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CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	cdrf2019_265
id	cdrf2019_265
authors	Yue Qi, Ruqing Zhong, Benjamin Kaiser, Long Nguyen,Hans Jakob Wagner, Alexander Verl, and Achim Menges
year	2020
title	Working with Uncertainties: An Adaptive Fabrication Workflow for Bamboo Structures
source	Proceedings of the 2020 DigitalFUTURES The 2nd International Conference on Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication (CDRF 2020)
doi	https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4400-6_25
summary	This paper presents and investigates a cyber-physical fabrication work-flow, which can respond to the deviations between built- and designed form in realtime with vision augmentation. We apply this method for large scale structures built from natural bamboo poles. Raw bamboo poles obtain evolutionarily optimized fibrous layouts ideally suitable for lightweight and sustainable building construction. Nevertheless, their intrinsically imprecise geometries pose a challenge for reliable, automated construction processes. Despite recent digital advancements, building with bamboo poles is still a labor-intensive task and restricted to building typologies where accuracy is of minor importance. The integration of structural bamboo poles with other building layers is often limited by tolerance issues at the interfaces, especially for large scale structures where deviations accumulate incrementally. To address these challenges, an adaptive fabrication process is developed, in which existing deviations can be compensated by changing the geometry of subsequent joints to iteratively correct the pose of further elements. A vision-based sensing system is employed to three-dimensionally scan the bamboo elements before and during construction. Computer vision algorithms are used to process and interpret the sensory data. The updated conditions are streamed to the computational model which computes tailor-made bending stiff joint geometries that can then be directly fabricated on-the-fly. In this paper, we contextualize our research and investigate the performance domains of the proposed workflow through initial fabrication tests. Several application scenarios are further proposed for full scale vision-augmented bamboo construction systems.
series	cdrf
email
last changed	2022/09/29 07:51

_id	caadria2020_090
id	caadria2020_090
authors	Crolla, Kristof and Goepel, Garvin
year	2020
title	Designing with Uncertainty - Objectile vibrancy in the TOROO bamboo pavilion
source	D. Holzer, W. Nakapan, A. Globa, I. Koh (eds.), RE: Anthropocene, Design in the Age of Humans - Proceedings of the 25th CAADRIA Conference - Volume 2, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 5-6 August 2020, pp. 507-516
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2020.2.507
summary	This paper challenges digital preoccupations with precision and control and questions the status of tolerance, allowance and error in post-digital, human-centred architectural production. It uses the participatory action research design-and-build project TOROO, a light-weight bending-active bamboo shell structure, built in Hsinchu, Taiwan, in June 2019, as a demonstrator project to discuss how protean digital design diagrams, named 'vibrant objectiles,' are capable of productively absorbing serendipity throughout project crystallisation processes, increasing designer agency in challenging construction contexts with high degrees of unpredictability. The demonstrator project is then used to discuss future research directions that were exposed by the project. Finally, the applicability of working with 'vibrant objectiles' is discussed beyond its local project use. Common characteristics and requirements are extracted, highlighting project setup preconditions for which the scope covered by the architect needs to be both broadened and relaxed to allow for feedback from design implementation phases.
keywords	Post-digital; Bamboo; Bending-active shell structures; Uncertainty; Objectile
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	ecaade2020_486
id	ecaade2020_486
authors	Teng, Teng, Jia, Mian and Sabin, Jenny
year	2020
title	Scutoid Brick - The Designing of Epithelial cell inspired-brick in Masonry shell System
source	Werner, L and Koering, D (eds.), Anthropologic: Architecture and Fabrication in the cognitive age - Proceedings of the 38th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 16-18 September 2020, pp. 563-572
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2020.1.563
summary	This paper focuses on the design of individual bricks in a masonry shell system that are inspired and informed by the reorganization of epithelial cells within tissues. Starting from a newly discovered shape called "Scutoid", we first investigated how epithelial cells within living animals are packed three dimensionally within tissues. We focused on the living mechanisms within these cells that facilitate tissue curvature in the creatures' organs, skin, and blood vessels. By utilizing this generative geometric approach, we created a series of parametric generators and modeling kits to represent this mechanism and process. We then explored the potential for adopting this mechanism into larger-scale settings. Meanwhile, we discovered that the deformation of individual epithelial cells during the bending process generates an intriguing triangular connection along the bending direction. We managed to translate this unique feature to the architectural scale as a joint system for connecting bricks in a masonry shell structure. Based on the above findings, we designed and fabricated a set of models for the masonry shell structure that are generated from scutoid bricks and this unique joint. The geometrical characteristics of scutoid bricks allows the packing of four bricks with just two joints. The work that we have generated thus far contributes to solving issues of shell design and fabrication from the perspective of individual units. The result of the shell structure model demonstrates that applying the epithelial cell inspired-block masonry system is a feasible approach for the construction of shell structures.
