Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	ecaade2013_036
id	ecaade2013_036
authors	Bernhard, Mathias
year	2013
title	Frequency Analysis of Wood Textures
source	Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 1, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 597-603
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.1.597
wos	WOS:000340635300062
summary	“Frequency analysis of wood textures” presents the application of Fourier analysis to translate images of wood textures to the frequency domain. With this encoding, a lot more details can be captured by the same amount of data points than with other descriptions in the spatial domain. A small set of overlapping waves with different frequencies, magnitudes and phase angles allows to characterize the main features of the wood’s grain texture and to quantify and classify different samples. The sample’s color information is thereby enhanced with an array of direction vectors, describing the local orientation distribution.
keywords	Wood; Fourier analysis; pattern recognition; information theory.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	caadria2013_202
id	caadria2013_202
authors	Dai, Qun and Marc Aurel Schnabel
year	2013
title	Pedestrian Thermal Comfort in Relation to Street Zones with Different Orientations – A Pilot-Study of Rotterdam
source	Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 219-228
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.219
wos	WOS:000351496100022
summary	This paper presents the impacts of different street orientations and street zones of a typical Dutch residential area on micro-scale human thermal comfort. The spatial and temporal variation of mean radiant temperature (T mrt ) of a typical summer day in Rotterdam, The Netherlands, is simulated by using an established long- and short-wave 3D radiation fluxes model (SOLWEIG). This model calculates human radiation load and expresses this as a T mrt . Hereby we simulate and analyse the T mrt variations for three zones of a street consisting of a centre area for cars and the adjacent pedestrian zones for pedestrians and bicycles. The streets are azimuth rotated. The simulation and analysis results show various T mrt patterns of the three zones in the different orientations at different periods during daytime. We show that the spatial distribution of T mrt at street level strongly depends on street orientation and street zone. This is crucial since optimizing street configuration will directly influence the human thermal comfort in relation to street orientation and street zone. Finally we present a time adjusted framework of thermal comfort and classify the various T mrt for each zone and orientation.
keywords	Thermal comfort, Street orientation, Street zone, Mean radiant temperature (T mrt ), Solweig
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	ecaade2013r_003
id	ecaade2013r_003
authors	Kotnik, Toni
year	2013
title	Geometry of the body
source	FUTURE TRADITIONS [1st eCAADe Regional International Workshop Proceedings / ISBN 978-989-8527-03-5], University of Porto, Faculty of Architecture (Portugal), 4-5 April 2013, pp. 51-62
summary	Contemporary digital architectural design is characterized by an understanding of geometry as logico-algebraic text out of which architectural form emerges through the manipulation of data. Such formalistic and operative utilization of geometry is ignoring the perceptive dimension of geometry. By looking at the etymological roots of mathematics another non-technical reading of geometry can be uncovered that relates geometry back to bodily experience and the question of spatial orientation. This opens up the question of orientation within computational geometry and re-introduces the body into contemporary discourse of architecture.
keywords	Geometry and Perception; Orientation and the Body; Theory of Digital Design; Design Philosophy; Design Thinking
email
last changed	2013/10/07 19:08

_id	sigradi2013_42
id	sigradi2013_42
authors	Kotsopoulos, Sotirios D.; François Guermeur; Federico Casalegno
year	2013
title	Using Computational Fluid Dynamics to Assess Natural Airflow in a Prototype House-Interior
source	SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 373 - 377
summary	This paper presents an airflow study with Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) software that was used to model the natural ventilation attributes at the interior of a prototype house. This study informed the design development phase of the house and guided the design of a dynamic curtain wall involving a matrix of 3 x 9 openable windows for its south façade. Alternative ways of modeling the building geometry were employed and different possible states of the house were examined to determine how change in the orientation and the basic dimensions of the envelope, and modifications in the number, distribution and angle of the open windows affect natural ventilation.
keywords	Performance-based design; Airflow; Computational fluid dynamics; Simulation
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:54

_id	caadria2013_060
id	caadria2013_060
authors	Pelosi, Antony W.
