CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id cf2017_225
id cf2017_225
authors De Luca, Francesco; Voll, Hendrik
year 2017
title Solar Collection Multi-isosurface Method: Computational Design Advanced Method for the Prediction of Direct Solar Access in Urban Environments
source Gülen Çagdas, Mine Özkar, Leman F. Gül and Ethem Gürer (Eds.) Future Trajectories of Computation in Design [17th International Conference, CAAD Futures 2017, Proceedings / ISBN 978-975-561-482-3] Istanbul, Turkey, July 12-14, 2017, p. 225.
summary Direct solar access and daylight requirements contribute significantly when it comes to shaping the layout and appearance of contemporary cities. Urban planning regulations in Estonia set the minimum amount of direct solar access that existing housing has the right to receive and new premises are required to get when new developments are built. The solar envelope and solar collection methods are used to define the volume and shape of new buildings that allow the due solar rights to the surrounding buildings, in the case of the former, and the portion of the own façades that receive the required direct solar access, in the case of the latter. These methods have been developed over a period of several decades, and present-day CAAD and environmental analysis software permits the generation of solar envelopes and solar collection isosurfaces, although they suffer from limitations. This paper describes an advanced method for generating solar collection isosurfaces and presents evidence that it is significantly more efficient than the existing method for regulation in Estonia’s urban environments.
keywords Urban planning, Direct solar access, Solar envelope, Solar collection, Computational design, Environmental design
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2017/12/01 14:38

_id acadia17_212
id acadia17_212
authors De Luca, Francesco
year 2017
title Solar Form Finding: Subtractive Solar Envelope and Integrated Solar Collection Computational Method for High-Rise Buildings in Urban Environments
source ACADIA 2017: DISCIPLINES & DISRUPTION [Proceedings of the 37th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-692-96506-1] Cambridge, MA 2-4 November, 2017), pp. 212-221
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2017.212
summary Daylight standards contribute significantly to the form of buildings and the urban environment. Direct solar access of existing and new buildings can be considered through the use of solar envelope and solar collection isosurface methods. The first determines the maximum volume and shape that new buildings cannot exceed to guarantee the required solar rights on existing surrounding facades. The latter predicts the portion of facades of new buildings that will receive the required direct sunlight hours in urban environments. Nowadays, environmental design software based on the existing methods permits the generation of solar envelopes and solar collection isosurfaces to use in the schematic design phase. Nevertheless, the existing methods and software present significant limitations when used to design buildings that must fulfil the Estonian daylight standard. Recent research has successfully developed computational workflows based on the existing methods and available tools to tackle such shortcomings. The present work uses the findings to propose a novel computational method to generate solar envelopes and integrate solar collection analysis. It is a subtractive form-finding method that is more efficient than the existing additive methods and other recent workflows when it is applied to high-rise buildings in fragmented urban environments. The tests performed show that the new method permits the realisation of compliant and larger solar envelopes, which furthermore embed formal properties. The objective of the research is to contribute to the development of computational methods and tools to integrate direct solar access performance efficiently into the design process.
keywords design methods; information processing; simulation & optimization; form finding
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id ecaade2017_164
id ecaade2017_164
authors De Luca, Francesco
year 2017
title From Envelope to Layout - Buildings Massing and Layout Generation for Solar Access in Urban Environments
source Fioravanti, A, Cursi, S, Elahmar, S, Gargaro, S, Loffreda, G, Novembri, G, Trento, A (eds.), ShoCK! - Sharing Computational Knowledge! - Proceedings of the 35th eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy, 20-22 September 2017, pp. 431-440
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2017.2.431
summary The use of daylight for the inhabitants health and comfort purposes and for the energy efficiency of buildings influences significantly the shape and outlook of urban environments. The solar envelope and solar collection surface are methods to define the massing of buildings for direct solar access requirements. They have been recently improved to be used in the design of buildings in relation to the Estonian daylight standard. Nevertheless the solar collection method can be applied only to single buildings with simple shape. The present research investigates the direct solar access performance of building clusters with multiple layouts in different urban areas in the city of Tallinn. Result show that different patterns perform in significant different ways whereas the same cluster types have the best and the least performances in all the cases.
keywords Urban design; Direct solar access; Solar envelope; Environmental analysis; Computational design
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id sigradi2017_016
id sigradi2017_016
authors Alexandre da Silva, Geovany Jessé; Carlos Alejandro Nome, Lucy Donegan
year 2017
title Ferramentas de Projeto para análise da qualidade urbana: Relacionando forma, usos, densidade e configuração espacial na cidade de João Pessoa, Brasil. [Design tools to assess urban quality: Relating form, uses, density and spatial configuration in João Pessoa city, Brazil.]
source SIGraDi 2017 [Proceedings of the 21th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-227-439-5] Chile, Concepción 22 - 24 November 2017, pp.123-129
summary This paper describes an experience in a Graduate course Architecture and Urbanism that used computational tools to analyze urban quality – considering form, uses, density and spatial configuration (based on visual and fields) – in different urban areas in the city of João Pessoa. Understanding that the city is a problem in organized complexity, different aspects condition the quality of use of spaces and reveal urban dynamics. Urban analysis aided by computational tools revealed successful in characterizing different problems and potentialities that can lay the foundation for interventions with more urban quality.
keywords Design computational tools; Study of urban form, uses and density; Urban space performance; Spatial configuration.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2021/03/28 19:58

