CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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Hits 1 to 20 of 339

_id acadia14_117
id acadia14_117
authors Elkhaldi, Maher; Woodbury, Robert
year 2014
title Interacting With Alternatives: Alt.Text
source ACADIA 14: Design Agency [Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 9781926724478]Los Angeles 23-25 October, 2014), pp. 117-124
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2014.117
summary Demonstration of the Alt.Text a prototype that tackles usability issues found in parametric modeling tools for exploring alternatives, from the context of text-authoring. The authors draw on similarities between text-editing and parametric modeling; and introduce a number of novel interactions through a multi-state data model, subjunctive interfaces, and a flexible hierarchy model.
keywords Human-Computer interaction Design Alternatives Design SpaceSubjunctive User-Interfaces Multi-State ModelsParallel EditingHierarchy
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id acadia14_619
id acadia14_619
authors Erhan, Halil; Wang, Ivy; Shireen, Naghmi
year 2014
title Interacting with Thousands: A Parametric-Space Exploration Method in Generative Design
source ACADIA 14: Design Agency [Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 9781926724478]Los Angeles 23-25 October, 2014), pp. 619-626
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2014.619
summary Although generative and parametric design methods open possibilities for working with a large number of solutions, there is almost no computational support for designers to directly manage, sort, filter, and select the generated designs. In this study, we propose an approach that presents a similarity-based design exploration relying on similarity indices that aims to reduce and collapse design space into manageable scales.
keywords parametric design, generative methods, design space reduction, similarity metrics and indices, similarity matrix; BIG DATA
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id ecaade2014_225
id ecaade2014_225
authors Kostas Grigoriadis
year 2014
title Material Fusion - A research into the simulated blending of materials using particle systems
source Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 123-130
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.2.123
wos WOS:000361385100012
summary Parallel to the early development and recent widespread usage of composite materials in building and manufacturing, the concept of functionally graded materials (FGM) was initiated and developed as far back as the 1980s. In contrast to the composite paradigm, where layers of materials are glued and 'cooked' together under high pressure and temperature to form laminated parts, FGM are singular materials that vary their consistency gradually over their volume. In direct link to their increasing use in fields adjacent to architecture, the scope of the paper is to explore a possible design route for designing with FGM. Of a limited number of available CAD software where material properties can be graded, the intent of the design for a materially graded windbreak module is to utilize particle systems as a technique for simulating fields of interacting, information-loaded material point sets that can be fused together in a gradient manner.
keywords Functionally graded materials; particle system elements
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id ecaade2014_112
id ecaade2014_112
authors Miguel Sales Dias, Sara Eloy, Miguel Carreiro, Elisângela Vilar, Sibila Marques, Ana Moural, Pedro Proênça, Joana Cruz, Jorge d'Alpuim, Nelson Carvalho, António Sérgio Azevedo and Tiago Pedro
year 2014
title Space Perception in Virtual Environments - On how biometric sensing in virtual environments may give architects users's feedback
source Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 271-280
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.2.271
wos WOS:000361385100029
summary This paper focuses on the objective study of emotions, namely, fear induced by architectural spaces, by sensing and statistically analysing some physiological signals of users experiencing Virtual Environments (VE). For this, a virtual building was designed considering the presence of stairs and ramps as architectural elements that could affect users´ physiological states and perception of fear of falling. Thirty-one older persons participated in this study and were assigned to two experimental conditions (i.e., safe and unsafe conditions). Five main locations (beginning of the stairs; neutral room; first descending ramp; ascending ramp; and the middle of ascending ramp) were considered along the participants' path, and heart rate (HR) was collected in the vicinity of those locations. Results shown significant differences in HR activation among neutral, beginning of stairs and middle of ascending ramp. Despite the fact that the effect of condition was not fully verified for HR, participants reported more fear while interacting with the unsafe condition, with significant differences between conditions.
keywords Virtual environments; space perception; biometric sensing; emotion; ambient assisted living; architecture design
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id ecaade2014_020
id ecaade2014_020
authors Hans J.C. Hubers, Michela Turrin, Irem Erbas and Ioannis Chatzikonstantinou
year 2014
title pCOLAD: online sharing of parameters for collaborative architectural design
source Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 39-48
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.2.039
wos WOS:000361385100003
