CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id ecaade2014_149
id ecaade2014_149
authors Matthias Standfest
year 2014
title Unsupervised Symmetric Polygon Mesh Mapping - The Dualism of Mesh Representation and Its Implementation for Many Layered Self-Organizing Map Architectures
source Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 505-513
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.1.505
wos WOS:000361384700050
summary With this paper we present a fully automated semantic shape similarity detection based on N-rings with further potential for shape synthesis in a topological correct feature space. Therefore a way of symmetric encoding of geometry, optimized for the use as feature-vector in self-organizing maps, is introduced. Furthermore we present a modified kernel for the detection of the best matching unit in self-organizing maps especially designed for a data topology differing from the default predecessor/successor structure. Finally we provide the results of a conducted experiment clustering building blocks of an area in Zürich, Switzerland.
keywords Unsupervised machine learning; geometry clustering; self-organizing map; mesh synthesis; probabilistic modelling
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id caadria2014_170
id caadria2014_170
authors Beirão, José Nuno; André Chaszar and Ljiljana _avi_
year 2014
title Convex- and Solid-Void Models for Analysis and Classification of Public Spaces
source Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, pp. 253–262
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.253
summary In this paper a semiautomated morphological classification of urban space is addressed systematically by sorting through the volumetric shapes of public spaces represented as 3-dimensional convex and solid voids. The motivation of this approach comes from a frequent criticism of space syntax methods for lacking information on how buildings and terrain morphology influence the perception and use of public spaces in general and streets in particular. To solve this problem information on how façades relate with streets and especially information about the facades’ height should be considered essential to produce a richer and more accurate morphological analysis of street canyons and other open spaces. Parametric modelling of convex voids broadens the hitherto known concept of two-dimensional convex spaces considering surrounding facades’ height and topography as important inputs for volumetric representation of urban space. The method explores the analytic potentials of ‘convex voids’ and ‘solid voids’ in describing characteristics of open public spaces such as containment, openness, enclosure, and perceived enclosure, and using these metrics to analyse and classify urban open spaces.
keywords Open public space; convex voids; solid voids; user-guided feature recognition
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ecaade2014_133
id ecaade2014_133
authors Armando Trento, Antonio Fioravanti and Francesco Rossini
year 2014
title Health and Safety Design by means of a Systemic Approach - Linking Construction Entities and Activities for Hazard Prevention
source Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 633-642
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.1.633
wos WOS:000361384700063
summary Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe faces many urgent tasks. Among the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC)international scientific societies, only few researches systematically investigate on how to integrate the design solutions with Health and Safety (HS) planning measures, enhancing a collaborative “fusion” of all involved actors in Design and Construction decision making. Process automation cannot be enhanced until design/management tools, such as Building Information Models, can rely only on entities formalised "per se" geometrical items fulfilled by isolated-object specific information. To face complex problems, BIM models should be able to implement and manipulate multiple sets of entities, qualified by clearly established relationships, belonging to organically structured and oriented (sub-) systems. This paper reports on an early stage research project, focused on the identification of operative rules for Health and Safety design. Implementation on the unique case study of Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana functional refurbishment faces two main objectives: one, more pragmatic, is concerned with boostingworkers education about non-standard operative tasks, by means of accurate ad-hoc construction narrative visualisation; another one, more challenging and theoretically complex, consists in modelling "judgment-based" rules, aimed at supporting automated reasoning in Safety Design.
keywords Construction hazards prevention through design; project construction management and visualization; health and safety management; risk modelling; knowledge representation
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id ecaade2014_138
id ecaade2014_138
authors Martin Tamke, Ina Blümel, Sebastian Ochmann, Richard Vock and Raoul Wessel