_id sigradi2017_015
id sigradi2017_015
authors Almeida, Adriane Borda; Juçara Nunes da Silva
year 2017
title Referenciais Didáticos de Arquitetura a partir de Gaudí e Gehry: Entre Forças e Fraquezas, Ameaças e Oportunidades [Didactic References of Architecture from Gaudí and Gehry: Between Strengths and Weaknesses, Threats and Opportunities]
source SIGraDi 2017 [Proceedings of the 21th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-227-439-5] Chile, Concepción 22 - 24 November 2017, pp.114-122
summary The challenges on the ways of producing and teaching architecture, in the face of new digital technologies, led us to develop guidelines for updating didactic strategies in the area of teaching geometry and graphic representation in architecture courses. In order to do so, it is proposed to use the SWOT matrix as a way to cross-check what is being discussed. To identify the factors of the matrix, in the research environment we identify Opportunities and Threats and, using as examples the works of the Sagrada Familia Temple and the Guggenheim Museum, we identify Strenghts and Weaknesses.
keywords Geometry; Design; Technologies of Representation; Didactic Speech.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2021/03/28 19:58

_id ecaade2017_184
id ecaade2017_184
authors Almeida, Daniel and Sousa, José Pedro
year 2017
title Tradition and Innovation in Digital Architecture - Reviewing the Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 2005
source Fioravanti, A, Cursi, S, Elahmar, S, Gargaro, S, Loffreda, G, Novembri, G, Trento, A (eds.), ShoCK! - Sharing Computational Knowledge! - Proceedings of the 35th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy, 20-22 September 2017, pp. 267-276
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2017.1.267
summary Please write your aToday, in a moment when digital technologies are taking command of many architectural design and construction processes, it is important to examine the place and role of traditional ones. Designed by Álvaro Siza and Eduardo Souto de Moura in collaboration with Cecil Balmond, the Serpentine Gallery Pavilion 2005 reflects the potential of combining those two different approaches in the production of innovative buildings. For inquiring this argument, this paper investigates the development of this project from its conception to construction with a double goal: to uncover the relationship between analogical and digital processes, and to understand the architects' role in a geographically distributed workflow, which involved the use of computational design and robotic fabrication technologies. To support this examination, the authors designed and fabricated a 1:3 scale prototype of part of the Pavilion, which also served to check and reflect on the technological evolution since then, which is setting different conditions for design development and collaboration.bstract here by clicking this paragraph.
keywords Serpentine Gallery Pavilion; Computational Design; Digital Fabrication; Wooden Construction; Architectural Representation;
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id sigradi2017_009
id sigradi2017_009
authors Alves de Oliveira, Amanda Aline; Tatiana Sakurai
year 2017
title Fabricação digital e DIY: Pesquisa de soluções para a criação de um mobiliário nômade [Digital fabrication and DIY: Research of solutions for the creation of a nomadic furniture]
source SIGraDi 2017 [Proceedings of the 21th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-227-439-5] Chile, Concepción 22 - 24 November 2017, pp.67-74
summary This article reflects about creation, through the analysis of joints and furniture that are easily assembly and disassembly destined for young people in constant territorial displacement situations. Obtained by digital fabrication in the largest public network of free Fab Labs in the world, which is provided by the City Hall of São Paulo and the maker culture present in these units. Thus, are used, bibliographic and iconographic analysis and drawings for a better understanding of this furniture that had as reference for the analysis the following books: Nomadic Furniture volumes 1 and 2 written by Victor Papanek and James Hennessey.
keywords Disassembly; Joints; Digital manufacturing; Furniture; Mobility
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2021/03/28 19:58

_id sigradi2017_072
id sigradi2017_072
