CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id caadria2013_056
id caadria2013_056
authors Lim, Jason; Fabio Gramazio and Matthias Kohler
year 2013
title A Software Environment for Designing Through Robotic Fabrication – Developing a Graphical Programming Toolkit for the Digital Design and Scaled Robotic Fabrication of High Rises
source Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 45-54
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.045
wos WOS:000351496100005
summary The term “robot” was born from a play written almost a century ago. Today robotic fabrication has become an emerging topic in architectural research. As architects work with these technologies, they are challenged with writing a different kind of play: here robots are the actors and the physical materialization of a design is their performance. However current Computer Aided Design (CAD) packages do not provide native robot programming functionalities which architects require to plan and orchestrate these fabrication process. To address this limitation, a Python library for robot programming is written. It is referenced by a toolkit of custom components developed to extend a graphical programming environment commonly used for architectural design. The empirical development of these software tools takes place in the context of a design studio investigating the subject of the high rise. The tools are tested in a workflow that involves the digital design and scaled robotic fabrication of high-rise housing. This paper discusses the considerations underlying the toolkit’s design, the outcomes of its use in the studio, and its impact on the creative design process. 
keywords Robotic fabrication, Architectural model, Software tools, High rise design, Creative computational design 
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id caadria2013_060
id caadria2013_060
authors Pelosi, Antony W.
year 2013
title Model Command – Spatial Comprehension of 3D Digital Environments
source Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 417-426
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.417
wos WOS:000351496100041
summary The paper explores innovative methods of navigation for experiencing and spatial comprehension of complex 3D digital environments. Common navigation modes of digital environments are difficult to learn and use within complex multi level digital models and often result in the viewer becoming disoriented or stuck. By drawing on concepts from computer gaming and spatial way finding this research will explore intuitive navigation systems. These systems enable the user to engage and experience the digital space much more profoundly than current CAD and BIM model viewing software. The paper demonstrates these navigation spatial cognition systems through three case studies.  
keywords Navigation, BIM, Spatial comprehension, Orientation 
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ascaad2014_016
id ascaad2014_016
authors Al-Ratrout, Samer A. and Rana Zureikat
year 2014
title Pedagogic Approach in the Age of Parametric Architecture: Experimental method for teaching architectural design studio to 3rd year level students
source Digital Crafting [7th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2014 / ISBN 978-603-90142-5-6], Jeddah (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia), 31 March - 3 April 2014, pp. 211-226
summary In this era, Architectural Design Practice is faced with a paradigm shift in its conventional approaches towards computational methods. In this regard, it is considered a pedagogic challenge to boost up knowledge and skills of architectural students’ towards an advanced approach of architectural design that emphasizes the potentials and complexity of computational environments and parametric tools for design problem solving. For introducing the concept of Parametric Oriented Design Methods to 3rd year level architectural students, an experimental pedagogic course was designed in the scholastic year of 2012-2013 at German Jordanian University GJU (School of Architecture and Built Environment SABE) to approach this concept. In the preparation phase, the experimental course was designed to incorporate structured instructing and training method to be consecutively performed within experimental lab environment to target predetermined learning outcomes and goals. The involved students were intentionally classified into three levels of previous involvement associated with the related software operating skills and computational design exposure. In the implementation phase, the predetermined instructing and training procedures were performed in the controlled environment according to the planned tasks and time intervals. Preceded tactics were prepared to be executed to resolve various anticipated complication. In this phase also, students’ performance and comprehension capacity were observed and recorded. In data analysis phase, the observed results were verified and correlations were recognized. In the final phase, conclusions were established and recommendations for further related pedagogic experiments were introduced.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2016/02/15 13:09

