, synthetic biology, self-assembly, emergence, morphogenesis, synthetic morphology
series	ACADIA
type	Normal Paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	acadia13_391
id	acadia13_391
authors	Abbasy-Asbagh, Ghazal
year	2013
title	[re]folding Muqarnas: A case study
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.391
source	ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 391-392
summary	This project uses folded surface as a mechanism to make a historically non-structural system, Muqarnas, into one that combines surface and structure.
keywords	structural optimization, folded surface, cultural landscapes, muqarnas, complex geometry
series	ACADIA
type	Design Poster
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	sigradi2013_215
id	sigradi2013_215
authors	Abdelmohsen, Sherif M.
year	2013
title	Reconfiguring Architectural Space using Generative Design and Digital Fabrication: A Project Based Course
source	SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 391 - 395
summary	This paper discusses a course that addresses the integration between generative design and digital fabrication in the context of reconfiguring architectural space. The objective of the course, offered for 3rd year architecture students at the Department of Architecture, Ain Shams University, Egypt, was to design and fabricate interior design elements to be installed within the department lobby. Students worked in digital and physical environments to develop 8 group projects that featured concepts of shape grammars, L-systems, fractals and cellular automata. The potential of the realized projects is discussed in terms of 3D development of systems, contextual generative design, and pedagogical objectives.
keywords	Contextual generative design; Rule-based systems; Self-organizing systems; Digital fabrication
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	ijac201310207
id	ijac201310207
authors	Abondano, David
year	2013
title	The Return of Nature as an Operative Model: Decoding of Material Properties as Generative Inputs to the Form-Making Process
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 11 - no. 2, 267-284
summary	The abandonment of nature as an architectural model and the redefinition of the relationship between form and material were two of the main consequences of industrialization for modern architecture. While nature was replaced by the machine as a model for architecture, industrial production suppressed the craftsman's knowledge of the material and the associated techniques once essential to the form-making process. Thus, the replacement of nature as a model implied that principles once related to natural processes started to be seen as industrial values, i.e., the economy of means stopped being recognized as a quality related to natural form-making processes and became a demand of industrial production. Nowadays, material properties and nature are being reintroduced into architecture with the help of digital technologies; that is, the return of nature though computation. As a result, nature has become an operational model as opposed to the visual or iconic one it used to be; its inner qualities and processes are being decoded in order to inform the form-making process and foster innovative digital ornamentation.
series	journal
last changed	2019/05/24 09:55

_id	ecaade2013_096
id	ecaade2013_096
authors	Achten, Henri
year	2013
title	Buildings with an Attitude
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.1.477
source	Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 1, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 477-485
summary	In order to achieve interactive architecture it is necessary to consider more than the technological components of sensors, controllers, and actuators. The interaction can be focused to different interaction activities: instructing, conversing, manipulating, and exploring (we propose to call this the interaction view). Additionally, the purpose of the building may range from performing, sustaining, servicing, symbolising, to entertaining (we propose to call this the world view). Combined, the interaction view and world view establish 20 different attitudes, which are flavours of behaviour for the interactive building. Through attitudes interaction profiles can be established and criteria derived for the design of interactive buildings.
wos	WOS:000340635300050
keywords	Interactive architecture; design theory; Human-Computer Interaction; augmented reality; mixed reality.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	caadria2013_030
id	caadria2013_030
authors	Adamantidis, Ermis; Madhav Kidao and Marios Tsiliakos
year	2013
title	Siphonophore – A Physical Computing Simulation of Colonial Intelligence Organisms
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.355
source	Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 355-364
summary	This paper sets out to document the procedural design and implementation of “Siphonophore” a multisensory digital ecology, mimicking colonial-ordered behaviour systems. The exploration of the notion of “self” in a complex system of highly integrated individuals with reference to the emergence of behaviours from the human-machine-context interaction, is engaged by this open system’s hierarchical articulation of electronics, Arduino boards, sensors and programming routines. User interaction and recorded statistics from the system’s core algorithm are assessed, in relation to the capacity of this prototype to provide an alternative methodology of describing collective intelligence, while presenting a non-standard perspective of body-space interaction and design as entertaining art. The overall impact is discussed in relation to the examined observations, towards a potential advancement to a system of superior contextual understanding.
wos	WOS:000351496100035
keywords	Colonial intelligence, Multisensory installation, Physical computing, Spatial sensing, Human-machine interaction
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ijac201310105
id	ijac201310105
authors	Agkathidis, Asterios and Andre_ Brown
year	2013
title	Tree-Structure Canopy:A Case Study in Design and Fabrication of Complex Steel Structures using Digital Tools
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 11 - no. 1, 87-104
summary	This paper describes and reflects on the design and manufacturing process of the Tree-Structure canopy for the WestendGate Tower in Frankfurt upon Main, completed early 2011.The project investigated fabrication and assembly principles of complex steel structures as well as the integration of contemporary computational design, engineering, optimization and simulation techniques in a collaborative design approach. This paper focuses on the notion of modular standardization as opposed to non standard customized components. It also engages with issues relating to digital production tools and their impact on construction cost, material performance and tolerances. In addition it examines the reconfiguration of liability during a planning and construction process, an aspect which can be strongly determined by fabrication companies rather than the architect or designer.This paper is written as a reflection on the complete building process when contemporary digital tools are used from design through to fabrication. It studies both the generation of the steel structure as well the ETFE cushion skin. It reports on a collaborative project, where the main author was responsible for the canopies design, parameterization, digitalization and fabrication, as well as for the dissemination of the outcomes and findings during the design and realization process.As such it represents an example of research through design in a contemporary and evolving field.The canopy received a design award by the Hellenic Architecture Association.
series	journal
last changed	2019/05/24 09:55

