CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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Hits 1 to 20 of 604

_id caadria2025_36
id caadria2025_36
authors Kepczynska-Walczak, Anetta, Zarzycki, Andrzej and Walczak, Bartosz M.
year 2025
title Digital Heritage Education Pedagogies In Architectural Curriculum
source Dagmar Reinhardt, Nicolas Rogeau, Christiane M. Herr, Anastasia Globa, Jielin Chen, Taro Narahara (eds.), ARCHITECTURAL INFORMATICS - Proceedings of the 30th CAADRIA Conference, Tokyo, 22-29 March 2025, Volume 1, pp. 419–428
summary This paper investigates the impact of evolving building documentation methods on architectural education, focusing on historic preservation. It traces the significance of building surveys back to the 16th century when Giorgio Vasari emphasized the importance of measuring and drawing. Digital tools have shifted this paradigm from traditional methods to integrated digital 2D and 3D survey models. The research examines two case studies of historic tombstone surveys from 2013 and 2023, analyzing how students engaged with different technologies and pedagogical approaches. The 2013 study used analog-to-digital methods, allowing students to develop measuring and documentation skills through hands-on experience. The 2023 study employed digital-to-interactive methods, using photogrammetry and mobile applications for 3D modeling. These educational exercises demonstrated varying degrees of creativity and interpretative analysis, reinforcing experiential learning frameworks. Results suggest that while digital tools enhance efficiency and visualization quality, they may also diminish critical inquiry and reflection among students. This study contributes to understanding how technology reshapes architectural education practices, urging the development of curricula that balance technical proficiency with creative and analytical engagement.
keywords Experiential learning, mobile technologies, digital heritage, photogrammetry, historic preservation
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2025/04/18 12:25

_id cf2013_267
id cf2013_267
authors Kim, Kyoung-Hee and Seung-Hoon Han
year 2013
title Integrated Design Process: Sustainable Fa¸cade Fabrication
source Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 267-273.
summary Interoperability and integration between design, analysis and fabrication in architectural practice allow building façade systems to be increasingly complex and non-standard. As customized building façade systems increase in contemporary buildings, it is important to adopt the integrated design process that aids problem solving and design-making in façade design. The primary goal of this study is to explore the integrated design process that incorporates building information modeling and parametric performance analysis tools in order to understand sustainability opportunities in sustainable façade fabrication. The integration of building information modeling (BIM) and parametric performance analysis tools poses a unique design process whose resolution has the potential to improve sustainability in built environment and façade fabrication efficiency. This paper uses an academic design research project, the Reading Pavilion located in the UNC Charlotte campus, as a case study to investigate the integrated design process of a building façade system, which was supported by quantitative data using BIM, parametric performance analysis, and rapid prototyping tools.
keywords Integrated design process, building information modeling, parametric performance analysis, high performance façade.
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2014/03/24 07:08

_id sigradi2013_31
id sigradi2013_31
authors Portillo, Juan Pablo
year 2013
title BIM enclosures, una aplicación para cálculos térmicos en cerramientos [BIM Enclosures, an Application for Thermal Calculations in Enclosures]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 279 - 283
summary The BIM software (Building Information Modeling) enables a holistic model -a complete description of the model-building for a complete analysis and validation prior to build, as well as the plotting of final design in architecture and its subsequent maintenance. Users can extend virtually unlimited capabilities. For this reason we have chosen a BIM with programmability by the user to create a calculation module to validate, the heat transfer and possible condensation on both walls and ceilings. The Revit Architecture BIM was chosen using the API (application programming interface) in C#. In this paper, we analyze the experience gained and the results achieved. The objective is to create a calculation and graphing module thermal transmission and condensation.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:58