_id caadria2014_042
id caadria2014_042
authors Alam, Jack and Jeremy J. Ham
year 2014
title Towards a BIM-Based Energy Rating System
source Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, pp. 285–294
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.285
summary Governments in Australia are faced with policy implementation that mandates higher energy efficient housing (Foran, Lenzen & Dey 2005). To this effect, the National Construction Code (NCC) 2013 stipulates the minimum energy performance for residential buildings as 114MJ/m2 per annum or 6 stars on an energy rating scale. Compliance with this minimum is mandatory but there are several methods through which residential buildings can be rated to comply with the deemed to satisfy provisions outlined in the NCC. FirstRate5 is by far the most commonly used simulation software used in Victoria, Australia. Meanwhile, Building Information Modelling (BIM), using software such as ArchiCAD has gained a foothold in the industry. The energy simulation software within ArchiCAD, EcoDesigner, enables the reporting on the energy performance based on BIM elements that contain thermal information. This research is founded on a comparative study between FirstRate5 and EcoDesigner. Three building types were analysed and compared. The comparison finds significant differences between simulations, being, measured areas, thermal loads and potentially serious shortcomings within FirstRate5, that are discussed along with the future potential of a fully BIM-integrated model for energy rating certification in Victoria.
keywords Building Information Modelling, energy rating, FirstRate 5, ArchiCAD EcoDesigner, Building Energy Model
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id sigradi2013_183
id sigradi2013_183
authors Andino, Dulce; Sheng-Fen Chien
year 2013
title Embedding Shape Grammars in a Parametric Design Software
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 202 - 206
summary The Garifuna are a group of people that live on the northern coast of Honduras and the coast of Belize. They have a very distinct and vibrant culture. Minority cultures are currently absorbed by mainstreamed cultures and the Garifuna ethnicity is directly influenced by this phenomenon. In this research it is of special concern to encapsulate Garifuna vernacular architecture by means of shape grammars. The research provides a clear documentation of the grammars implemented in Grasshopper, as well as discusses about the issues of embedding shape grammars in the Rhino/Grasshopper environment.
keywords Garifuna; shape grammar; Parametric shape grammars; Grasshopper
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id sigradi2013_173
id sigradi2013_173
authors Braga, Morgana; Henrique Ewerton Pires; Washington Gutemberg Lüke; Antonio Carlos de Oliveira Miranda
year 2013
title Virtualização da Construção em Fase Orçamentária [Construction Virtualization in Budget Phase]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 288 - 292
summary Esse trabalho apresenta a comparação dos orçamentos de um projeto modelado no software REVIT, com o emprego do BIM. No caso de obras públicas, o processo do anteprojeto até sua efetiva construção pode ser um processo demorado devido aos vários procedimentos burocráticos. Devido a esse longo processo que usualmente ocorre nesse tipo de obra, optou-se nesse trabalho por acompanhar uma edificação na fase de construção. A obra objeto de estudo é um laboratório para alunos de graduação em engenharia da Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brasil. Esse laboratório é um prédio de dois andares com 2400 m2 no total. O objetivo principal de estimar os custos de construção de uma obra já em andamento com uso das ferramentas BIM.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id cf2013_167
id cf2013_167
authors Carlow, Jason F. and Kristof Crolla
year 2013
title Shipping Complexity: Parametric Design for Remote Communities
source Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 167-175.
summary This paper presents a system for design and construction of a parametrically designed, structural shell for remote communities. It explains how, through the use of various digital software platforms, a single-layer, structural shell is designed and optimized and subsequently how a series of customized joints can be output for direct digital fabrication. As the customization is focused primary in the joints of the structure, standard dimension, locally sourced structural members can be used. By embedding assembly information onto the physical joints, the system has the capacity to simplify the construction of complex shell structures by workers with basic construction skills. Flat-packed joints can be shipped to remote sites without heavy structural members thereby reducing transportation costs and the overall embodied energy. By lowering cost and simplifying construction of large span structures, the project is intended to extend the benefits of digitally driven design to rural, remote or under-privileged communities.
keywords Parametric design, structural shell, remote communities, embedded intelligence, digital fabrication.
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2014/03/24 07:08

