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CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	caadria2014_218
id	caadria2014_218
authors	Özgan, Sibel Yasemin and Mine Özkar
year	2014
title	Playing by the Rules
source	Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, pp. 23–32
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.023
summary	Despite reservations for the rule-based perspective of design with regards to creativity, the role and the potential of rules is instrumental in reflective design thinking. Rules enable sensible and functional conversations about the process. Working with (and mastering) a small rule set is common amongst artists as well. Escher developed rules based on the shape combinations in Majolica tiles to investigate regular plane divisions in his own work. Dwelling on a rule set allows for explorations in a rich design space that result in new series of works. Escher’s published sketches show that throughout his artworks, keenness in seeing shape relations and an ability in manipulating simple shape rules leads to numerous artworks from the same tessellations. Through a visual and rule-based analysis of artistic tiling in Escher’s work, the paper provides a computational perspective on analytical methods for design.
keywords	Shape; Shape Grammars; Art; Rule-based Design; Rules as templates; Escher
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:57

_id	ijac201412407
id	ijac201412407
authors	Abdelmohsen, Sherif M.
year	2014
title	An Inquiry into Designing in Context using Generative Systems
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 12 - no. 4, 477-494
summary	The use of generative systems has been widely investigated in the architectural design process through different procedures and levels of autonomy to generate form.The digression from abstract pre- existing notions of vocabulary and rules – even when resulting in emergent forms – to address complex real- world contexts is yet a challenging undertaking.This paper explores incorporating context in the process of designing using generative systems from ideation to fabrication, and explores the relationship between the emergent nature of generative design and the situated act of designing while using generative design tools.A course offered for 3rd year architecture students at the Department of Architecture, Ain Shams University, Egypt, was designed for this purpose. 110 students employed systems including shape grammars, L- systems, fractals and cellular automata, to design and fabricate 8 group projects.A discussion around emergence and situatedness is presented, with special attention to the designing process from ideation to fabrication.
series	journal
last changed	2019/05/24 09:55

_id	ecaade2014_123
id	ecaade2014_123
authors	Di Li, Michael Knight and Andre Brown
year	2014
title	Digital fabrication as a tool for investigating traditional Chinese architecture - A case study of the dou gong
source	Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 623-632
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.1.623
wos	WOS:000361384700062
summary	This paper presents part of a broader research project in which a set of complementary computational techniques have been applied to investigate and interpret traditional Chinese architecture. The techniques involve digital modelling, algorithmic representation and digital fabrication. The ancient rule books that describe the traditional Chinese design styles and construction technologies are the basis for the parametric rules and algorithms and the application to the modelling and fabrication process. The focus of this paper is the study of a typical Chinese joint structure, the dou gong. The precedent case study and the components of the dou gong are reviewed and analysed. Then the digital representation and fabrication processes that have been employed are demonstrated. Practical problems were found in this process and modifications were consequently made. At the end of the paper, we discuss the achievements and benefits that arise from this investigation, and potential applications in practice. Conclusions from work presented in this paper and for the broader research are drawn respectively. Significant prospective work is suggested.