year 2014
title From Point Clouds to Definitions of Architectural Space - Potentials of Automated Extraction of Semantic Information from Point Clouds for the Building Profession
source Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 557-566
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.2.557
wos WOS:000361385100058
summary Regarding interior building topology as an important aspect in building design and management, several approaches to indoor point cloud structuring have been introduced recently. Apart from a high-level semantic segmentation of the formerly unstructured point clouds into stories and rooms, these methods additionally allow the extraction of attributed graphs in which nodes represent rooms (including room properties like area or height), and edges represent connections between rooms (doors or staircases) or indicate neighborhood relationships (separation by walls). In this paper, we investigate possible applications of these approaches in architectural design and building management and comment on the possible benefits for the building profession. While contemporary practice of spatial arrangement is predominantly based on the manual iteration of spatial topologies, we show that the segmentation of buildings in spaces along with the untraditional more abstract graph-based representations can be used for design, management and navigation within building structures.
keywords 3d scanning; point cloud processing; bim; facility management; space syntax
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id acadia14projects_267
id acadia14projects_267
authors Diles, Justin
year 2014
title Plastic Stereotomy: Toward an Architecture of Laminar Poché
source ACADIA 14: Design Agency [Projects of the 34th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 9789126724478]Los Angeles 23-25 October, 2014), pp.267-268
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2014.267.2
summary plasticity at the beginning of the design process by exploring the multiple, latent volumetric tessellations hidden in simple structural configurations, opening rich possibilities for architectural design and construction.
keywords plasticity, tessellations, FEM software, stereotomic masonry
series ACADIA
type Tex-Fab
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id acadia14projects_219
id acadia14projects_219
authors Mirmotahari, AmirReza; Theodosiou, Joanna; Al-Hadeethi, Shahad Thamer
year 2014
title CrystalCloud
source ACADIA 14: Design Agency [Projects of the 34th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 9789126724478]Los Angeles 23-25 October, 2014), pp. 219-222
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2014.219.2
summary The aim of this project is to create a system that hybridizes two natural systems, clouds and crystals, and simultaneously explores the aspect of light. These rich domains with the introduction of small glass beads lead to an intricate fabric of architecture and moreover to a high-resolution fabric of light.
keywords synthetic constructability, Multi Agent Systems in Design, Robotics and Autonomous Design Systems, Big Data, Simulation + Intuition, Design Decision Making, Generative Design, Multidisciplinary Design Optimization, Design Computing and Cognition
series ACADIA
type Student's Research Projects
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id caadria2014_031
id caadria2014_031
authors Phare, Darin; Ning Gu and Anthony Williams
year 2014
title A Semiotic Analysis of Representational Imagery Used in a Collective Design Task
source Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, pp. 431–440
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.431
summary Collective Design seeks to explore how new forms of Collective Intelligence, arising from the web, allows mass participation in design. Regarding design we have a wellestablished grounding for understanding how design works through the use of representations. Likewise, collective intelligence via certain crowdsourcing examples has demonstrated that a diverse crowd can trump ability groups, when the conditions are right. In the literature, crowdsourcing is the leading lens bridging design with collective intelligence. However in crowdsourcing design there is less focus on the role of shared representations, subsequently any collective diversity is mitigated by the models that govern the extraction of this intelligence. We propose that more effective design in collective intelligence lies in the crowd’s ability to generate meaningful contributions via the content of shared representations. In order to investigate this, the current paper examines data collected from a pilot study in which a representationally rich online collaborative presentation tool is used to provide a shared design space. The analysis presented applies our previously established semiotic framework to identify potential patterns in the meaningful communication of image based design information.
keywords Collective Design; representation; semiotics
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 08:00