_id	acadia13_281
id	acadia13_281
authors	Ahlquist, Sean; Menges, Achim
year	2013
title	Frameworks for Computational Design of Textile Micro-Architectures and Material Behavior in Forming Complex Force-Active Structures
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.281
source	ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 281-292
summary	Material behavior can be defined as the confluence of associative rules, contextual pressures and constraints of materialization. In more general terms, it can be parameterized as topologies, forces and materiality. Forming behavior means resolving the intricate matrix of deterministic and indeterministic factors that comprise and interrelate each subset of these material- nherent conditions. This requires a concise design framework which accumulates the confluent behavior through successive and cyclical exchange of multiple design modes, rather than through a single design environment or set of prescribed procedures. This paper unfolds a sequencing of individual methods as part of a larger design framework, described through the development of a series of complex hybrid- structure material morphologies. The “hybrid” nature reflects the integration of multiple force-active structural concepts within a single continuous material system, devising both self-organized yet highly articulated spatial conditions. This leads primarily to the development of what is termed a “textile hybrid” system: an equilibrium state of tensile surfaces and bending-active meshes. The research described in this paper looks to expose the structure of the textile as an indeterministic design parameter, where its architecture can be manipulated as means for exploring and differentiating behavior. This is done through experimentation with weft-knitting technologies, in which the variability of individual knit logics is instrumentalized for simultaneously articulating and structuring form. Such relationships are shown through an installation constructed at the ggggallery in Copenhagen, Denmark.
keywords	Material Behavior, Spring-based Simulation, CNC Knitting, Form- and Bending-Active, Textile Hybrid Structures.
series	ACADIA
type	Normal Paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ecaade2013_297
id	ecaade2013_297
authors	Aish, Robert
year	2013
title	DesignScript: Scalable Tools for Design Computation
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.087
source	Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 87-95
summary	Design computation based on data flow graph diagramming is a well-established technique. The intention of DesignScript is to recognise this type of data flow modeling as a form of ‘associative’ programming and to combine this with the more conventional ‘imperative’ form of programming into a single unified computational design application. The use of this application is intended to range from very simple graph based exploratory ‘proto-programming’ as used by novice end-user programmers to multi-disciplinary design optimisation as used by more experienced computational designers.
wos	WOS:000340643600008
keywords	Graph; scripting; associative; imperative.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	acadia13_161
id	acadia13_161
authors	Akbarzadeh; Masoud
year	2013
title	Performative Surfaces: Generating complex geometries using planar flow patterns
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.161
source	ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 161-172
summary	This research explains the development process of a design tool that can construct complex surface geometries using only two-dimensional plan drawings. The intention behind this tool is to address certain complex behavior of surface geometries such as hydrological characteristics. This paper briefly explains the historic and mathematic description of surface data structures, according to Cayley, Maxwell and Morse. This is followed by a brief introduction of the surface network/critical graph extraction technique in GIS. Additionally, the algorithm of contour extraction from asimple critical graph to reconstruct a surface is explained. In the final section the lessons learnedfrom the previous sections are used to develop algorithms for a tool which uses only plan drawings to construct complex surfaces. Three algorithms are explained in the final section among which the third one is considered to be the most complete and promising approach. Therefore,some design examples are presented to show the flexibility of the tool. At the end, this paper provides suggestions and discussions to reflect further ideas in order to improve the tool in future.
keywords	Tools and Interfaces, complex surface, drainage patterns, discrete flow diagram, surface networks, critical graph, and surface generation
series	ACADIA
type	Normal Paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

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