authors Amaral de Andrade, Bruno; Camila Marques Zyngier, Camila Marques Zyngier, Ana Clara Mourão Moura
year 2017
title Roteiro Metodológico para Gamificação do Geodesign Aplicado ao Planejamento Urbano: Por uma Experiência Lúdica no Projeto de Futuros Alternativos para a Cidade com Crianças [Methodological Guide for the Gamification of Geodesign Applied to Urban Planning: For a Ludic Experience on the Project of Alternative Futures for the City with Children]
source SIGraDi 2017 [Proceedings of the 21th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-227-439-5] Chile, Concepción 22 - 24 November 2017, pp.491-495
summary This article aims to present a Methodological Guide to add gamification elements to the Geodesign framework when planning the future of the city, using Geogames such Minecraft, with the participation of children in Tirol, in Brazil. The problematic tackled is related to the challenges that participants of a Geodesign workshop face when co-designing projects as alternative futures for the territory, such as losing engagement and involvement. To support the participants overcome these challenges we incorporate playfulness into the some of the Geodesign workshop phases enhancing geovisualization, collaboration and cognition.
keywords Geodesign; Geogames; Geovisualization; Participatory Planning; Chindren’s Design.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2021/03/28 19:58

_id ecaade2021_203
id ecaade2021_203
authors Arora, Hardik, Bielski, Jessica, Eisenstadt, Viktor, Langenhan, Christoph, Ziegler, Christoph, Althoff, Klaus-Dieter and Dengel, Andreas
year 2021
title Consistency Checker - An automatic constraint-based evaluator for housing spatial configurations
source Stojakovic, V and Tepavcevic, B (eds.), Towards a new, configurable architecture - Proceedings of the 39th eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia, 8-10 September 2021, pp. 351-358
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2021.2.351
summary The gradual rise of artificial intelligence (AI) and its increasing visibility among many research disciplines affected Computer-Aided Architectural Design (CAAD). Architectural deep learning (DL) approaches are being developed and published on a regular basis, such as retrieval (Sharma et al. 2017) or design style manipulation (Newton 2019; Silvestre et al. 2016). However, there seems to be no method to evaluate highly constrained spatial configurations for specific architectural domains (such as housing or office buildings) based on basic architectural principles and everyday practices. This paper introduces an automatic constraint-based consistency checker to evaluate the coherency of semantic spatial configurations of housing construction using a small set of design principles to evaluate our DL approaches. The consistency checker informs about the overall performance of a spatial configuration followed by whether it is open/closed and the constraints it didn't satisfy. This paper deals with the relation of spaces processed as mathematically formalized graphs contrary to existing model checking software like Solibri.
keywords model checking, building information modeling, deep learning, data quality
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id sigradi2017_063
id sigradi2017_063
authors Augusto de Andrade, Raphael; Raphael Augusto de Andrade, Fernando Tadeu de Araújo Lima
year 2017
title O projeto integrado e o processo de projeto em BIM - aplicação e normas brasileiras [The integrated project and the design process in BIM - Brazilian application and standards]
source SIGraDi 2017 [Proceedings of the 21th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-227-439-5] Chile, Concepción 22 - 24 November 2017, pp.429-433
summary The advent of BIM in the AECO industry brings with it profound transformations in the design process. These changes are necessary to meet the requirements of the current project market and make the traditional design process into an integrated design process. Although the advantages obtained from this practice, new job functions and standardization of communication must be embraced to ensure its success. This work presents the conception of the integrated project in BIM with its practices related to the PDP and identifies the evolution of the norms of aid to the realization of projects in BIM in Brazil.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2021/03/28 19:58