year	2013
title	Model Command – Spatial Comprehension of 3D Digital Environments
source	Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 417-426
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.417
wos	WOS:000351496100041
summary	The paper explores innovative methods of navigation for experiencing and spatial comprehension of complex 3D digital environments. Common navigation modes of digital environments are difficult to learn and use within complex multi level digital models and often result in the viewer becoming disoriented or stuck. By drawing on concepts from computer gaming and spatial way finding this research will explore intuitive navigation systems. These systems enable the user to engage and experience the digital space much more profoundly than current CAD and BIM model viewing software. The paper demonstrates these navigation spatial cognition systems through three case studies.
keywords	Navigation, BIM, Spatial comprehension, Orientation
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	ecaadesigradi2019_405
id	ecaadesigradi2019_405
authors	da Cunha Teixeira, Luísa and Cury Paraizo, Rodrigo
year	2019
title	Caronae - ridesharing and first steps into commuting opportunitie of academic exchange
source	Sousa, JP, Xavier, JP and Castro Henriques, G (eds.), Architecture in the Age of the 4th Industrial Revolution - Proceedings of the 37th eCAADe and 23rd SIGraDi Conference - Volume 1, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, 11-13 September 2019, pp. 805-816
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2019.1.805
summary	Location-based mobile applications have been a rising theme for academics in the field of urbanism and in urban and transportation, because of the potential of transformation they might bring to the urban landscape (De Souza e Silva, 2013). One of the possibilities we study here is to observe social encounters fostered by commuting rides. In this paper, we try to examine the practice from the broad perspective of estimating the environmental benefits, in a context where digital information technology is wielded to address problems old and new (Townsend, 2014). This paper aims to analyze the potential of transformations that new ICTs bring to urban mobility, using as case study the official ridesharing system of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, the Carona? project. The system was developed focusing on the reduction of the number of motorized trips to the University, as well as the amount of CO2 generated by them. Here we analyze the dynamics of ridesharing, using the system data, and also try to observe the role it may play towards the promotion of integration in the UFRJ community.
keywords	mobile apps; urban mobility; ridesharing; caronae ufrj
series	eCAADeSIGraDi
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	caadria2014_044
id	caadria2014_044
authors	Huang, Alvin; Stephen Lewis and Jason Gillette
year	2014
title	Pure Tension: Intuition, Engineering & Fabrication
source	Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, pp. 171–180
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.171
summary	The "PURE Tension" Pavilion is a lightweight, rapidly deployable, tensioned membrane structure and portable charging station commissioned by Volvo Car Italia to showcase the new Volvo V60 Hybrid Electric Diesel car. Officially launched in Milan, Italy in October 2013, this experimental structure was developed through a process of rigorous research and development that investigated methods of associative modelling, dynamic mesh relaxation, geometric rationalization, solar incidence analysis, membrane panelling, and material performance. It is an experimental structure that, similar to a concept car, is a working prototype that speculates on the potential future of personal mobility and alternative energy sources for transportation while also exploring digital design methodologies and innovative structural solutions. This paper will illustrate the design, development and fabrication processes involved in realizing this structure.
keywords	Form-finding; dynamic-mesh relaxation; geometric rationalisation; patterning, digital fabrication
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	ecaade2013_094
id	ecaade2013_094
authors	Tomé, Ana; Heitor, Teresa and Nunes, Mário
year	2013
title	Space-Use Interactions Described Through Computer Vision
source	Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 1, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 403-412
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.1.403
wos	WOS:000340635300042
summary	This paper examines analytical procedures aimed at the study of the functional condition of architectural artefacts and, as a result, the promotion of a better understanding of the connections established with spatial conditions. The goal is to contribute to the development of techniques based on computer vision of mobility and users’ interaction, producing non-arbitrary registries of their movement/navigation and occupancy/co-presence patterns via a quantitatively based analysis.Movement/navigation and occupancy/co-presence patterns were correlated with configurational properties obtained by applying the space syntax descriptive model (Hillier and Hanson, 1984). It was possible to analyse relations between the spatial configuration and the movement/navigation and occupancy/co-presence patterns, a key question within the architectural conceptual process.