summary Simultaneous interdisciplinary architectural design from the very start of a project faces challenges in properly sharing information across disciplines. This research developed a method and related digital tool to improve collaborative design and aimed at making selected information to be shared faster and more transparently. The method consists of developing alternative parametric solutions for different parts of the design in such a way that crucial parameters form a link between these parts. The digital tool has been developed for Grasshopper and permits synchronic (real-time over the Internet) and a-synchronic sharing of these parameters. The design alternatives are evaluated with specific criteria, pros and cons in an Internet Forum and discussed via a video-conferencing tool. Decisions are then taken in a collaborative manner through voting. The paper describes the method based on a case study.
keywords Parametric; collaborative; design; plug-in; stadium
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id caadria2014_161
id caadria2014_161
authors Heydarian, Arsalan; Joao P. Carneiro,David Gerber, Burcin Becerik-Gerber, Timothy Hayes and Wendy Wood
year 2014
title Immersive Virtual Environments: Experiments on Impacting Design and Human Building Interaction
source Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, pp. 729–738
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.729
summary This research prefaces the need for engaging with endusers in early stages of design as means to achieve higher performing designs with an increased certainty for enduser satisfaction. While the architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) community has previously used virtual reality, the primary use has been for coordination and visualization of Building Information Models (BIM). This work builds upon the value of use of virtual environments in AEC processes but asks the research question "how can we better test and measure design alternatives through the integration of immersive virtual reality into our digital and physical mock up workflows? " The work is predicated on the need for design exploration through associative parametric design models, as well as, testing and measuring design alternatives with human subjects. The paper focuses on immersive virtual environments (IVEs) and presents a literature review of the use of virtual environments for integrating enduser feedback during the design stage. In a controlled pilot experiment, the authors find that human participants perform similarly in IVE and the physical environment in everyday tasks. The participants indicated they felt a strong sense of "presence" in IVE. In the future, the authors plan on using IVE to explore the integration of multi agent systems to impact building design performance and occupant satisfaction.
keywords Virtual Reality; Prototyping; Design Technology; Immersive Virtual Environments; Feedback
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id caadria2014_037
id caadria2014_037
authors Khoo, Chin Koi
year 2014
title Designing a Responsive Material System with Physical Computing
source Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, pp. 97–106
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.097
summary This paper focuses on an investigation to explore architectural design potentials with a responsive material system and physical computing. Contemporary architects and designers are seeking to integrate physical computing in responsive architectural designs; however, they have largely borrowed from engineering technology’s mechanical devices and components. There is the opportunity to investigate an unexplored design approach to exploit the responsive capacity of material properties as alternatives to the current focus on mechanical components and discrete sensing devices. This opportunity creates a different design paradigm for responsive architecture that investigates the potential to integrate physical computing with responsive materials as one integrated material system. Instead of adopting highly intricate and expensive materials, this approach is explored through accessible and off-the-shelf materials to form a responsive material system, called Lumina. Lumina is implemented as an architectural installation called Cloud that serves as a morphing architectural skin. Cloud is a proof of concept to embody a responsive material system with physical computing to create a reciprocal and luminous architectural intervention for a selected dark corridor. It represents a different design paradigm for responsive architecture through alternative exploitation of contemporary materials and parametric design tools.
keywords Physical computing; responsive material systems; adaptive architecture
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id caadria2016_787
id caadria2016_787
authors Knapp, Chris; Jonathan Nelson, Andrew Kudless and Sascha Bohnenberger
year 2016
title Lightweight material prototypes using dense bundled systems to emulate an ambient environment
source Living Systems and Micro-Utopias: Towards Continuous Designing, Proceedings of the 21st International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2016) / Melbourne 30 March–2 April 2016, pp. 787-796
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2016.787
summary This paper describes and reflects upon a computational de- sign and digital fabrication research project that was developed and implemented over 2014-2015, with subsequent development continu- ing for applications at present. The aim of the research was to develop methods of modelling, analysis, and fabrication that facilitate integra- tive approaches to architectural design and construction. In this con- text, the development of material prototypes, digital simulations, and parametric frameworks were pursued in parallel in order to inform and reform successive iterations throughout the process, leading to a re- fined workflow for engineering, production, and speculation upon fu- ture directions of the work.
keywords Digital fabrication; biomimicry; ambient environments; grasshopper; computational design
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:51