keywords	Epithelial cell; Scutoid; Bio-inspired Design; Generative Design; Masonry shell
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	caadria2020_426
id	caadria2020_426
authors	Goepel, Garvin and Crolla, Kristof
year	2020
title	Augmented Reality-based Collaboration - ARgan, a bamboo art installation case study
source	D. Holzer, W. Nakapan, A. Globa, I. Koh (eds.), RE: Anthropocene, Design in the Age of Humans - Proceedings of the 25th CAADRIA Conference - Volume 2, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 5-6 August 2020, pp. 313-322
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2020.2.313
summary	ARgan is a geometrically complex bamboo sculpture that relied on Mixed Reality (MR) for its joint creation by multiple sculptors and used latest Augmented Reality (AR) technology to guide manual fabrication actions. It was built at the Chinese University of Hong Kong in the fall of 2019 by thirty participants of a design-and-build workshop on the integration of AR in construction. As part of its construction workflow, holographic setups were created on multiple devices, including a series of Microsoft HoloLenses and several handheld Smartphones, all linked simultaneously to a single digital base model to interactively guide the manufacturing process. This paper critically evaluates the experience of extending recent AR and MR tool developments towards applications that centre on creative collaborative production. Using ARgan as a demonstrator project, its developed workflow is assessed on its ability to transform a geometrically complex digitally drafted design to its final physically built form, highlighting the necessary strategic integration of variability as an opportunity to relax notions on design precision and exact control. The paper concludes with a plea for digital technology's ability to stimulate dialogue and collaboration in creative production and augment craftsmanship, thus providing greater agency and more diverse design output.
keywords	Augmented-Reality; Mixed-Reality; Post-digital; High-tech vs low-tech; Bamboo
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	acadia20_108p
id	acadia20_108p
authors	Akbarzadeh, Masoud; Ghomi, Ali Tabatabaie; Bolhassani, Mohammad; Akbari, Mostafa; Seyedahmadian, Alireza; Papalexiou, Konstantinos
year	2020
title	Saltatur
source	ACADIA 2020: Distributed Proximities / Volume II: Projects [Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-578-95253-6]. Online and Global. 24-30 October 2020. edited by M. Yablonina, A. Marcus, S. Doyle, M. del Campo, V. Ago, B. Slocum. 108-113.
summary	The Saltatur (Dancer in Latin) demonstrates innovative research in the design and fabrication of a prefab structure consisting of spatial concrete nodes assembled in a compression-only configuration. The compression-only body is kept in equilibrium using the post-tensioning steel rods at the top and the bottom of the structure, supporting an ultra-thin glass structure on its top. A node-based assembly was considered as a method of construction. An innovative detailing was developed that allows locking each member in its exact location in the body, obviating the need for a particular assembly sequence. A bespoke steel connection transfers the tensile forces between the concrete members effectively. Achieving a high level of efficiency in utilizing concrete for spatial systems requires a robust and powerful structural design and fabrication approach that has been meticulously exhibited in this project. The structural form of the project was developed using a three-dimensional geometry-based structural design method known as 3D Graphic Statics with precise control over the magnitude of the lateral forces in the system. The entire concrete body of the structure is held in compression by the tension ties at the top and bottom of the structure with no horizontal reactions at the supports. This particular internal distribution of forces in the form of the compression-only body reduces the bending moment in the system and, therefore, the required mass to span such a distance.