_id sigradi2013_205
id sigradi2013_205
authors Chiarella, Mauro; Luis Felipe González Böhme; Cristian Calvo Barentin
year 2013
title Robots: Automatización en Diseño y Construcción para la Enseñanza de Arquitectura [Robots: Automation in Design and Manufacturing for Teaching Architecture]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 439 - 443
summary Industrial robots controlled by parametric design software and visual programming environments are gaining popularity in the research and use of non-conventional construction processes in architecture. Process automation which can be personalized through variable components promises to become an industry standard with similar cost structures to current pre-fabrication industrial processes. In order to incorporate competencies from non-serial variable architectural modular design, an initial teaching initiative (Advanced Architectural Design Studio – USM) was developed in Latin América. The strategy employed is based on incorporating concepts and instruments of Construction & Design Automation for CAD/CAM processes with a Six Axis Robotic Arm (KUKA KR125/2).
keywords Robotic fabrication; Parametric modeling, Teaching architecture
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:48

_id cf2013_198
id cf2013_198
authors Chien, Sheng-Fen
year 2013
title An Emergent Smart House
source Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 198-209.
summary This paper describes a conceptual model of smart buildings as ecosystem of lean components. The smartness of a building should be an emergent property of many interacting lean components rather than a pre-programmed coordination of actions. A prototype smart house of software simulation and hardware experiment is presented.
keywords Smart building, complex system, emergence, lean thinking
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2014/03/24 07:08

_id sigradi2013_261
id sigradi2013_261
authors Dezen-Kempter, Eloisa
year 2013
title Urbanidade 360º – Explorando Ferramentas Interativas [Urbanity 360 degrees - Exploring Interactive tools]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 586 - 589
summary The emergence of new social codes and knowledge, including on new technologies of information and communication, has changed our gaze in the new and complex order of the city and the everyday experience of the people. In this article, we show how the user friendly software like Google Earth, Google Maps and the 3D modeling program SketchUP were used to explore urbanity in a current research with high schools students at University of Campinas (Unicamp). This research had as the main objective to integrate geometric aspects into simulation of urban development and environmental impacts.
keywords Urbanity; Digital model; Urban simulation; Urban typologies
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:50

_id ecaade2013_125
id ecaade2013_125
authors Di Mascio, Danilo
year 2013
title Understanding and Managing the Constructive Characteristics of Vernacular Architecture
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 435-444
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.435
wos WOS:000340643600044
summary In this paper a methodology will be presented to investigate and document the constructive characteristics of two raw earth houses: artifacts that belong to the vernacular architecture. The comprehension, analysis and documentation of these architectures presents several problems mainly linked to the impossibility of using a predefined method, because the difficulties relating to each artifact and its characteristics, to particular geographic, cultural and social situations, are unique. To understand and document the constructive features it was decided to realize a three-dimensional digital reconstruction of the two artifacts, using 3D modeling software. Subsequently several graphic works have been elaborated (technological breakdown, sheets with detailed information about the materials, used constructive techniques, etc), useful in managing a recovery or maintenance project.
keywords Vernacular architecture; raw earth dwelling; 3D modeling; digital reconstruction; knowledge management.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id ecaade2013_076
id ecaade2013_076
authors Dolas, Caner; Dieckmann, Andreas and Russell, Peter
year 2013
title Building Your Own Urban Tool Kit
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 485-493
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.485
wos WOS:000340643600049
summary The paper describes the development of a set of smart BIM components to facilitate and accelerate the creation of large-scale urban models in the early design phase in a BIM software environment. The components leverage the analytical, parametric and modelling capabilities of the BIM environment to support adaptive parameter-driven building geometry, patterning of different building types, early numerical and graphical design evaluation, various simulation methods and the exploration of design alternatives. The toolset consists of the most common building shapes, but can be extended with additional shapes and their respective area and volumetric calculations when necessary. The rapid large-scale deployment of the components has been achieved by diverting existing tools from their intended use.
keywords BIM; urban planning; early design; rule-based design; parametric design.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id ijac201310106
id ijac201310106
authors Garg, Yogesh K. and Vinay M. Das
year 2013
title Generating 3 Dimensional Pavilions Described in Mayamatam; A Traditional Indian Architecture Treatise
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 11 - no. 1, 105-134
summary The traditional or classical architecture of India is an interesting subject for exploration from different perspectives.Taking pavilions described in Mayamatam as a representative of the traditional or classical architecture of India and analyzing them from the viewpoint of pattern recognition and mathematics encouraging results are obtained.A pattern is seen in the development of the design of pavilions and has been coded alpha-numerically. Based on the system of development and employing computer applications software is created to design pavilions, which follow the principles of traditional architecture.This software has multiple benefits. It can be used as a teaching aid for the subject ‘history of Indian Architecture’. For architectural conservationists and heritage enthusiasts it offers itself as a tool to help in visualization and digital reconstruction. For architects it can be a means for making structures of recent times, which have the essence of traditional architecture.The aim of this paper is to highlight the methodology for preparing this software and demonstrating its output.
series journal
last changed 2019/05/24 09:55