_id sigradi2014_244
id sigradi2014_244
authors Manica, Carlo Rossano; Fábio Gonçalves Teixeira, Underléa Miotto Bruscato, Leonardo Barili Brandi, Osorio Schaeffer, Renan Willian Leite Pereira
year 2014
title Processo de Fabricação Digital de Artefato para Transporte de Maças [Digital Process for Manufacturing Artifact for Apples Transport]
source SiGraDi 2014 [Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-9974-99-655-7] Uruguay - Montevideo 12 - 14 November 2014, pp. 324-327
summary This article presents the result of the activities carried out for the discipline of the program Master in Design and Technology (UFRGS), Digital Manufacturing Process as a Tool for Project. It aimed to develop a product based on digital manufacturing process. With this purpose, was designed a package for the transport of apples. In order to achieve the goal the generation of alternatives was conducted through a game and Sketch Creative Brainstorming, followed by research on the product life cycle. Subsequently, was used parametric modeling software for the package design. The use of three-dimensional modeling software Rhinoceros together with the plug-in Grasshopper allowed the construction of three-dimensional parametric models. As a result, we obtained the creation of a product that can be adapted to other fruits, avoiding rework, and run through rapid prototyping, this being a consequence of the facilities of adoption of digital fabrication.
keywords Digital fabrication; Parametric modeling; grasshoper; Packaging; Apple
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:55

_id ecaade2014_224
id ecaade2014_224
authors Mohammad Rahmani Asl, Michael Bergin, Adam Menter and Wei Yan
year 2014
title BIM-based Parametric Building Energy Performance Multi-Objective Optimization
source Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 455-464
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.2.455
wos WOS:000361385100048
summary Building energy performance assessments are complex multi-criteria problems. Appropriate tools that can help designers explore design alternatives and assess the energy performance for choosing the most appropriate alternative are in high demand. In this paper, we present a newly developed integrated parametric Building Information Modeling (BIM)-based system to interact with cloud-based whole building energy performance simulation and daylighting tools to optimize building energy performance using a Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) algorithm. This system enables designers to explore design alternatives using a visual programming interface, while assessing the energy performance of the design models to search for the most appropriate design. A case study of minimizing the energy use while maximizing the appropriate daylighting level of a residential building is provided to showcase the utility of the system and its workflow.
keywords Building energy performance analysis; building information model (bim); parametric modelling; parametric energy simulation; multi-objective optimization
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id sigradi2014_249
id sigradi2014_249
authors Palos, Karine Itao; José Neto de Faria, Amanda Roia Ferreira
year 2014
title Interatividade na Televisão Digital Interativa: os processos de interação do ‘Indutor de Atividade’ com e entre a primeira tela e segunda tela [Interactivity in Interactive Digital Television: the processes of interaction ‘Inducing Activity ‘ with and between the first screen and second screen]
source SiGraDi 2014 [Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-9974-99-655-7] Uruguay - Montevideo 12 - 14 November 2014, pp. 637-640
summary The Interactive Digital Television allowed to make the active viewer, as it is able to interact with the program that he is watching, so this text gives a description of the devices that make up the media and interactional capabilities of each, makes an analysis of viewers and a comparison between the proposed levels of interactivity to television and the level that iDTV is today, in this context understood the importance of allowing the interactions complement the TV and do not overlap.
keywords Interactive Digital Television; Interaction; Inducing activity; First Screen; Second screen
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:57