series	ACADIA
type	project
email
last changed	2021/10/26 08:03

_id	ecaade2021_257
id	ecaade2021_257
authors	Cichocka, Judyta Maria, Loj, Szymon and Wloczyk, Marta Magdalena
year	2021
title	A Method for Generating Regular Grid Configurations on Free-From Surfaces for Structurally Sound Geodesic Gridshells
source	Stojakovic, V and Tepavcevic, B (eds.), Towards a new, configurable architecture - Proceedings of the 39th eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia, 8-10 September 2021, pp. 493-502
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2021.2.493
summary	Gridshells are highly efficient, lightweight structures which can span long distances with minimal use of material (Vassallo & Malek 2017). One of the most promising and novel categories of gridshells are bending-active (elastic) systems (Lienhard & Gengnagel 2018), which are composed of flexible members (Kuijenhoven & Hoogenboom 2012). Timber elastic gridshells can be site-sprung or sequentially erected (geodesic). While a lot of research focus is on the site-sprung ones, the methods for design of sequentially-erected geodesic gridshells remained underdeveloped (Cichocka 2020). The main objective of the paper is to introduce a method of generating regular geodesic grid patterns on free-form surfaces and to examine its applicability to design structurally feasible geodesic gridshells. We adopted differential geometry methods of generating regular bidirectional geodesic grids on free-form surfaces. Then, we compared the structural performance of the regular and the irregular grids of the same density on three free-form surfaces. The proposed method successfully produces the regular geodesic grid patterns on the free-form surfaces with varying curvature-richness. Our analysis shows that gridshells with regular grid configurations perform structurally better than those with irregular patterns. We conclude that the presented method can be readily used and can expand possibilities of application of geodesic gridshells.
keywords	elastic timber gridshell; bending-active structure; grid configuration optimization; computational differential geometry; material-based design methodology; free-form surface; pattern; geodesic
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	acadia20_340
id	acadia20_340
authors	Soana, Valentina; Stedman, Harvey; Darekar, Durgesh; M. Pawar, Vijay; Stuart-Smith, Robert
year	2020
title	ELAbot
source	ACADIA 2020: Distributed Proximities / Volume I: Technical Papers [Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-578-95213-0]. Online and Global. 24-30 October 2020. edited by B. Slocum, V. Ago, S. Doyle, A. Marcus, M. Yablonina, and M. del Campo. 340-349.
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2020.1.340
summary	This paper presents the design, control system, and elastic behavior of ELAbot: a robotic bending active textile hybrid (BATH) structure that can self-form and transform. In BATH structures, equilibrium emerges from interaction between tensile (form active) and elastically bent (bending active) elements (Ahlquist and Menges 2013; Lienhard et al. 2012). The integration of a BATH structure with a robotic actuation system that controls global deformations enables the structure to self-deploy and achieve multiple three-dimensional states. Continuous elastic material actuation is embedded within an adaptive cyber-physical network, creating a novel robotic architectural system capable of behaving autonomously. State-of-the-art BATH research demonstrates their structural efficiency, aesthetic qualities, and potential for use in innovative architectural structures (Suzuki and Knippers 2018). Due to the lack of appropriate motor-control strategies that exert dynamic loading deformations safely over time, research in this field has focused predominantly on static structures. Given the complexity of controlling the material behavior of nonlinear kinetic elastic systems at an architectural scale, this research focuses on the development of a cyber-physical design framework where physical elastic behavior is integrated into a computational design process, allowing the control of large deformations. This enables the system to respond to conditions that could be difficult to predict in advance and to adapt to multiple circumstances. Within this framework, control values are computed through continuous negotiation between exteroceptive and interoceptive information, and user/designer interaction.