_id acadia13_217
id acadia13_217
authors Steinfeld, Kyle; Levitt, Brendon
year 2013
title Dhour:A bioclimatic information design prototyping toolkit
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.217
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 217-226
summary The qualification of predicted building performance through quantitative methods is as challenging as it is crucial to the meeting of the mandate to design buildings better adapted to their bioclimatic conditions. Methods for the visualization of building performance data that have found success in the past struggle in the contemporary context of large computational data sets. While application of building performance simulation to architectural design is highly context-sensitive, existing approaches to the visualization of simulation results are generalized and provide the designer with a preconfigured battery of visualizations that are, by definition, not calibrated to specific questions or contexts. This paper presents a new prototyping visualization toolkit, developed for the Grasshopper (Rutten 2013) visual programming environment, which enables the situational development of information graphics. By enabling more nuanced and customizable views of complex data, the software described here offers designers an exploratory framework in contrast to the highly directed tools currently available. Two case studies of the application of this toolkit are then presented, the results of which suggest that a more open framework for the production of visualization graphics can more effectively assist in the design of buildings responsive to their bioclimatic environments.
keywords tools and interfaces, energy and performance, modeling and analysis, simulation tools, data visualization, information design
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id sigradi2013_260
id sigradi2013_260
authors Wandersleben, Gerth; Rodrigo García Alvarado; Claudio Labarca Montoya; Cristian Muñoz Viveros
year 2013
title Visualización de Desempeños Ambientales de Viviendas en BIM [Visualization of Housing Environmental Performances in BIM]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 120 - 123
summary In order to promote a sustainable design in building information modeling systems (BIM), it proposes a color-code to mark the volume and rooms according geometric relationships defined by parametric environmental simulations. For suggest the estimated performance of the building and sectors, and encourage design adjustments to reduce energy demands with proper comfort. This approach is applied to single housing in temperate-humid climate based on records and analysis carried on in Concepción, Chile. Like a visual aid for designers to improve environmental performance of buildings.
keywords Building Information Modeling (BIM); Building Performance Simulation (BPS); Integrated Design; Housing
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 10:03

_id acadia13_087
id acadia13_087
authors Jeong, WoonSeong; Kim, Jong Bum; Clayton, Mark J.; Haberl, Jeff S.; Yan, Wei
year 2013
title Visualization of Building Energy Performance in Building Information Models
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.087
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 87-92
summary This paper presents the results of research and development of Building Energy Simulation (BES) visualization methods. In this effort the authors used Building Information Modeling (BIM) Authoring Tools’ Application Programming Interface (API) to visualize BES results in BIM. We also used an external database to store and manage the object-based simulation results from a BES tool. Based on these methods, we created a prototype: Building Energy Performance Visualization (BEPV), which translates information from the result database to the Energy Performance Indicator (EPI) parameter in BIM. Using the prototype, when BIM models are created for building design, the building energy performance can be expressed visually as color-coding on the BIM, allowing users to see energy flows directly. The developed prototype lets architects use BIM as a common user interface for building design and performance visualization, and may improve their designs in early stages.
keywords building information model, information visualization, interdisciplinary design, performance based design, simulation
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id sigradi2013_400
id sigradi2013_400
authors Sanguinetti, Paola
year 2013
title Performance Testing in Architectural Design: Evolving the Problem-Solving Paradigm for Novice Designers
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 520 - 523
summary This paper compares two approaches to introduce novice architectural designers to computational tools for performance testing. Focus is placed on parametric design changes to test solutions. The first approach is limited to the design of a shading component. The second approach consists of short exercises using Building Information Modeling to test and analyze discrete decisions. The hurdles in the learning process are discussed, including the role of visualization to evaluate performance. The effectiveness on learning strategies is discussed.
keywords Design education; BIM; Performance-based design; Novice designer; Design problem-solving
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:59