keywords	Dou gong; ying zao fa shi; digital fabrication; traditional chinese architecture
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	ascaad2022_099
id	ascaad2022_099
authors	Sencan, Inanc
year	2022
title	Progeny: A Grasshopper Plug-in that Augments Cellular Automata Algorithms for 3D Form Explorations
source	Hybrid Spaces of the Metaverse - Architecture in the Age of the Metaverse: Opportunities and Potentials [10th ASCAAD Conference Proceedings] Debbieh (Lebanon) [Virtual Conference] 12-13 October 2022, pp. 377-391
summary	Cellular automata (CA) is a well-known computation method introduced by John von Neumann and Stanislaw Ulam in the 1940s. Since then, it has been studied in various fields such as computer science, biology, physics, chemistry, and art. The Classic CA algorithm is a calculation of a grid of cells' binary states based on neighboring cells and a set of rules. With the variation of these parameters, the CA algorithm has evolved into alternative versions such as 3D CA, Multiple neighborhood CA, Multiple rules CA, and Stochastic CA (Url-1). As a rule-based generative algorithm, CA has been used as a bottom-up design approach in the architectural design process in the search for form (Frazer,1995; Dinçer et al., 2014), in simulating the displacement of individuals in space, and in revealing complex relations at the urban scale (Güzelci, 2013). There are implementations of CA tools in 3D design software for designers as additional scripts or plug-ins. However, these often have limited ability to create customized CA algorithms by the designer. This study aims to create a customizable framework for 3D CA algorithms to be used in 3D form explorations by designers. Grasshopper3D, which is a visual scripting environment in Rhinoceros 3D, is used to implement the framework. The main difference between this work and the current Grasshopper3D plug-ins for CA simulation is the customizability and the real-time control of the framework. The parameters that allow the CA algorithm to be customized are; the initial state of the 3D grid, neighborhood conditions, cell states and rules. CA algorithms are created for each customizable parameter using the framework. Those algorithms are evaluated based on the ability to generate form. A voxel-based approach is used to generate geometry from the points created by the 3D cellular automata. In future, forms generated using this framework can be used as a form generating tool for digital environments.
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2024/02/16 13:38

_id	ecaade2014_038
id	ecaade2014_038
authors	Thomas Grasl and Athanassios Economou
year	2014
title	Towards controlled grammars - Approaches to automating rule selection for shape grammars
source	Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 357-363
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.2.357
wos	WOS:000361385100037
summary	An approach to automating the rule selection process of shape grammars is introduced. A shape grammar interpreter is extended by a computational framework to allow the rule selection to be executed by agents. Hereby each agent is based on a different paradigm taken from the field of artificial intelligence. The results are compared.
keywords	Shape grammar; rule selection; conflict resolution
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	sigradi2014_329
id	sigradi2014_329
authors	Varinlioglu, Guzden; Ozgun Balaban, Yekta Ipek, Sema Alacam
year	2014
title	Parametric Modeling of Archaeological Heritage in the Age of Digital Reconstruction
source	SiGraDi 2014 [Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-9974-99-655-7] Uruguay- Montevideo 12,13,14 November 2014, pp. 614-617
summary	Although 3D modeling has become standard within archaeology, the process of digitally reconstructing archaeological objects requires clumsy and time-consuming procedures. Typically, these procedures call for careful collaboration, between architectural historians, archaeologists and computer modelers, to produce scientifically correct and artistically pleasing models. This paper proposes the use of shape grammars for digital reconstruction of the archaeological heritage artifacts that were discovered during surveys along the coast of Turkey. Concentrating on ceramic vessels, the archaeologists and divers classified the artifacts based on their dimensions and observations. The classifications are used to infer the rules that will generate the digital model for each artifact. Rhinoceros modeling software with Grasshopper plug-in was used to generate 3D models. The goal of this work is to demonstrate that knowledge generated within a virtual world experience, can inform the evaluation of data derived from textual and archaeological sources, and vice versa.
keywords	Parametric modeling; Underwater cultural heritage; Grasshopper; 3D reconstruction
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 10:02

_id	caadria2014_124
id	caadria2014_124
authors	Williams, Nicholas; Sascha Bohnenberger and John Cherrey
year	2014
title	A System for Collaborative Design on Timber Gridshells
source	Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, pp. 441–450
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.441
summary	The bent timber laths of the Sound Bites gridshell create two types of performance space over an area of almost 100 m2. Such postformed gridshells are a wellestablished design solution for creating curved forms from linear elements. Extending principles developed since the 1970s, contemporary digital tools have been utilised to drive a renewed interest in them, primarily through so-called form-finding techniques which connect digital and material models through a simulation of shape under bending loads (Nettlebladt, 2013) and the definition of efficient structural geometry acting under compression loads only (Hernandez et. al., 2012). This paper describes the workflow conceived and implemented for the Sound Bites structure. A central challenge of the research was for such a workflow to allow for the principles of gridshell design to be engaged in parallel to other tight constraints and design drivers. As such it needed to facilitate close collaboration between architectural, engineering and fabrication experts. This workflow was tested in the design and realisation of the full-scale structure within a six-week period. The gridshell design was developed through the manipulation of the shape of two edge profiles and the shell form spanning between these. Architectural and fabrication constraints were met and the workflow allowed for a sufficient level of structural analysis to be fed back to inform the design.