series	ACADIA
type	paper
email
last changed	2023/10/22 12:06

_id	ecaade2020_331
id	ecaade2020_331
authors	Turhan, Gozde Damla, Varinlioglu, Guzden and Bengisu, Murat
year	2020
title	Dynamic Relaxation Simulations of Bacterial Cellulose-based Tissues
source	Werner, L and Koering, D (eds.), Anthropologic: Architecture and Fabrication in the cognitive age - Proceedings of the 38th eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 16-18 September 2020, pp. 61-66
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2020.2.061
summary	In this paper, a sample of a bacterial cellulose-based tissue is studied in terms of its tectonics by presenting a framework that proposes a transition from digital to physical in terms of design and fabrication. First, sample tissue is digitally modeled and optimized through dynamic relaxation of spring-particle systems by simulating bending behavior; secondly, the tissue is materialized in a form of a biocomposite out of plant cellulose as a fabric out of fiber network for reinforcement, and bacterial cellulose, as the membrane. As the last step, the results are discussed in terms of the deflection, tensile stress lines and bending moment. This framework anticipates a number of methodologies from design and biology, combined with digital fabrication technologies in new ways to change the processes, augment the quality of ideas and outcomes; thus, question the perception of making spaces for living.
keywords	Structural optimization; dynamic relaxation; bacterial cellulose; biocomposite
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	artificial_intellicence2019_295
id	artificial_intellicence2019_295
authors	Xiang Wang, Kam-Ming Mark Tam, Alexandre Beaudouin-Mackay,Benjamin Hoyle, Molly Mason, Zhe Guo, Weizhe Gao, Ce Li, Weiran Zhu,Zain Karsan, Gene Ting-Chun Kao, Liming Zhang, Hua Chai, Philip F. Yuan, and Philippe Block
year	2020
title	3d-Printed Bending-Active Formwork for Shell Structures
source	Architectural Intelligence Selected Papers from the 1st International Conference on Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication (CDRF 2026)
doi	https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-6568-7_18
summary	This paper presents a novel building technique for the formwork of thin shell structures with 3d-printed bending-active mesh sheets. To enhance the structural stiffness of the flexible plastic materials, bending-active form is applied to utilize the geometry stiffening effect through the large deformation of bending. As it is the main problem to determine the final geometry of the bent surface, design methods with consideration of the numerical simulation is researched and both simulations via dynamic relaxation and finite element method are presented. Several demonstrator pavilions and the building process are shown to test the feasibilities of the presented building techniques in the real shell project. It is expected that this method could be applied into more thin shell projects to realize an efficient building technology with less exhaust of materials.
series	Architectural Intelligence
email
last changed	2022/09/29 07:28

_id	acadia20_114p
id	acadia20_114p
authors	Zivkovic, Sasa; Havener, Brian; Battaglia, Christopher
year	2020
title	Log Knot
source	ACADIA 2020: Distributed Proximities / Volume II: Projects [Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-578-95253-6]. Online and Global. 24-30 October 2020. edited by M. Yablonina, A. Marcus, S. Doyle, M. del Campo, V. Ago, B. Slocum. 114-119.
summary	Log Knot, developed by the Robotic Construction Laboratory (RCL) at Cornell University, is a robotically fabricated architectural installation that establishes a method for variable compound timber curvature creation utilizing both regular and irregular roundwood geometries. Moreover, the project develops methods for minimal formwork assembly and moment force optimization of customized mortise and tenon joints. Following the logic of a figure-8 knot, the project consists of an infinite loop of roundwood, curving three-dimensionally along its length. There are a variety of techniques to generate single curvature in wood structures – such as steam bending (Wright et al., 2013) or glue lamination (Issa and Kmeid, 2005) – but only a few techniques to generate complex curvature from raw material within a single wooden structural element exist. To construct complex curvature, the research team developed a simple method that can easily be replicated. First, the log is compartmentalized, establishing a series of discrete parts. Second, the parts are reconfigured into a complex curvature “whole” by carefully manipulating the assembly angles and joints between the logs. Timber components reconfigured in such a manner can either follow planar curvature profiles or spatial compound curvature profiles. Based on knowledge gained from the initial joinery tests, the research team developed a custom tri-fold mortise and tenon joint, which is self-supportive during assembly and able to resist bending in multiple directions. Using the tri-fold mortise and tenon joint, a number of full-scale prototypes were created to test the structural capacity of the overall assembly. Various structural optimization protocols are deployed in the Log Knot project. While the global knot form is derived from spatial considerations – albeit within the structurally sound framework of a closed-loop knot structure – the project is structurally optimized at a local level, closely calibrating structural cross-sections, joinery details, and joint rotation in relation to prevailing load conditions.