_id ecaade2013_003
id ecaade2013_003
authors Attia, Shady
year 2013
title Achieving Informed Decision-Making using Building Performance Simulation
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.1.021
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 1, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 21-30
wos WOS:000340635300001
summary Building performance simulation (BPS) is the basis for informed decision-making of Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) design. This paper aims to investigate the use of building performance simulation tools as a method of informing the design decision of NZEBs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of a simulation-based decision aid, ZEBO, on informed decision-making using sensitivity analysis. The objective is to assess the effect of ZEBO and other building performance simulation (BPS) tools on three specific outcomes: (i) knowledge and satisfaction when using simulation for NZEB design; (ii) users’ decision-making attitudes and patterns, and (iii) performance robustness based on an energy analysis. The paper utilizes three design case studies comprising a framework to test the use of BPS tools. The paper provides results that shed light on the effectiveness of sensitivity analysis as an approach for informing the design decisions of NZEBs.
keywords Decision support; early stage; design; simulation; architects
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id acadia13_109
id acadia13_109
authors Thün, Geoffrey; Velikov, Kathy
year 2013
title Adaptation as a Framework for Reconsidering High-Performance Residential Design: A Case Study
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.109
source ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 109-118
summary This paper outlines an approach to adaptive residential design explored through recent research and an executed prototype, the North House project (2007-2009), undertaken through an interdisciplinary collaboration of researchers and students from the University of Waterloo, Ryerson University and Simon Fraser University in concert with professional and industry partners. This project aimed to develop a framework for the delivery of adaptive detached residential buildings capable of net-zero energy performance in the temperate climate zone, or the near north. Within this project, the term “adaptive” is developed across several tracts of conceptualization and execution including site and climatically derived models for building material composition and envelope ratios, environmentally-responsive kinetic envelope components, intelligent HVAC controls and interactive interface design aimed at producing co-evolutionary behaviors between building systems and inhabitants. A provisional definition of adaptive architecture is outlined to address this range of considerations that calls into question the stable image of domestic architecture and its relationship to energy and contemporary assumptions regarding sustainable design. This paper also outlines computational approaches to design optimization, distributed building systems integration and the human-controls interfaces applicable to the home’s ecology of physical and information technologies.
keywords next generation technology, responsive buildings, high performance envelopes, sensing and feedback, passive and active systems, energy modeling, user interface
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id ecaade2013_125
id ecaade2013_125
authors Di Mascio, Danilo
year 2013
title Understanding and Managing the Constructive Characteristics of Vernacular Architecture
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.435
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 435-444
wos WOS:000340643600044
summary In this paper a methodology will be presented to investigate and document the constructive characteristics of two raw earth houses: artifacts that belong to the vernacular architecture. The comprehension, analysis and documentation of these architectures presents several problems mainly linked to the impossibility of using a predefined method, because the difficulties relating to each artifact and its characteristics, to particular geographic, cultural and social situations, are unique. To understand and document the constructive features it was decided to realize a three-dimensional digital reconstruction of the two artifacts, using 3D modeling software. Subsequently several graphic works have been elaborated (technological breakdown, sheets with detailed information about the materials, used constructive techniques, etc), useful in managing a recovery or maintenance project.
keywords Vernacular architecture; raw earth dwelling; 3D modeling; digital reconstruction; knowledge management.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id sigradi2013_304
id sigradi2013_304
authors González Cáceres, Alex; Laline Cenci; Cristian Muñoz
year 2013
title Impacto de la Visualización de Información e Interpretación de Gráficas de Herramientas de Simulación Energética en la Toma de Decisiones de Diseño [Impact of Information Visualization and Interpretation of Graphs Energy Simulation Tool in Design Decision-Making ]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 383 - 387
summary Simulation programs are an important tool to reduce building energy demands. However, there are difficulties that limit the use of these applications including the understanding and interpretation of the results. Due to the uncertainty regarding the reading and interpretation of results leading to design decisions, we propose a graphical display analysis, both scientific and information, charts, tables, diagrams, etc. Which apply to both energy simulation tools as complementary programs. It seeks to establish what tools have the greatest impact in the analysis process and how it influences the design decisions.
keywords Process design; Graphic display; Energy simulation Software; Analysis of results
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:52