keywords	Digital Workflow; Collaborative Design; Digital Formfinding; Digital Fabrication
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:57

_id	ecaade2014_180
id	ecaade2014_180
authors	Rudi Stouffs
year	2014
title	Towards a Formal Representation for Description Rules
source	Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 347-356
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.2.347
wos	WOS:000361385100036
summary	This paper explores a generalized specification for descriptions and description rules, on the basis of an extensive overview of applications of description grammars in literature. The aim of this research is to establish a formal representation for description rules and the implementation of a grammar interpreter that supports the specification of description grammars, discursive grammars or, in general, shape grammars including textual descriptions.
keywords	Description rule; description grammar; shape grammar; representation
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	ecaade2014_055
id	ecaade2014_055
authors	Ahmet Emre Dincer, Gülen Cagdas and Hakan Tong
year	2014
title	A Digital Tool for Customized Mass Housing Design
source	Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 201-211
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.1.201
wos	WOS:000361384700020
summary	Innovative design approaches are needed for mass housing implementations. Especially increasing interaction between user and designer is major important in the design decisions of these buildings. For this, it is seriously necessary to benefit from technological advances in computational designs, because digital tools like shape grammar, cellular automata, genetic algorithm, l-systems and agent-based models in this field provide not only to save time and to manage the relationships but also to generate many different alternatives. Accordingly, a digital support tool for designers has been developed by using cellular automata approach and scripts of 3Ds Max software. It produces samples of housing design plans which is generated by cellular automata approach according to the data of users' preferences. In this paper the interface and contributions of the developed model are introduced and discussed.
keywords	Computational design; mass customization; innovative housing design; plugin
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ascaad2014_033
id	ascaad2014_033
authors	Al-Mousa , Sukainah Adnan
year	2014
title	Temporary Architecture: An urban mirage
source	Digital Crafting [7th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2014 / ISBN 978-603-90142-5-6], Jeddah (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia), 31 March - 3 April 2014, pp. 405-413
summary	One of the emerging multidisciplinary contemporary art practices is interactive installation art, which is concerned with constructing a temporary artistic environment that is digital, responsive and engaging. It is usually displayed within existing architectural context whether indoor in a gallery space or outdoor in a public space. Recent examples of such art projects show that interactivity and illusion are effectively present and highly influential in the perception and memory of the place. A digital display on a building façade can remain attached to the history of the site in the spectator’s memory even after the display is removed. An interactive space that involves body response and emotional sensory interaction can determine the narrative perceived from the experience. These trends seemingly bring together the physical context and the digital space to contain the spectator. The two mediums are merged to provide a new genre of space, hence a new mode of perception where the art space mediates people’s movement and overlay the context with new meanings. Multiple backgrounds are involved in the creative process of interactive installation art, all of which involve examining various concepts through artistic engagement with temporary spaces. Here, particularly because of interactivity and immerseveness, the spectator becomes part of the performance (the subject); with his moving and reacting he activates the narrative and probably gives it its shape. This paper aims to explore the potentials of the digital spatial display to enhance or weaken our sense of belonging to the surrounding environments while creating an illusionary space within the real physical one. It also aims to discuss how this influence would affect the memory of the mixed experience; the installation being digital, temporary and illusive and the space being physical, permanent and real. What happens to the “spectator” when contained by the digital-interactive and the physical medium(s)?. In order to unfold the mentioned questions, the study uses theories of perception and performance reflected on live case studies of recent art projects where the researcher becomes a member of the audience and an observer at the same time in order to trace the journey inside this new medium. In an era where time is being more difficult to grasp and identities of visual culture is becoming more difficult to define, temporary responsive environments can provide some openings where space becomes durational, yet, influential, and where people’s movements become more meaningful in the visual terrain.