keywords	Space-use analysis method; computer vision; movement/navigation patterns; occupation/co-presence patterns; occupation/movement indices.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	acadia13_391
id	acadia13_391
authors	Abbasy-Asbagh, Ghazal
year	2013
title	[re]folding Muqarnas: A case study
source	ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 391-392
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.391
summary	This project uses folded surface as a mechanism to make a historically non-structural system, Muqarnas, into one that combines surface and structure.
keywords	structural optimization, folded surface, cultural landscapes, muqarnas, complex geometry
series	ACADIA
type	Design Poster
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	sigradi2013_215
id	sigradi2013_215
authors	Abdelmohsen, Sherif M.
year	2013
title	Reconfiguring Architectural Space using Generative Design and Digital Fabrication: A Project Based Course
source	SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 391 - 395
summary	This paper discusses a course that addresses the integration between generative design and digital fabrication in the context of reconfiguring architectural space. The objective of the course, offered for 3rd year architecture students at the Department of Architecture, Ain Shams University, Egypt, was to design and fabricate interior design elements to be installed within the department lobby. Students worked in digital and physical environments to develop 8 group projects that featured concepts of shape grammars, L-systems, fractals and cellular automata. The potential of the realized projects is discussed in terms of 3D development of systems, contextual generative design, and pedagogical objectives.
keywords	Contextual generative design; Rule-based systems; Self-organizing systems; Digital fabrication
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	ijac201310207
id	ijac201310207
authors	Abondano, David
year	2013
title	The Return of Nature as an Operative Model: Decoding of Material Properties as Generative Inputs to the Form-Making Process
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 11 - no. 2, 267-284
summary	The abandonment of nature as an architectural model and the redefinition of the relationship between form and material were two of the main consequences of industrialization for modern architecture. While nature was replaced by the machine as a model for architecture, industrial production suppressed the craftsman's knowledge of the material and the associated techniques once essential to the form-making process. Thus, the replacement of nature as a model implied that principles once related to natural processes started to be seen as industrial values, i.e., the economy of means stopped being recognized as a quality related to natural form-making processes and became a demand of industrial production. Nowadays, material properties and nature are being reintroduced into architecture with the help of digital technologies; that is, the return of nature though computation. As a result, nature has become an operational model as opposed to the visual or iconic one it used to be; its inner qualities and processes are being decoded in order to inform the form-making process and foster innovative digital ornamentation.
series	journal
last changed	2019/05/24 09:55

_id	ecaade2013_096
id	ecaade2013_096
authors	Achten, Henri
year	2013
title	Buildings with an Attitude
source	Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 1, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 477-485
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.1.477
wos	WOS:000340635300050
summary	In order to achieve interactive architecture it is necessary to consider more than the technological components of sensors, controllers, and actuators. The interaction can be focused to different interaction activities: instructing, conversing, manipulating, and exploring (we propose to call this the interaction view). Additionally, the purpose of the building may range from performing, sustaining, servicing, symbolising, to entertaining (we propose to call this the world view). Combined, the interaction view and world view establish 20 different attitudes, which are flavours of behaviour for the interactive building. Through attitudes interaction profiles can be established and criteria derived for the design of interactive buildings.
keywords	Interactive architecture; design theory; Human-Computer Interaction; augmented reality; mixed reality.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	caadria2013_030
id	caadria2013_030
authors	Adamantidis, Ermis; Madhav Kidao and Marios Tsiliakos
year	2013
title	Siphonophore – A Physical Computing Simulation of Colonial Intelligence Organisms
source	Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 355-364
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.355
wos	WOS:000351496100035
summary	This paper sets out to document the procedural design and implementation of “Siphonophore” a multisensory digital ecology, mimicking colonial-ordered behaviour systems. The exploration of the notion of “self” in a complex system of highly integrated individuals with reference to the emergence of behaviours from the human-machine-context interaction, is engaged by this open system’s hierarchical articulation of electronics, Arduino boards, sensors and programming routines. User interaction and recorded statistics from the system’s core algorithm are assessed, in relation to the capacity of this prototype to provide an alternative methodology of describing collective intelligence, while presenting a non-standard perspective of body-space interaction and design as entertaining art. The overall impact is discussed in relation to the examined observations, towards a potential advancement to a system of superior contextual understanding.