_id caadria2013_042
id caadria2013_042
authors Kaijima, Sawako; Roland Bouffanais and Karen Willcox
year 2013
title Computational Fluid Dynamics for Architectural Design
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.169
source Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 169-178
wos WOS:000351496100017
summary Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is a cost-effective, well-known technique widely employed in industrial design. While indoor analysis can be achieved via CFD, Wind Tunnel Testing (WTT) is still the prevailing mode of analysis for outdoor studies. WTT is often only performed a few times during the course of a building design/construction cycle and primarily for verification purposes. This paper presents a cross-disciplinary research initiative aiming to make CFD understandable and accessible to the architecture community. Our particular interest is in the incorporation of CFD into the early stages of architectural design. Many critical decisions, including those pertaining to building performance, are made during these stages, and we believe access to wind/airflow information during these stages will help architects make responsible design decisions. As a first step, we designed a passive cooling canopy for a bus stop based on the equatorial climatic conditions of Singapore where wind/airflow was a driving factor for geometry generation. We discuss our strategies for overcoming the two bottlenecks we identified when utilising CFD for this framework: mesh generation and result comprehension/visualisation.  
keywords CFD, Simulation, Visualization, Concept design 
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id ecaade2013_251
id ecaade2013_251
authors Koltsova, Anastasia; Tunçer, Bige and Schmitt, Gerhard
year 2013
title Visibility Analysis for 3D Urban Environments
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.375
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 375-383
wos WOS:000340643600038
summary This paper presents a visibility analysis tool for 3D urban environments and its possible applications for urban design practice. Literature exists for performing visibility analysis using various methods and techniques, however, tools that result from such research are generally not suitable for use by designers in practice. Our visibility analysis tool resides in Grasshopper, Rhino. It uses a ray casting method to analyze the visibility of façade surfaces from a given vantage point, and of a given urban setting, in particular, buildings and roads. The latter analysis provides information on the best visible buildings/building facades from segments of roads. We established a collaboration with a practicing architect to work on a design competition together, using this tool. The paper elaborates on the visibility analysis methods, presents the tool in detail, discusses the results of our joint work on the competition, and briefly reflects on the evaluation of the use of the tool by design practitioners.
keywords Visibility analysis; pedestrian design; urban space quality; design practice.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id ijac201310202
id ijac201310202
authors Leidi, Michele; Arno Schlüter
year 2013
title Exploring Urban Space: Volumetric Site Analysis for Conceptual Design in the Urban Context
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 11 - no. 2, 157-182
summary This paper proposes a set of new analytic and visualization methods for conceptual design in the urban context. The methodology is based on the discretization of the urban site into a volumetric grid of points. For each of these points, different physical properties such as solar radiation, airflow, and visibility are computed. Subsequently interactive visualization techniques allow the observation of the site at a volumetric, directional and dynamic level, making visible information that is typically invisible. Several case-studies demonstrate how this allows to generate suggestions, for example, for the definition of the form of a building or for the rationalization of its surfaces. This approach aims at developing a conceptual design process that allows the fusion of active technologies, passive methods, and expressive aspects, in cohesive concepts able to embrace and exploit the diversities of an urban site.
series journal
last changed 2019/05/24 09:55

_id cf2013_295
id cf2013_295
authors Markova, Stanimira; Christoph Langenhan, Peter Russell, and Frank Petzold
year 2013
title Building Elements Re-usability Optimization - Design Decision Support Using a Case-Base of Building Information Models and Semantic Fingerprints
source Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 295-305.
summary The complexity of the requirements on buildings is continuously increasing and thus, often confronting designers with interdisciplinary problems, reaching far beyond the traditional challenges and methods of architecture and engineering. Moreover, designers are often required to take decisions, when most of the information and knowledge is still missing or to be generated. In the context of sustainable building design, the re-usability of building elements and the optimisation for exchangeability is crucial for the achievement of two of the main goals: efficient use of material resources and waste reduction. The scope of this work in progress is describing requirements for case-based decision support in order to optimise building element re-usability, create an analysis of explicit re-usability indicators (e.g. “connection liberation”, “modularity” or “life span collision”) and to identify retrieval strategies. A proposal to support decision making processes by retrieving existing design solutions graph representations as well as the use of building information models are also described.
keywords case-based reasoning, sustainable design, early design stage support, building information modelling
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2014/03/24 07:08