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2016/02/15 13:09

_id	sigradi2014_271
id	sigradi2014_271
authors	Alvarez, Marcelo Paysse
year	2014
title	Relevamiento con drones; el caso Real de San Carlos [Drone mapping; case study: Real de San Carlos]
source	SiGraDi 2014 [Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-9974-99-655-7] Uruguay - Montevideo 12 - 14 November 2014, pp. 649-652
summary	Cultural landscapes, although complex realities, give shape and meaning to the tangible and intangible components which form the foundations of human cultural background. The architecture of the city of Colonia del Sacramento fits within this context, and builds up a unique cultural landscape inserted in the logic of the historical heritage protection system. This concept, which implies wealth but also conflicts, demands a multidisciplinary approach grounded on a wide vision of this issue. Likewise, this comprehensive approach contributes to reverse and correct the lack of capacity and/or interest to save these examples of man-made landscape (prefabrication, mega-projects of the beginnings of the 20th Century, etc.), which are essential pieces of heritage conservation. Since 1943 the bullring is owned by the Municipality of Colonia. In the last decade the building was fenced to prevent breakdown risk. Still, illegal access occurs quite easily, increasing the risk and potential damage, in addition to the spoilage caused by more than one hundred years of inactivity and lack of maintenance. This paper proposes a method to survey and record the current status of the building, from photos taken by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV, drones), allowing the registry without the need of direct access to the site. The survey will enable three types of results: series of mapped photographs, 3D models and an interactive platform for aerial view. The aim is to provide valuable and essential documentation for next stages of consolidation works, competitions and eventualy, new uses of the heritage building.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	ecaade2014_053
id	ecaade2014_053
authors	Baris Cokcan, Johannes Braumann and Sigrid Brell-Cokcan
year	2014
title	Performative Wood
source	Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 131-138
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.2.131
wos	WOS:000361385100013
summary	This research builds upon projects from both university and practice to explore new approaches on how the multifunctionality, flexibility, and performance of wood can be utilized to inform new approaches towards both design and fabrication. The following projects use physical prototypes to bend wood just within its tolerances, design with the high precision of multi-axis robotic fabrication in mind, and finally inform the shape of a large free-form structure through material properties.
keywords	Wood; high-performance material; cnc; robotic fabrication; geometric design
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	sigradi2014_267
id	sigradi2014_267
authors	Braida Rodrigues de Paula, Frederico; Ashley Adelaide Rosa, Diogo Machado Homem, Izabela Ferreira Silva, Juliana Coelho, Fernando Tadeu de Araújo Lima, Juliane Figueiredo Fonseca, Vinicius Rocha Rodrigues Morais, Mariane da Paz Almeida
year	2014
title	Do plano ao volume: a gramática dos planos em série como partido para a fabricação digital por meio de cortadoras a laser [From the plan to the volume: the grammar of plans in series as a party to digital fabrication through laser cutters]
source	SiGraDi 2014 [Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-9974-99-655-7] Uruguay - Montevideo 12 - 14 November 2014, pp. 333-336
summary	This article intent to promote discussion about the possibilities of using the plans in series reasoning as a party to digital fabrication. More specifically, this paper will address the possibilities of manufacturing objects using the logic of plans in series and laser cutting technology. To that end we assembled an identification of elements and transformations arising from the concepts of shape grammar, as well as an assessment of how to produce various objects in this sense
keywords	Digital Fabrication; Laser Cutting; Plans in series; Shape Grammar
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	ecaade2023_000
id	ecaade2023_000
authors	Dokonal, Wolfgang, Hirschberg, Urs and Wurzer, Gabriel
year	2023
title	eCAADe 2023 Digital Design Reconsidered - Volume 1
source	Dokonal, W, Hirschberg, U and Wurzer, G (eds.), Digital Design Reconsidered - Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2023) - Volume 1, Graz, 20-22 September 2023, 905 p.