_id ascaad2014_000
id ascaad2014_000
authors Sidawi, Bhzad and Zaki Mallasi (eds.)
year 2014
title Digital Crafting: Virtualizing Architecture and Delivering Real Built Environment
source 7th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2014) [ISBN 978-603-90142-5-6], Jeddah (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia), 31 March - 3 April 2014, 470 p.
summary In decades past, the architect was the master-builder with hands-on craftsman experience to design and direct the various trades in the construction of the building. The role of digital design, computation methodologies and processes are poised to transform how we think and craft architecture to deliver today's built environment. Digital crafting methods in today's thinking process for a designer/builder/manufacturer are affecting the delivery of buildings as a final product with aspiration to create rich sensory and habitable environments. ASCAAD 7th Conference theme explores the linkages among digital design process thinking, constructability, the digital manufacturing process and their impact on the practice of architecture, engineering and construction. ASCAAD society has invited academics, researchers and professionals to join and contribute to the debate on the use of Computer-Aided Architectural Design and Information Technology and how the use/ implementation would support and lead to innovative concepts, tools, systems and products on architectural, Urban/City/ regional planning, and building science levels.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2016/02/15 13:09

_id acadia14_33
id acadia14_33
authors Taron, Joshua; Parker, Matthew
year 2014
title Bounded Agency: Integrating informed multi-agent systems within architectural subtractions
source ACADIA 14: Design Agency [Proceedings of the 34th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 9781926724478]Los Angeles 23-25 October, 2014), pp. 33-42
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2014.033
summary This paper explores the development and application of informed multi-agent systems (IMAS) as a means of programming spaces generated through the subtraction of built form at both urban and architectural scales. We argue that IMAS are distinct from multi-agent systems (MAS) due to their adeptness at responding to and conditioning complex, data-rich territories that require an open program while also benefiting from top-down constraints that delimit the system’s edges.
keywords Multi Agent Systems in Design, Subtractive Design Methodologies. Performance Analysis, User-friendly Design
series ACADIA
type Normal Paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:56

_id acadia14projects_31
id acadia14projects_31
authors Vazquez, Alicia Nahmad; Inamura, Chikara; Zabel, Joshua; El Sayed, Mostafa; Sondergaard, Asbjorn; Bhooshan, Shajay
year 2014
title Topologically Optimized Concrete Shell Structure
source ACADIA 14: Design Agency [Projects of the 34th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 9789126724478]Los Angeles 23-25 October, 2014), pp. 31-34
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2014.031
summary This prototype – a topologically optimised concrete shell - aimed to extend the rich legacy of form-finding to adequately represent the complexities of scale, digital designsystems and delivery mechanisms of contemporary architectural practice. It explores synergies in early design between architecture, structuralengineering, and manufacturing.
keywords Craft in the digital age, simulation + intuition, collective intelligence in design, material logics and tectonics, computational design research and education, digital fabrication and construction, practice based and interdisciplinary computational design research.
series ACADIA
type Research Projects
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id caadria2014_218
id caadria2014_218
authors Özgan, Sibel Yasemin and Mine Özkar
year 2014
title Playing by the Rules
source Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, pp. 23–32
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.023
summary Despite reservations for the rule-based perspective of design with regards to creativity, the role and the potential of rules is instrumental in reflective design thinking. Rules enable sensible and functional conversations about the process. Working with (and mastering) a small rule set is common amongst artists as well. Escher developed rules based on the shape combinations in Majolica tiles to investigate regular plane divisions in his own work. Dwelling on a rule set allows for explorations in a rich design space that result in new series of works. Escher’s published sketches show that throughout his artworks, keenness in seeing shape relations and an ability in manipulating simple shape rules leads to numerous artworks from the same tessellations. Through a visual and rule-based analysis of artistic tiling in Escher’s work, the paper provides a computational perspective on analytical methods for design.
keywords Shape; Shape Grammars; Art; Rule-based Design; Rules as templates; Escher
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:57