_id sigradi2013_245
id sigradi2013_245
authors Salinas Arriagada, Alexis
year 2013
title Estrategia Experimental para la Visualización de Datos Urbanos: Visualización, Análisis y Evaluación de Flujos Vehiculares & Transporte Público [Experimental Strategy for Urban Data Visualization: Visualization, Analysis and Evaluation of Vehicle & Transportation Flows]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 116 - 119
summary The distance between the data and conventional graphical representation (line graphs, pie, bar), subtraction urban context information impoverishing their reading and understanding of territory, therefore his chances of inference, which leads to the omission of information for lack of representation. The urban spatial referencing such data could accommodate a much more thorough examination of these to a deeper realization of Analysis, Diagnostics and Evaluations for the city and its transport system is, as this research focuses his gaze, looking promote the efficient functioning of this important player in the city urban. This research presents the early development of a 'Strategy for representing experimental urban data "and visualization, using a graphical editor graphics algorithmic " Grasshopper ", as well as investigate their impact and how these can glimpse useful criteria to consider in the implementation and urban design.
keywords Urban data visualization; Experimental strategy; Streams & transportation
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:59

_id ecaade2013_190
id ecaade2013_190
authors Schwartz, Mathew
year 2013
title Collaborative and Human Based Performance Analysis
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.365
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 365-373
wos WOS:000340643600037
summary This research presents methods for simulation and visualization of human factors. This allows for a performance based analysis of buildings from the local human scale to the larger building scale. Technical issues such as computational time and mathematically describing a buildings geometry are discussed. The algorithms presented are integrated in a 3D modeling software commonly used in design and architecture through a plugin.
keywords Universal design; human analysis; collaboration; education; disability.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id sigradi2013_303
id sigradi2013_303
authors Zalamea, Esteban; Rodrigo García Alvarado; Maureen Trebilcock Kelly; Paulina Wegertseder; Sergio Baeriswyl; Laline Cenci
year 2013
title Estimación Integrada de Captación Energética Solar en SIG-BIM [Integrated Assessment of Solar Energy Capture in SIG-BIM]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 348 - 352
summary The use of solar energy in buildings requires defining proper systems according to different urban typologies. This paper presents a strategy for assessment in Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and a parametric analysis of an detached housing typology in Building Information Modeling (BIM), which demonstrates an integrated approach to estimate solar energy potential, applied to the context of Concepción, Chile. Residential areas are identified with different energy consumption and solar capture in roofs, walls or outside space recorded in a urban GIS, and checks the architectural implementation of a roofing system in residential buildings through an integrated evaluation and design in BIM.
keywords Solar energy; BIM; GIS; Housing
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 10:03

_id ijac201310206
id ijac201310206
authors Zarzycki, Andrzej
year 2013
title Integrating Physical and Digital Assemblies
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 11 - no. 2, 247-266
summary Computer-based tools have changed the focus and modes of design thinking in architecture. While often criticized for its overemphasis on formal expressions and its pursuit of the spectacular, digital creativity has begun to take into account a multiplicity of design factors that define architecture. These factors relate to performance simulation and analysis, constructability, and building information modeling (BIM). This paper discusses the use of physical and digital mock-ups in the context of building technology courses. It uses these mock-ups as an important vehicle that provides students with a feedback mechanism regarding often digitally idealized creative thinking.
series journal
last changed 2019/05/24 09:55

_id caadria2013_111
id caadria2013_111
authors Zarzycki, Andrzej
year 2013
title Learning with Digital and Physical Mock-ups Using BIM
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.323
source Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 323-332
wos WOS:000351496100032
summary Computer-based tools have changed the focus and modes of design thinking in architecture. While often criticized for its overemphasis on formal expressions and its pursuit of the spectacular, digital creativity has begun to take into account a multiplicity of design factors that define architecture. These factors relate to performance simulation and analysis, constructability, and Building Information Modelling (BIM). This paper discusses the use of physical and digital mock-ups in the context of building technology courses. It uses these mock-ups as an important vehicle that provides students with a feedback mechanism regarding often digitally idealized creative thinking.  
keywords BIM, Building information modelling, Parametric construction details, Construction assemblies 
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

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