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2023.1.001
summary	The conference logo is a bird’s eye view of spiral stairs that join and separate – an homage to the famous double spiral staircase in Graz, a tourist attraction of this city and a must-see for any architecturally minded visitor. Carved out of limestone, the medieval construction of the original is a daring feat of masonry as well as a symbolic gesture. The design speaks of separation and reconciliation: The paths of two people that climb the double spiral stairs separate and then meet again at each platform. The relationship between architectural design and the growing digital repertoire of tools and possibilities seems to undergo similar cycles of attraction and rejection: enthusiasm about digital innovations – whether in Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, Energy Design, Robotic Fabrication, the many Dimensions of BIM or, as right now, in AI and Machine Learning – is typically followed by a certain disillusionment and a realization that the promises were somewhat overblown. But a turn away from these digital innovations can only be temporary. In our call for papers we refer to the first and second ‘digital turns’, a term Mario Carpo coined. Yes, it’s a bit of a pun, but you could indeed see these digital turns in our logo as well. Carpo would probably agree that design and the digital have become inseparably intertwined. While they may be circling in different directions, an innovative rejoinder is always just around the corner. The theme of the conference asked participants to re-consider the relationship between Design and the Digital. The notion of a cycle is already present in the syllable “re”. Indeed, 20 years earlier, in 2003, we held an ECAADE conference in Graz simply under the title “Digital Design” and our re-using – or is it re-cycling? – the theme can be seen as the completion of one of those cycles described above: One level up, we meet again, we’ve come full circle. The question of the relationship between Design and the Digital is still in flux, still worthy of renewed consideration. There is a historical notion implicit in the theme. To reconsider something, one needs to take a step back, to look into the past as well as into the future. Indeed, at this conference we wanted to take a longer view, something not done often enough in the fast-paced world of digital technology. Carefully considering one’s past can be a source of inspiration. In fact, the double spiral stair that inspired our conference logo also inspired many architects through the ages. Konrad Wachsmann, for example, is said to have come up with his famous Grapevine assembly system based on this double spiral stair and its intricate joinery. More recently, Rem Koolhaas deemed the double spiral staircase in Graz important enough to include a detailed model of it in his “elements of architecture” exhibition at the Venice Biennale in 2014. Our interpretation of the stair is a typically digital one, you might say. First of all: it’s a rendering of a virtual model; it only exists inside a computer. Secondly, this virtual model isn’t true to the original. Instead, it does what the digital has made so easy to do: it exaggerates. Where the original has just two spiral stairs that separate and join, our model consists of countless stairs that are joined in this way. We see only a part of the model, but the stairs appear to continue in all directions. The implication is of an endless field of spiral stairs. As the 3D model was generated with a parametric script, it would be very easy to change all parameters of it – including the number of stairs that make it up. Everyone at this conference is familiar with the concept of parametric design: it makes generating models of seemingly endless amounts of connected spiral stairs really easy. Although, of course, if we’re too literal about the term ‘endless’, generating our stair model will eventually crash even the most advanced computers. We know that, too. – That's another truth about the Digital: it makes a promise of infinity, which, in the end, it can’t keep. And even if it could: what’s the point of just adding more of the same: more variations, more options, more possible ways to get lost? Doesn’t the original double spiral staircase contain all those derivatives already? Don’t we know that ‘more’ isn’t necessarily better? In the original double spiral stair the happy end is guaranteed: the lovers’ paths meet at the top as well as when they exit the building. Therefore, the stair is also colloquially known as the Busserlstiege (the kissing stair) or the Versöhnungsstiege (reconciliation stair). In our digitally enhanced version, this outcome is no longer clear: we can choose between multiple directions at each level and we risk losing sight of the one we were with. This is also emblematic of our field of research. eCAADe was founded to promote “good practice and sharing information in relation to the use of