_id ecaade2014_192
id ecaade2014_192
authors David Stasiuk and Mette Ramsgaard Thomsen
year 2014
title Learning to be a Vault - Implementing learning strategies for design exploration in inter-scalar systems
source Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 381-390
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.1.381
wos WOS:000361384700038
summary Parametric design models enable the production of dynamic form, responsive material assemblies, and numerically and geometrically analytical feedback. The value potential for design produced through the procedural transformation of input parameters (or features) through algorithmic models has been repeatedly demonstrated and epistemically refined. However, despite their capacity to improve productivity and iteration, parametric models are nonetheless prone to inflexibility and reduction, both of which obscure processes of invention and discovery that are central to an effective design practice. This paper presents an experimental approach for the application of multiple, parallel computational design modelling strategies which are tested in the production of an inter-scalar model array that synthesises design intent, the simulation of material behaviours, performance-driven adaptation, and open-ended processes of discovery and categorical description. It is particularly focused on the computational potentials embedded in interdependent applications of simulation and machine learning algorithms as generative and descriptive drivers of form, performance, and architectural quality. It ultimately speculates towards an architectural design modelling method that privileges open model topologies and emergent feature production as critical operators in the generation of flexible and adaptive design solutions.
keywords Parametric design; computational modelling; machine learning; multi-objective optimisation; k-means clustering
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id caadria2014_046
id caadria2014_046
authors Moya, Rafael; Simon Watkins, Yan Ding, Jane Burry and Mark Burry
year 2014
title Aerodynamic Features as Auxiliary Architecture
source Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, pp. 295–304
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.295
summary This paper presents the experimental study of aerodynamics phenomena in built environments, focused on explorations of environmental wind flow near buildings, pedestrian wind comfort issues and methods of mitigation of wind speed. In addition, it is an overview of an aerodynamic analysis with CFD software for a hypothetical urban shelter design, based on aerodynamic features. The aim is to evaluate the feature’s performance to control wind flow in protection regions for pedestrians.
keywords Urban aerodynamics; CFD simulation; wind discomfort
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id ijac201412204
id ijac201412204
authors Wilkinson, Samuel; Sean Hanna
year 2014
title Approximating Computational Fluid Dynamics for Generative Tall Building Design
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 12 - no. 2, 155-178
summary Background literature review, methodology, results, and analysis are presented for a novel approach to approximating wind pressure on tall buildings for the application of generative design exploration and optimisation.The predictions are approximations of time-averaged computational fluid dynamics (CFD) data with the aim of maintaining simulation accuracy but with improved speed.This is achieved through the use of a back-propagation artificial neural network (ANN) with vertex-based shape features as input and pressure as output.The training set consists of 600 procedurally generated tall building models, and the test set of 10 real building models; for all models in both sets, a feature vector is calculated for every vertex. Over the test set, mean absolute errors against the basis CFD are 1.99–4.44% (_:2.10–5.09%) with an on-line process time of 14.72–809.98s (0.028s/sample). Studies are also included on feature sensitivity, training set size, and comparison of CFD against prediction times. Results indicate that prediction time is only dependent on the number of test model vertices, and is therefore invariant to basis CFD time.
series journal
last changed 2019/05/24 09:55

_id sigradi2014_075
id sigradi2014_075
authors Afsari, Kereshmeh; Chuck Eastman
year 2014
title Categorization of building product models in BIM Content Library portals
source SiGraDi 2014 [Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-9974-99-655-7] Uruguay- Montevideo 12,13,14 November 2014, pp. 370-374
summary BIM Content Libraries are performing as online sources for building product models. In order to effectively use the product models, it is important to organize them systematically within these databases. But currently there is no standard or guideline for this purpose. Products in these libraries are being categorized based on different criteria such as the object classes in the target platform, by referring to multiple classification systems or based on customized categories. This paper studies some of the BIM Content Libraries and investigates the structure that each library is using for product categorization. It indicates the need for a generic framework for the purpose of product categorization in BIM Content Libraries.
keywords BIM objects; Product models; Building models; BIM Content Library; Product category
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:47

_id ecaade2014_221
id ecaade2014_221
authors Charles Avis
year 2014
title Shared Space Navigation
source Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 173-179
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.1.173
wos WOS:000361384700017
summary Shared space is a concept of urban planning in which all barriers between cars and pedestrians, such as curbs and crosswalks, is removed to encourage heightened awareness of drivers and pedestrians, thus making city streets safer. The system has been highly successful, but can be highly stressful due to the lack of rules and signage. Thus, an adaptive feedback system that guides one safely through shared space could be essential for a shared space on the city scale. This paper imagines shared space at the city scale, and uses computational strategies to develop a system of adaptive collision-avoidance. By abstracting the movement of cars and pedestrians to properties of moving 'agents', collision detection and adaptive path finding models are developed, and then prototyped in an immersive environment that experiments with variable visual feedback based on user interactions.
keywords Shared space; movement; visual feedback; traffic; urban
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id ijac201412105
id ijac201412105
authors Choo, Thian-Siong; Patrick Janssen
year 2014
title Evolutionary Optimisation of Semitransparent Building Integrated Photovoltaic Facades
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 12 - no. 1, 81-100
summary The optimisation of semi-transparent building integrated photovoltaic facades can be challenging when attempting to find an overall balance performance between conflicting performance criteria. This paper presents a three-phase design optimisation method that maximises overall electricity savings generated by these types of facades by simulating the combined impact of electricity generation, cooling load, and daylight autonomy. Two demonstrations are performed, with the difference being that the second demonstration uses an enhanced model for calculating daylight savings that takes into account the use of blinds to counteract glare. For both demonstrations, the three-phase optimisation method significantly reduces optimisation run times. Comparing the design variants evolved by the two demonstrations, the use of the enhanced daylight savings model results in a total electricity savings that is more accurate but in terms of visual differentiation, the difference between the optimized design variants is relatively small.
series journal
last changed 2019/05/24 09:55