_id cf2017_337
id cf2017_337
authors Barber, Gabriela; Lafluf, Marcos; Amen, Fernando Garcia; Accuosto, Pablo
year 2017
title Interactive Projection Mapping in Heritage: The Anglo Case
source Gülen Çagdas, Mine Özkar, Leman F. Gül and Ethem Gürer (Eds.) Future Trajectories of Computation in Design [17th International Conference, CAAD Futures 2017, Proceedings / ISBN 978-975-561-482-3] Istanbul, Turkey, July 12-14, 2017, pp. 337-348.
summary This work is the outcome of a multidisciplinary collaboration in the context of the VidiaLab (Laboratorio de Visualización Digital Avanzada). It proposes an application of interactive video mapping techniques as a form of experiencing the Fray Bentos industrial landscape, declared as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2015. An immersive environment was created by enriching a physical scale model of the site with projected digital images and information, providing new and attractive ways of interaction with the cultural heritage. Proposals for future work and educational applications of the developed tools are also discussed.
keywords Video Mapping, New Media Art, Heritage, Museum, Human-Computer Interaction
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2017/12/01 14:38

_id sigradi2017_034
id sigradi2017_034
authors Barrozo do Amaral Villares, Alexandre; Daniel de Carvalho Moreira
year 2017
title Python on the Landscape of Programming Tools for Design and Architectural Education
source SIGraDi 2017 [Proceedings of the 21th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-227-439-5] Chile, Concepción 22 - 24 November 2017, pp.237-241
summary Currently most professional modeling and computer graphics software packages embed a scripting language. This is an early report on collecting data about software applications and coding tools geared towards the educational environment, preparing a listing for further evaluation and analysis of platforms. An increase in the adoption of Python as the embedded scripting syntax in many established tools can already be recognized, therefore the creation of educational materials on Python for design and architectural education merits further attention. Other insights on the educational potential of the available tools might be gained by advancing the data collection and evaluation work.
keywords Education; Design; Architecture; Programming; Python.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2021/03/28 19:58