keywords	Colonial intelligence, Multisensory installation, Physical computing, Spatial sensing, Human-machine interaction
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ijac201310105
id	ijac201310105
authors	Agkathidis, Asterios and Andre_ Brown
year	2013
title	Tree-Structure Canopy:A Case Study in Design and Fabrication of Complex Steel Structures using Digital Tools
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 11 - no. 1, 87-104
summary	This paper describes and reflects on the design and manufacturing process of the Tree-Structure canopy for the WestendGate Tower in Frankfurt upon Main, completed early 2011.The project investigated fabrication and assembly principles of complex steel structures as well as the integration of contemporary computational design, engineering, optimization and simulation techniques in a collaborative design approach. This paper focuses on the notion of modular standardization as opposed to non standard customized components. It also engages with issues relating to digital production tools and their impact on construction cost, material performance and tolerances. In addition it examines the reconfiguration of liability during a planning and construction process, an aspect which can be strongly determined by fabrication companies rather than the architect or designer.This paper is written as a reflection on the complete building process when contemporary digital tools are used from design through to fabrication. It studies both the generation of the steel structure as well the ETFE cushion skin. It reports on a collaborative project, where the main author was responsible for the canopies design, parameterization, digitalization and fabrication, as well as for the dissemination of the outcomes and findings during the design and realization process.As such it represents an example of research through design in a contemporary and evolving field.The canopy received a design award by the Hellenic Architecture Association.
series	journal
last changed	2019/05/24 09:55

_id	acadia13_281
id	acadia13_281
authors	Ahlquist, Sean; Menges, Achim
year	2013
title	Frameworks for Computational Design of Textile Micro-Architectures and Material Behavior in Forming Complex Force-Active Structures
source	ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 281-292
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.281
summary	Material behavior can be defined as the confluence of associative rules, contextual pressures and constraints of materialization. In more general terms, it can be parameterized as topologies, forces and materiality. Forming behavior means resolving the intricate matrix of deterministic and indeterministic factors that comprise and interrelate each subset of these material- nherent conditions. This requires a concise design framework which accumulates the confluent behavior through successive and cyclical exchange of multiple design modes, rather than through a single design environment or set of prescribed procedures. This paper unfolds a sequencing of individual methods as part of a larger design framework, described through the development of a series of complex hybrid- structure material morphologies. The “hybrid” nature reflects the integration of multiple force-active structural concepts within a single continuous material system, devising both self-organized yet highly articulated spatial conditions. This leads primarily to the development of what is termed a “textile hybrid” system: an equilibrium state of tensile surfaces and bending-active meshes. The research described in this paper looks to expose the structure of the textile as an indeterministic design parameter, where its architecture can be manipulated as means for exploring and differentiating behavior. This is done through experimentation with weft-knitting technologies, in which the variability of individual knit logics is instrumentalized for simultaneously articulating and structuring form. Such relationships are shown through an installation constructed at the ggggallery in Copenhagen, Denmark.
keywords	Material Behavior, Spring-based Simulation, CNC Knitting, Form- and Bending-Active, Textile Hybrid Structures.
series	ACADIA
type	Normal Paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ecaade2013_297
id	ecaade2013_297
authors	Aish, Robert
year	2013
title	DesignScript: Scalable Tools for Design Computation
source	Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 87-95
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.087
wos	WOS:000340643600008
summary	Design computation based on data flow graph diagramming is a well-established technique. The intention of DesignScript is to recognise this type of data flow modeling as a form of ‘associative’ programming and to combine this with the more conventional ‘imperative’ form of programming into a single unified computational design application. The use of this application is intended to range from very simple graph based exploratory ‘proto-programming’ as used by novice end-user programmers to multi-disciplinary design optimisation as used by more experienced computational designers.