_id ecaade2014_146
id ecaade2014_146
authors Davide Ventura and Matteo Baldassari
year 2014
title Grow: Generative Responsive Object for Web-based design - Methodology for generative design and interactive prototyping
source Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 587-594
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.2.587
wos WOS:000361385100061
summary This paper is part of the research on Generative Design and is inspired by the ideas spread by the following paradigms: the Internet of Things (Auto-ID Center, 1999) and the Pervasive/Ubiquitous Computing (Weiser, 1993). Particularly, the research describes a number of case studies and, in detail, the experimental prototype of an interactive-design object: “Grow-1”. The general assumptions of the study are as follows: a) Developing the experimental prototype of a smart-design object (Figure 1) in terms of interaction with man, with regard to the specific conditions of the indoor environment as well as in relation to the internet/web platforms. b) Setting up a project research based on the principles of Generative Design.c) Formulating and adopting a methodology where computational design techniques and interactive prototyping ones converge, in line with the principles spread by the new paradigms like the Internet of Things.
keywords Responsive environments and smart spaces; ubiquitous pervasive computing; internet of things; generative design; parametric modelling
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id sigradi2014_303
id sigradi2014_303
authors De Monte, Andrea Maria
year 2014
title Visualización de información y cadena de significados. Cartografía de Infovis orientada a su experimentación didáctica en procesos de diseño [Information visualization and chain of meanings. Infovis cartography oriented to its didactic experimentation in design processes]
source SiGraDi 2014 [Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-9974-99-655-7] Uruguay - Montevideo 12 - 14 November 2014, pp. 609-613
summary The digitization of culture imposes new logic to the design disciplines in professional and academic areas. New roles, competencies and requirements emerge in front of an architecture that today is essentially material and also informational. The overabundance of information confuses and forced to develop strategies and skills that go beyond the traditional system of reading and observation to achieve its analysis and understanding. In this sense, the work investigates and cartography variables of information visualization related to semantic attributes, aimed to recognize their potential for instrumental experimentation in design processes within learning environments.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:50

_id caadria2014_029
id caadria2014_029
authors Devilat, Bernadette and Stephen Gage
year 2014
title The Role of the Record and the Paradox of the Original
source Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, pp. 317–326
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.317
summary Earthquakes have progressively destroyed the Chilean built heritage over the years, not only due to the initial devastation they produce, but also as a result of the applied reconstruction approaches that follow. The design of reconstruction projects has usually aimed to re-establish the previous built form of historic buildings; generating new ‘heritage’ constructions that try to imitate only the appearance of previous ones rather than understanding that heritage, in the case studied, includes a sustainable mode of construction. This issue occurs in places where previous records are sometimes non-existent, which poses the question of authenticity. Considering the regularity of earthquakes in Chile, the role of accurate recording technologies, such as 3D laser scanning, becomes relevant. Their implications for new and existing architectures in the re-construction process include being a virtual database for demolition, retrofitting, intervention or replica. This paper examines the survey of the church of San Lorenzo de Tarapacá obtained in January 2013, and discusses how this, in conjunction with previous records, might impact on what is considered heritage and the design of future reconstructions.
keywords Earthquakes; 3D scanning; heritage intervention; replica; Tarapacá
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

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