_id ecaade2017_155
id ecaade2017_155
authors Beir?o, José Nuno and de Klerk, Rui
year 2017
title CIM-St - A Design Grammar for Street Cross Sections
source Fioravanti, A, Cursi, S, Elahmar, S, Gargaro, S, Loffreda, G, Novembri, G, Trento, A (eds.), ShoCK! - Sharing Computational Knowledge! - Proceedings of the 35th eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy, 20-22 September 2017, pp. 619-628
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2017.2.619
summary The design of streets plays an essential role in shaping the quality of our cities. In particular, the design of a street's cross section determines in many aspects the realm of its use, enhancing or reducing its ability for being walkable streets or traffic oriented streets. This paper shows a street cross section design interface where designs are controlled by an ontology and a parametric design system supported by a shape grammar. The ontology provides a semantically ordered vocabulary of shapes, symbols and descriptions upon which the grammar is defined. This paper focuses on the grammar definitions and its translation into a design oriented interface.
keywords Parametric Design; Ontologies; Compound Grammars; Street Cross Section; Urban Design Systems
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id sigradi2017_014
id sigradi2017_014
authors Bonilla Vallejo, Mario Andres; Denise Mônaco dos Santos, Douglas Lopes de Souza, Pena Martinez, Andressa Carmo
year 2017
title La práctica de la colaboración en los procesos digitales de diseño: Investigación - Acción [The practice of collaboration in digital processes design: Investigation action]
source SIGraDi 2017 [Proceedings of the 21th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-227-439-5] Chile, Concepción 22 - 24 November 2017, pp.106-113
summary This paper aims to present reflections on the practice of collaboration in the project JAM! Diálogos emergentes e processos digitais de projeto. For this, we analyzed the interaction and communication of a geographically distributed work team in Brazil, through a research - action methodology. Here be considered as main aspects the digital tools and technologies that support the development of remote architectural projects. Therefore, advances in the CSCW area taken into account for such analysis. This work linked to a master's research that be carry out at the Federal University of Viçosa
keywords Process design; Collaboration; Groupware; Collective intelligence.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2021/03/28 19:58

_id ijac201715302
id ijac201715302
authors Borges de Vasconselo, Tássias and David Sperling
year 2017
title From representational to parametric and algorithmic interactions: A panorama of Digital Architectural Design teaching in Latin America
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 15 - no. 3, 215-229
summary This study focuses on the context of graphic representation technologies and digital design on Architectural teaching in Latin America. From categories proposed by Oxman and Kotnik and through a mapping study framed by a systematic review in CumInCAD database, it is presented a panorama of the state-of-art of the digital design on Architectural teaching in the region, between 2006 and 2015. The results suggest a context of coexistence of representational interaction and parametric interaction, as well as a transition from one to another and the emergence of the first experiments in algorithmic interaction. As this mapping shows an ongoing movement toward Digital Architectural Design in Latin America in the last decade, and points out its dynamics in space in time, it could contribute to strengthen a crowdthinking network on this issue in the region and with other continents.
keywords Computer-aided architectural design, Digital Architectural Design teaching, interaction with digital media, levels of design computability, Latin America, mapping study
series journal
email
last changed 2019/08/07 14:03

_id sigradi2017_049
id sigradi2017_049
authors Braida, Frederico; Cheyenne Azevedo, Izabela Ferreira, Janaina Castro, Janaina Castro
year 2017
title Projetando com blocos de montar: Residências mínimas no contexto da cidade contemporânea [Design with building blocks: Compact homes in the context of the contemporary city]
source SIGraDi 2017 [Proceedings of the 21th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-227-439-5] Chile, Concepción 22 - 24 November 2017, pp.335-343
summary This paper presents the results of the creation of a game, composed of building blocks, conceived as didactic material for the minimum residences design. The game was designed to be produced by rapid prototyping and digital manufacturing resources. Methodologically, the research was based on both a literature review and an empirical research on the use of a set of building blocks. The text shows the critical analysis and reflections on the results achieved with a workshop entitled "Designing compact homes with building blocks".
keywords Building blocks; Rapid prototyping; Digital fabrication; Education; Architecture.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2021/03/28 19:58