_id sigradi2014_217
id sigradi2014_217
authors Palos, Karine Itao; José Neto de Faria
year 2014
title Informação, navegação e interação na Televisão Digital Interativa: estruturas para a falsa sensação liberdade [Information, navigation and interaction in Interactive Digital Television: structures for false feeling freedom]
source SiGraDi 2014 [Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-9974-99-655-7] Uruguay - Montevideo 12 - 14 November 2014, pp. 632-636
summary The Interactive Digital Television makes feasible the possibility of creating more in-depth interactions with the programming, so this text gives a description of the devices and navigation and information structures that makes up this media, in order to understand how these structures can be planned to promote a better use of the content, in this scenario, it was found that despite the Interactive television has been initially designed to allow the construction schedule by who is watching, but this freedom is illusory, because everything is planned in advance and is only can interact with what was requested.
keywords Interactive Digital Television; Design; Navigation; Information; and Interactivity
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:57

_id ecaade2014_157
id ecaade2014_157
authors Rodolfo F. Sánchez and Halil I. Erhan
year 2014
title Design ReExplorer: Interactive Design Narratives for Feedback, Analysis and Exploration
source Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 247-255
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.1.247
wos WOS:000361384700024
summary Designers keep a constant record of the design process through their sketches and notes. In parametric CAD, the record of design moves is implicit and can be found in the elements upon which the parametric model is built. Current systems provide designers with limited tools for recording, viewing or analyzing the design process. We propose a system's approach to capture the design narrative as an artefact for design. The Design ReExplorer was developed to test ideas on using these narratives in gaining insights towards how models are built, exploring alternatives and supporting backtracking and deferral strategies in design exploration. We evaluate its insertion and viability in real-world scenarios through an expert panel study. The results of the study are favourable with positive feedback and multiple suggestions for future work.
keywords Parametric computer aided design; design history; design cognition; design process
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id sigradi2014_165
id sigradi2014_165
authors Rossado Espinoza, Verónica Paola
year 2014
title Desafíos en la enseñanza del diseño arquitectónico creativo: estrategias para desarrollar la creatividad del estudiante con el uso de las TIC [Teaching challenges in creative architectural design: strategies to develop students’ creativity with ICT]
source SIGraDi 2014 [Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-9974-99-655-7] Uruguay - Montevideo 12 - 14 November 2014, pp. 227-230
summary Creativity can be reflected in different aspects of daily life, the new ideas will be based on several conditions. However Information, Technology and Communications (ICT) provide new creative alternatives to design. The subject of creativity is understood as a challenge of teaching; where process and creative thinking are linked with ICT and have an important role in the project development. ICT introduce different factors as, networks, information and scientific advances, improving the level of thinking in design. Teachers should encourage students to put into action their inventiveness and collaboration to increase their creativity level.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:59

_id caadria2014_056
id caadria2014_056
authors Abdelhameed, Wael A.
year 2014
title Creativity and VR Use
source Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, pp. 719–728
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.719
summary Creativity with its various processes is involved in all design actions. Creativity used in architectural design is different than creativity in other domains. However, creativity in general with its related cognition processes has no general theory. This research proposes certain activities of initial architectural design phases in which the role of activity is important. The research proceeds to present a case study of two architectural design studios in which a VR environment is employed in order to investigate the effect of VR use on the creativity in those initial design phases. The research applies a methodology of qualitative and quantitative analysis. Various architectural design factors are neutralized to overcome the influence generated from human factors variation and design thinking prejudice on architectural designing and the associated creativities.
keywords Virtual Reality; Creativity; Architectural Design; Design Studio
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ijac201412407
id ijac201412407
authors Abdelmohsen, Sherif M.
year 2014
title An Inquiry into Designing in Context using Generative Systems
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 12 - no. 4, 477-494
summary The use of generative systems has been widely investigated in the architectural design process through different procedures and levels of autonomy to generate form.The digression from abstract pre- existing notions of vocabulary and rules – even when resulting in emergent forms – to address complex real- world contexts is yet a challenging undertaking.This paper explores incorporating context in the process of designing using generative systems from ideation to fabrication, and explores the relationship between the emergent nature of generative design and the situated act of designing while using generative design tools.A course offered for 3rd year architecture students at the Department of Architecture, Ain Shams University, Egypt, was designed for this purpose. 110 students employed systems including shape grammars, L- systems, fractals and cellular automata, to design and fabricate 8 group projects.A discussion around emergence and situatedness is presented, with special attention to the designing process from ideation to fabrication.
series journal
last changed 2019/05/24 09:55