computers in research and education in architecture and related professions” (see ecaade.org). That may have seemed a straightforward proposition forty years ago, when the association was founded. A look at the breadth and depth of research topics presented and discussed at this conference (and as a consequence in this book, for which you’re reading the editorial) shows how the field has developed over these forty years. There are sessions on Digital Design Education, on Digital Fabrication, on Virtual Reality, on Virtual Heritage, on Generative Design and Machine Learning, on Digital Cities, on Simulation and Digital Twins, on BIM, on Sustainability, on Circular Design, on Design Theory and on Digital Design Experimentations. We hope you will find what you’re looking for in this book and at the conference – and maybe even more than that: surprising turns and happy encounters between Design and the Digital.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2023/12/10 10:49

_id	ecaade2023_001
id	ecaade2023_001
authors	Dokonal, Wolfgang, Hirschberg, Urs and Wurzer, Gabriel
year	2023
title	eCAADe 2023 Digital Design Reconsidered - Volume 2
source	Dokonal, W, Hirschberg, U and Wurzer, G (eds.), Digital Design Reconsidered - Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2023) - Volume 2, Graz, 20-22 September 2023, 899 p.
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2023.2.001
summary	The conference logo is a bird’s eye view of spiral stairs that join and separate – an homage to the famous double spiral staircase in Graz, a tourist attraction of this city and a must-see for any architecturally minded visitor. Carved out of limestone, the medieval construction of the original is a daring feat of masonry as well as a symbolic gesture. The design speaks of separation and reconciliation: The paths of two people that climb the double spiral stairs separate and then meet again at each platform. The relationship between architectural design and the growing digital repertoire of tools and possibilities seems to undergo similar cycles of attraction and rejection: enthusiasm about digital innovations – whether in Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, Energy Design, Robotic Fabrication, the many Dimensions of BIM or, as right now, in AI and Machine Learning – is typically followed by a certain disillusionment and a realization that the promises were somewhat overblown. But a turn away from these digital innovations can only be temporary. In our call for papers we refer to the first and second ‘digital turns’, a term Mario Carpo coined. Yes, it’s a bit of a pun, but you could indeed see these digital turns in our logo as well. Carpo would probably agree that design and the digital have become inseparably intertwined. While they may be circling in different directions, an innovative rejoinder is always just around the corner. The theme of the conference asked participants to re-consider the relationship between Design and the Digital. The notion of a cycle is already present in the syllable “re”. Indeed, 20 years earlier, in 2003, we held an ECAADE conference in Graz simply under the title “Digital Design” and our re-using – or is it re-cycling? – the theme can be seen as the completion of one of those cycles described above: One level up, we meet again, we’ve come full circle. The question of the relationship between Design and the Digital is still in flux, still worthy of renewed consideration. There is a historical notion implicit in the theme. To reconsider something, one needs to take a step back, to look into the past as well as into the future. Indeed, at this conference we wanted to take a longer view, something not done often enough in the fast-paced world of digital technology. Carefully considering one’s past can be a source of inspiration. In fact, the double spiral stair that inspired our conference logo also inspired many architects through the ages. Konrad Wachsmann, for example, is said to have come up with his famous Grapevine assembly system based on this double spiral stair and its intricate joinery. More recently, Rem Koolhaas deemed the double spiral staircase in Graz important enough to include a detailed model of it in his “elements of architecture” exhibition at the Venice Biennale in 2014. Our interpretation of the stair is a typically digital one, you might say. First of all: it’s a rendering of a virtual model; it only exists inside a computer. Secondly, this virtual model isn’t true to the original. Instead, it does what the digital has made so easy to do: it exaggerates. Where the original has just two spiral stairs that separate and join, our model consists of countless stairs that are joined in this way. We see only a part of the model, but the stairs appear to continue in all directions. The implication is of an endless field of spiral stairs. As the 3D model was generated with a parametric script, it would be very easy to change all parameters of it – including the number of stairs