keywords	Graph; scripting; associative; imperative.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	acadia13_161
id	acadia13_161
authors	Akbarzadeh; Masoud
year	2013
title	Performative Surfaces: Generating complex geometries using planar flow patterns
source	ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 161-172
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.161
summary	This research explains the development process of a design tool that can construct complex surface geometries using only two-dimensional plan drawings. The intention behind this tool is to address certain complex behavior of surface geometries such as hydrological characteristics. This paper briefly explains the historic and mathematic description of surface data structures, according to Cayley, Maxwell and Morse. This is followed by a brief introduction of the surface network/critical graph extraction technique in GIS. Additionally, the algorithm of contour extraction from asimple critical graph to reconstruct a surface is explained. In the final section the lessons learnedfrom the previous sections are used to develop algorithms for a tool which uses only plan drawings to construct complex surfaces. Three algorithms are explained in the final section among which the third one is considered to be the most complete and promising approach. Therefore,some design examples are presented to show the flexibility of the tool. At the end, this paper provides suggestions and discussions to reflect further ideas in order to improve the tool in future.
keywords	Tools and Interfaces, complex surface, drainage patterns, discrete flow diagram, surface networks, critical graph, and surface generation
series	ACADIA
type	Normal Paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	sigradi2013_112
id	sigradi2013_112
authors	Akemi Omine, Katia; José Neto de Faria; Karine Itao Palos
year	2013
title	Projeto Design Condensado: Definição de ‘Modelo Sociocultural’ para Sistemas de Visualização Dinâmica de Dados que Estimulem a Geração de Novos Conhecimentos sobre a História do Design [Condensed Design Project: The Definition of a ‘Social-cultural Model’ for Dynamic Data Visualization Systems Which StimulateKnowledge Building in Design History]
source	SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 143 - 147
summary	The ‘Condensed Design Project’ aims to discuss and reflect on how the definition of an ‘activity inducer’, by describing and characterizing ‘social-cultural models’, can be used in the development of dynamic data visualization systems. The aim is to discuss and try to understand how the profile of the ‘activity inducer’, routines, scenario and context impact the navigation, interaction, research and learning processes in design history. Thus, the knowledge building process is strictly conditioned to the way the relation between the ‘visualization system’ and the ‘activity inducer’ is promoted, considering the technological limitations and the individual’s predisposition.
keywords	Data visualization; Design history; Usage context, Experience; Knowledge
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	ecaade2013_235
id	ecaade2013_235
authors	Akküçük, Zeynep and Özkar, Mine
year	2013
title	Ruling Im/Material Uncertainties
source	Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 305-314
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.305
wos	WOS:000340643600031
summary	Visual rules are powerful in loosely capturing the impact of material behavior on form in designer’s hands-on experimentation. They present a first step to translate the causal relations between material and form to computation without sacrificing the uncertainties in the designer’s interaction with the materials. This study investigates how to model the relation between material and form with visual rules so that the model embodies some of the phenomenological aspects of reality, rather than merely reproducing it.
keywords	Digital materiality; physics-based modeling; abstractions; visual schemas; shape studies.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	sigradi2013_337
id	sigradi2013_337
authors	Al-Haddad, Tristan; Keyan Rahimzadeh; Jill Fredrickson
year	2013
title	Concrete Continuum: Concept, Calculus, & Construction Connected Through Parametric Representation
source	SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 230 - 234
summary	This paper outlines a custom-built suite of scripts that automate the processes of reinforced concrete design and is directly linked to the parametric design model of the architect. The workflow creates a design and engineering feedback loop for early phase schematic design. Using this system, the design geometry is generated and then deconstructed into a Finite Element model. The workflow executes a static analysis then calculates rebar size and placement, and finally generates fabrication drawings. This methodology allows architectural intent and engineering analysis to be collapsed into a single non-linear design process.
keywords	Parametric design; Digital fabrication; Reinforced concrete; Production automation; Design feedback proces
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

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