_id caadria2013_006
id caadria2013_006
authors Gerber, David J. and Shih-Hsin (Eve) Lin
year 2013
title Geometric Complexity and Energy Simulation – Evolving Performance Driven Architectural Form
source Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 87-96
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.087
wos WOS:000351496100009
summary The research presents the custom development of a software tool and design process for integrating three design domains, their respective objectives, and geometric parameterizations. It then describes a set of experimental projects and analyses in the context of informing form and geometric complexity. Preliminary results of the multidisciplinary design optimization prototype, which, implements a genetic algorithm, are then presented. The findings include discussion of the value for architects for designing-in performance e.g. the bringing of the energy simulation and financial pro-forma upstream in the design process and of the value for trade off design decision making the system provides. The summary discussion includes the benefit of breeding architecturally complex geometries and the kinds of optimisations or search for improvements on designs that can be achieved.  
keywords Parametric, Generative, Optimisation, Design decision support 
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id cf2013_358
id cf2013_358
authors Gonzalez-Quintial, Francisco; Antonio Sanchez-Parandiet, and Javier Barrallo
year 2013
title Freeform Surfaces Adaptation through Developable Surfaces Using Apparent Contours
source Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 358-367.
summary Free-form surfaces construction has been limited to the possibilities of graphical and constructive control. In a few years we have seen an important development of control of the form through digital graphic technology, software and hardware that allowed truly spectacular constructions. A significant researching way not only in architecture, but also in engineering even in sculpture, has been the adaptation of free forms through developable surfaces using different systems, many based on differential geometry. Reinterpreting some topics of projective geometry that allows the use of certain CAD software, jumping from the physical to the digital drawing system, has been developed a method allows the adaptation of free forms through developable surfaces using apparent contours that we can draw over these free form surfaces. Trough using them we can trace two types of developable surfaces as cones and cylinders that are touching the surface tangentially to this contours.
keywords Freeform surfaces, Double curved surfaces, Developable surfaces, Algorithmic approach.
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2014/03/24 07:08

_id sigradi2013_304
id sigradi2013_304
authors González Cáceres, Alex; Laline Cenci; Cristian Muñoz
year 2013
title Impacto de la Visualización de Información e Interpretación de Gráficas de Herramientas de Simulación Energética en la Toma de Decisiones de Diseño [Impact of Information Visualization and Interpretation of Graphs Energy Simulation Tool in Design Decision-Making ]
source SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 383 - 387
summary Simulation programs are an important tool to reduce building energy demands. However, there are difficulties that limit the use of these applications including the understanding and interpretation of the results. Due to the uncertainty regarding the reading and interpretation of results leading to design decisions, we propose a graphical display analysis, both scientific and information, charts, tables, diagrams, etc. Which apply to both energy simulation tools as complementary programs. It seeks to establish what tools have the greatest impact in the analysis process and how it influences the design decisions.
keywords Process design; Graphic display; Energy simulation Software; Analysis of results
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:52