that make it up. Everyone at this conference is familiar with the concept of parametric design: it makes generating models of seemingly endless amounts of connected spiral stairs really easy. Although, of course, if we’re too literal about the term ‘endless’, generating our stair model will eventually crash even the most advanced computers. We know that, too. – That's another truth about the Digital: it makes a promise of infinity, which, in the end, it can’t keep. And even if it could: what’s the point of just adding more of the same: more variations, more options, more possible ways to get lost? Doesn’t the original double spiral staircase contain all those derivatives already? Don’t we know that ‘more’ isn’t necessarily better? In the original double spiral stair the happy end is guaranteed: the lovers’ paths meet at the top as well as when they exit the building. Therefore, the stair is also colloquially known as the Busserlstiege (the kissing stair) or the Versöhnungsstiege (reconciliation stair). In our digitally enhanced version, this outcome is no longer clear: we can choose between multiple directions at each level and we risk losing sight of the one we were with. This is also emblematic of our field of research. eCAADe was founded to promote “good practice and sharing information in relation to the use of computers in research and education in architecture and related professions” (see ecaade.org). That may have seemed a straightforward proposition forty years ago, when the association was founded. A look at the breadth and depth of research topics presented and discussed at this conference (and as a consequence in this book, for which you’re reading the editorial) shows how the field has developed over these forty years. There are sessions on Digital Design Education, on Digital Fabrication, on Virtual Reality, on Virtual Heritage, on Generative Design and Machine Learning, on Digital Cities, on Simulation and Digital Twins, on BIM, on Sustainability, on Circular Design, on Design Theory and on Digital Design Experimentations. We hope you will find what you’re looking for in this book and at the conference – and maybe even more than that: surprising turns and happy encounters between Design and the Digital.
series	eCAADe
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2024/08/29 08:36

_id	ecaade2014_054
id	ecaade2014_054
authors	Domenico D'Uva
year	2014
title	Morphogenesis and panelling, the use of generative tools beyond academia. - Case studies and limits of the method.
source	Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 81-87
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.2.081
wos	WOS:000361385100007
summary	The increasing complexity in architectural design brought a parallel evolution of tools for shape generation and management. Digital tools which better fulfil this need are the generative design software. The aim of this work is finding and testing real life uses of generative design software beyond academic edges. The specific target is transform a complex surface into a similar surface mostly made of flat panels. As a testing ground it has been chosen the support in construction of complex shapes made with ordinary and well known tools. The combination of software used is Rhinoceros, with its plugin Grasshopper, and a couple of opensource add-on, Lunchbox and Paneling tool. The cases are listed from the simplest to the most complex, and the first four are solved with the automated procedure, the fifth, manually. Based on the cases studied it is possible to confirm that the method is applicable to the majority of the complex surfaces.
keywords	Generative; panelling; discretization
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	ecaade2014_185
id	ecaade2014_185
authors	Eirini Androutsopoulou
year	2014
title	Urban body network configurations - Attica
source	Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 191-199
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.1.191
wos	WOS:000361384700019
summary	The methodology presented here is grounded on the reconstruction of the urban body as a network configuration consisting of material and non-material components (Bateson, 1972). It is based on the assumption that if one can describe the rules that define the nodes and the connections of the network construction/urban body, as well as their attributes, then the differentiation on the relationships between elements, or even a shift from one value to another, would result in different network constructions, that would produce a time-based sequence of the self-adaptational and self-organizational reconfigurations occurring during the mutational procedure. The urban body is defined as the part of the urban tissue which distinguishes itself from the whole of the urban landscape, either because of constructed boundaries, or because of the strengthening of a specific attribute, which would result in a kind of an immaterial boundary, or, in other words the formation of an identity.