_id ascaad2014_014
id ascaad2014_014
authors Abuelmaatti, Aisha A.; Vian S. Ahmed and Heveine S. Baban
year 2014
title Collaborative Environments in Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Architecture, Engineering and Construction
source Digital Crafting [7th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2014 / ISBN 978-603-90142-5-6], Jeddah (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia), 31 March - 3 April 2014, pp. 183-193
summary The general picture of Architecture Engineering and Construction (AEC) is of a sector that is a pyramid with control being in the hands of large players with a large base of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). It ensues naturally that SMEs are key players in supporting the large companies. This suggests that, the AEC sector has a continuous demand for collaboration. Collaborative working has been implemented in numerous companies. These efforts have resulted in the wide recognition of the opportunity that emerging technologies offer the AEC sector. It is, however, commonly observed that SMEs are likely to magnify the sector trend and to be less technically forward thinking than large companies. The main focus of this paper is, therefore, to explore the use of IT within AEC, and the barriers and different implementation factors that can influence SMEs to develop, in response to business pressures using the opportunities provided by collaborative technologies.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2016/02/15 13:09

_id ecaade2014_036
id ecaade2014_036
authors Afonso Maria de Castro Fernandes Abreu Gonçalves
year 2014
title A Grammar for Shelters - An exploration of rule-based designs in prefabricated and modular shelters.
source Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 327-336
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.2.327
wos WOS:000361385100034
summary This work explores the possible use of the shape grammar formalism in generating small/medium sized dwellings or shelters as a possible and effective solution for shelter shortages that usually follows in the wake of a natural disaster. The shelters are generated using a set of pre-fabricated elements that add up to form a coherent and functional dwelling. The grammar exemplified here, being a shape grammar, deals specially with generating the underlying functional diagram and the floor plan of one possible solution based on a set of typologies design a priori.
keywords Shape grammars; modular architecture; emergency architecture
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id acadia14_267
id acadia14_267
authors Ahlquist, Sean
year 2014
title Post-forming Composite Morphologies: Materialization and design methods for inducing form through textile material behavior
source ACADIA 14: Design Agency [Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 9781926724478]Los Angeles 23-25 October, 2014), pp. 267-276
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2014.267
summary This paper presents research in developing materials with integrated pre-stressed textile and rigid composite properties. Such a material system, termed Pre-stressed Textile-Reinforced Composites (pTRC), produces forms with great degrees of both 3-dimensional and structural differentiation, from flat form-work in combination with a curated composite forming process.
keywords Pre-stressed Textile-reinforced Composites, Textile Hybrid, Material Behavior, Form-finding, Spring-based Simulation.Category: Material Logics and Tectonics.
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ecaade2014_086
id ecaade2014_086
authors Ahmed Sarhan and Peter Rutherford
year 2014
title Integrating Sustainability in the Architectural Design Education Process - Taxonomy of Challenges and Guidelines
source Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 323-332
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.1.323
wos WOS:000361384700032
summary The last decade have seen substantial calls and increasing pressure for developing an integrated design teaching framework, where sustainability is an imperative priority. This paper focuses on presenting a taxonomy of the main challenges encountered within the educational domain, in the attempt to reach an effective integration. The paper also presents a set guidelines to address and try to resolve the noted challenges. As the use of Building Performance Simulation (BPS) applications is a central approach in this process aiming to reach energy efficient buildings, the paper focuses on the shortcomings noted as a result of the use of these applications in the design studios, with particular emphasis on the thermal and lighting aspects of the simulation. The taxonomy presented is a summary of the findings from literature review, as well as the surveys results which were part of the author's research project discussed in the paper.
keywords Environmental design; building performance simulation; architectural design education
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

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