_id ecaade2013_024
id ecaade2013_024
authors Jabi, Wassim; Grochal, Barbara and Richardson, Adam
year 2013
title The Potential of Evolutionary Methods in Architectural Design
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 217-226
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.217
wos WOS:000340643600021
summary In this paper we examine the potential of combining 2D shape packing algorithms and evolutionary methods in the design process. We investigate the ways such algorithms can be used in architectural design and how they may influence it. In the first part of this paper we introduce the theoretical framework of packing algorithms and genetic algorithms as well as the traditional design process and the nature of design problems. In the second part of the paper we introduce a software prototype that tests these algorithms in two contexts: the preliminary design of a shading façade pattern and the design of commercial housing layouts. The aim for both experiments was to generate optimal configurations based on user-defined criteria without resorting to exhaustive search. Several lessons were learned that point to the potential of evolutionary methods in architecture as well as the limitations of such methods. We conclude the paper with recommendations for further developing this research project.
keywords Evolutionary design; genetic algorithm; packing algorithm; scripting.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id ecaade2013_202
id ecaade2013_202
authors Janssen, Patrick
year 2013
title Evo-Devo in the Sky
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 205-214
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.205
wos WOS:000340643600020
summary Designers interested in applying evo-devo-design methods for performance based multi-objective design exploration have typically faced two main hurdles: it’s too hard and too slow. An evo-devo-design method is proposed that effectively overcomes the hurdles of skill and speed by leveraging two key technologies: computational workflows and cloud computing. In order to tackle the skills hurdle, Workflow Systems are used that allow users to define computational workflows using visual programming techniques. In order to tackle the speed hurdle, cloud computing infrastructures are used in order to allow the evolutionary process to be parallelized. We refer to the proposed method as Evo-Devo In The Sky (EDITS). This paper gives an overview of both the EDITS method and the implementation of a software environment supporting the EDITS method. Finally, a case-study is presented of the application of the EDITS method.
keywords Evolutionary algorithms; multi-objective optimisation; workflow system; cloud computing; parametric modelling.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id ecaade2013_129
id ecaade2013_129
authors Janusz, Jan
year 2013
title Learning from Parametric Manipulation of Architectural Volume
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 1, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 91-100
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.1.091
wos WOS:000340635300008
summary This study is concerned with the building thermal performance education in the context of computer application. The project contains the original script coded in Maxscript for use in Autodesk 3ds Max. The tool workflow and functionality focus on the thermal calculations connected with sculpturing manipulation of architectural volume in pre-conception project stages, when detailed project solutions are undefined. The algorithm is based on the manual methods included in the curriculum. The paper also presents a study of software analyzing thermal performance as a justification for the script vision and educational implementation. The script is rather an addition than alternative for existing software, so it does not assume any resignation from more sophisticated products.
keywords Parametric design; thermal optimization; sustainable design education; Maxscript; energy estimation.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id caadria2014_150
id caadria2014_150
authors Knapp, Chris; Jonathan Neslon and Michael Parsons
year 2014
title Constructing Atmospheres
source Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, pp. 149–158
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.149
summary This paper documents and critically reflects upon the design, development, fabrication, and implementation of three pavilion projects developed during 2013-14. The core investigation of this work is the production of architectural spaces characterized by a quality of enveloping, diffuse, visual and spatial atmospheres. The principal activity of the research is aimed at refining methods for software-based exploration of formal complexities and the subsequent need to control variability and efficiency in fabrication output, using Grasshopper for Rhino to develop customized definitions particular to each specific project scenario. Linking the projects together are issues of scale, resolution of effect, and intent to move from disparate assemblies of structure and skin toward composite, manifold construction techniques that address multiple concerns (gravity, bracing, affect, etc) with a minimum of assembly. A material palette common to the current vernacular of CNC-based projects such as plywood, plastics, and other sheet materials is utilised. This work is invested in extending the possibilities of the architect and architecture as a discipline, extrapolating the workflow from these successive projects to the speculative impact of the work upon emerging possibilities of architectural construction and craft.
keywords 3d modelling; Digital fabrication; Rhinoceros; Grasshopper; Tessellation
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

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