keywords	Mutation; urban body; visualization techniques; network; data manipulation
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	ecaade2014_177
id	ecaade2014_177
authors	Filipe Coutinho, José Pinto Duarte and Mario Kruger
year	2014
title	Constructing a shape grammar. The Ducal palace façade - Constructing a shape grammar. The Ducal palace façade
source	Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 515-525
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.1.515
wos	WOS:000361384700051
summary	This paper shows the way the Ducal palace façade shape grammar was built, evidencing some steps involved in the process, its derivation and partial outputs gained from the grammar evaluation.
keywords	Alberti; shape grammar; rule base design; design automation; transformation in design
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	caadria2014_000
id	caadria2014_000
authors	Gu, Ning; Shun Watanabe, Halil Erhan, Matthias Hank Haeusler, Weixin Huang and Ricardo Sosa (eds.)
year	2014
title	Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture
source	Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, 994 p.
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014
summary	Rethinking Comprehensive Design—the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014)—emphasises a cross-disciplinary context to challenge the mainstream culture of computational design in architecture. It aims to (re)explore the potential of computational design methods and technologies in architecture from a holistic perspective. The conference provides an international forum where academics and practitioners share their novel research development and reflection for defining the future of computation in architectural design. Hosted by the Department of Design, Engineering and Management at the Kyoto Institute of Technology, CAADRIA 2014 presents 88 peer-reviewed full papers from all over the world. These high-quality research papers are complimented by 34 short work-in-progress papers submitted for the poster session of the conference. The conference proceedings were produced by a motivated team of volunteers from the CAADRIA community through an extensive collaboration. The 88 full papers rigorously double-blind reviewed by the dedicated International Review Committee (consisting of 74 experts), testify to CAADRIA’s highly respectable international standing. Call for abstracts sent out in July 2013 attracted 298 submissions. They were initially reviewed by the Paper Selection Committee who accepted 198 abstracts for further development. Of these, 118 full papers were eventually submitted in the final stage. Each submitted paper was then assessed by at least two members of the International Review Committee. Following the reviewers’ recommendations, 91 papers were accepted by the conference, of which 88 are included in this volume and for presentation in CAADRIA 2014. Collectively, these 88 papers define Rethinking Comprehensive Design in terms of the following research streams: Shape Studies; User Participation in Design; Human-Computer Interaction; Digital Fabrication and Construction; Computational Design Analysis; New Digital Design Concepts and Strategies; Practice-Based and Interdisciplinary Computational Design Research; Collaborative and Collective Design; Generative, Parametric and Evolutionary Design; Design Cognition and Creativity; Virtual / Augmented Reality and Interactive Environments; Computational Design Research and Education; and Theory, Philosophy and Methodology of Computational Design Research. In the following pages, you will find a wide range of scholarly papers organised under these streams that truly capture the quintessence of the research concepts. This volume will certainly inspire you and facilitate your journey in Rethinking Comprehensive Design.
series	CAADRIA
last changed	2022/06/07 07:49

_id	caadria2014_177
id	caadria2014_177
authors	Jonas, Katrin; Alan Penn and Paul Shepherd
year	2014
title	Designing with Discrete Geometry
source	Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, pp. 513–522
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.513
summary	There has been a shift in aesthetics from the modern orthogonal building envelope to more elaborate curved and folded forms. Non_orthogonal forms are often associated with complete freedom of geometry, entrusting the advancement in custom manufacturing and robotic fabrication of one-off building parts to realise the design. This paper presents a methodology that allows non_orthogonal surfaces to be designed using a constrained library of discrete, tessellating parts. The method enables the designer both to produce ‘approximations’ of freeform designs in a top_down manner or to generate ‘candidate’ designs in a bottom_up process. It addresses the challenge in the field of design engineering to generate architectural surfaces which are complex, yet simple and economical to construct. The system relates to the notion that complexity derives from simple parts and simple rules of interaction. Here complexity relates to the holistic understanding of a structure as an interaction between its local parts, global form and visual, as well as functional performance.
keywords	Geometry system; form generation; form growth; discrete growth model; design tool; complex geometry
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

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