_id sigradi2017_052
id sigradi2017_052
authors Branco, Bruna; Robson Canuto, Aristóteles Cantalice
year 2017
title Fabricação Digital Aplicada à Habitação de Caráter Emergencial: Um estudo sobre a adaptação de WikiHouses ao contexto ambiental brasileiro [Digital Fabrication Applied to Temporary Houses for Post-disaster and Social Emergency: A study on the adaptation of WikiHouses to the Brazilian tropics]
source SIGraDi 2017 [Proceedings of the 21th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-227-439-5] Chile, Concepción 22 - 24 November 2017, pp.358-366
summary Digital fabrication has transformed the way buildings are constructed by applying methods such as friction-fit connection. This technique has been propagated by WikiHouse which aims to develop open building technologies to different environmental contexts. However, the indiscriminate use of the model may result in inefficiency of housing performance. This work, therefore, investigates solutions for adapting WikiHouses to the tropics, according to principles proposed by Armando de Holanda in ‘A Guide to Build in Northeast Brazil’. Nevertheless, difficulties related to certain adaptations were observed such as connections compatibility and design of large open spaces, especially because these systems depend on a maximum size of parts.
keywords Digital fabrication; Temporary houses; Post-traumatic urbanism; Friction-fit Connection, WikHouse.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2021/03/28 19:58

_id sigradi2017_069
id sigradi2017_069
authors Briones Lazo, Carolina; Carolina Soto Ogueta
year 2017
title La enseñanza de BIM en Chile, el desafío de un cambio de enfoque centrado en la metodología por sobre la tecnología. [BIM education in Chile, the challenge of a shift of focus centered on methodology over technology.]
source SIGraDi 2017 [Proceedings of the 21th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-227-439-5] Chile, Concepción 22 - 24 November 2017, pp.470-478
summary This article presents the level of adoption of BIM in Chile referring to recent studies carried out in the country, demonstrating that there has not been a significant increase in the use of this methodology by the industry. According to the analysis of international cases on educational frameworks, the authors argue that the development of a national education strategy for BIM with a focus on defining BIM capabilities required to assume the national mandate 2020, along with promoting collaborative work environments and active learning methodologies would be very beneficial.
keywords Building Information Modelling; Metodología BIM; Adopción de BIM; Estrategia de enseñanza de BIM.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2021/03/28 19:58

_id sigradi2017_071
id sigradi2017_071
authors Bueno, Ernesto; Antônio Carlos de Quadros Gonçalves Neto, Caio Henrique Mehl
year 2017
title Análise de variações no desempeno lumínico do Centro Cívico de Curitiba através de modelagem e simulação paramétrica [Analysis of variations in daylight performance of the Curitiba Civic Center through parametric modeling and simulation]
source SIGraDi 2017 [Proceedings of the 21th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-227-439-5] Chile, Concepción 22 - 24 November 2017, pp.486-490
summary To ensure access to sunlight in urban planning, specialized software is available. Mainly used in the initial stages, these tools allow the study of the environmental performance of the proposal. However, neighborhood impact is seen as a secondary aspect, usually evaluated with GIS tools, simulating pre-existing or proposed situations. However, visual programming tools allow, data processing in addition to parametric modeling, streamlining the process of analysis of architectural and urban pre-existences and proposals. From a case study, we present a methodology that uses these tools to demonstrate the loss of daylight performance of open spaces due to urban densification.
keywords Urban daylight performance; Environmental performance simulation; Parametric urban modeling; Grasshopper.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2021/03/28 19:58

_id sigradi2017_066
id sigradi2017_066
authors Cabizuca Oliveira, Ludmila; José Ripper Kós
year 2017
title Modelos BIM como estratégia de valorização profissional [BIM Models as a Strategy for Professional Valuation]
source SIGraDi 2017 [Proceedings of the 21th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-227-439-5] Chile, Concepción 22 - 24 November 2017, pp.448-452
summary This article discusses the Brazilian architecture professional devaluation, identifying factors that contribute to a process of disqualification. It provides the basis for possible reflections by architecture councils. Authors pointed out that the BIM evolution would lead to unexplored fields, such as standards to increase project quality. The study suggests the development of an instrument that certifies services, methodologies and teams positively positioned in the contemporary demands of the AEC sector. By incorporating existing standards, the technology is justified as the basis, allowing this quality to be extended to contractors, reinforcing the multidisciplinary character with its involved professional’s responsibility.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2021/03/28 19:58

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