series	ACADIA
type	project
email
last changed	2021/10/26 08:03

_id	ecaade2020_064
id	ecaade2020_064
authors	Agirbas, Asli
year	2020
title	Building Energy Performance of Complex Forms - Test simulation of minimal surface-based form optimization
source	Werner, L and Koering, D (eds.), Anthropologic: Architecture and Fabrication in the cognitive age - Proceedings of the 38th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 16-18 September 2020, pp. 259-268
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2020.1.259
summary	Many optimization tools are developed in line with the form-energy relationship to ensure energy efficiency in buildings. However, such studies with complex forms are very limited. Therefore, the MSO-2 model was developed. In this model, on the roof of the conceptual form, minimal surface is used, thus complex forms can be created. In this model, the conceptual form can be optimized (for one day) according to these objectives: increasing daylight in the space with maximum value limitation, reducing radiation on the roof, and enlarging floor surface area of the conceptual form with minimum value limitation. A test simulation was performed with this model. Thus, in order to find the most optimized form in multi-objective optimization, more generations could be produced in a short time and optimized conceptual forms, which were produced, could be tested for energy efficiency.
keywords	Multi-Objective Optimization; Radiation Analysis; Building energy performance; Daylighting Analysis
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	acadia20_228
id	acadia20_228
authors	Alawadhi, Mohammad; Yan, Wei
year	2020
title	BIM Hyperreality
source	ACADIA 2020: Distributed Proximities / Volume I: Technical Papers [Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-578-95213-0]. Online and Global. 24-30 October 2020. edited by B. Slocum, V. Ago, S. Doyle, A. Marcus, M. Yablonina, and M. del Campo. 228-236.
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2020.1.228
summary	Deep learning is expected to offer new opportunities and a new paradigm for the field of architecture. One such opportunity is teaching neural networks to visually understand architectural elements from the built environment. However, the availability of large training datasets is one of the biggest limitations of neural networks. Also, the vast majority of training data for visual recognition tasks is annotated by humans. In order to resolve this bottleneck, we present a concept of a hybrid system—using both building information modeling (BIM) and hyperrealistic (photorealistic) rendering—to synthesize datasets for training a neural network for building object recognition in photos. For generating our training dataset, BIMrAI, we used an existing BIM model and a corresponding photorealistically rendered model of the same building. We created methods for using renderings to train a deep learning model, trained a generative adversarial network (GAN) model using these methods, and tested the output model on real-world photos. For the specific case study presented in this paper, our results show that a neural network trained with synthetic data (i.e., photorealistic renderings and BIM-based semantic labels) can be used to identify building objects from photos without using photos in the training data. Future work can enhance the presented methods using available BIM models and renderings for more generalized mapping and description of photographed built environments.
series	ACADIA
type	paper
email
last changed	2023/10/22 12:06

_id	ecaade2020_499
id	ecaade2020_499
authors	Ashour, Ziad and Yan, Wei
year	2020
title	BIM-Powered Augmented Reality for Advancing Human-Building Interaction
source	Werner, L and Koering, D (eds.), Anthropologic: Architecture and Fabrication in the cognitive age - Proceedings of the 38th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 16-18 September 2020, pp. 169-178
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2020.1.169
summary	The shift from computer-aided design (CAD) to building information modeling (BIM) has made the adoption of augmented reality (AR) promising in the field of architecture, engineering and construction. Despite the potential of AR in this field, the industry and professionals have still not fully adopted it due to registration and tracking limitations and visual occlusions in dynamic environments. We propose our first prototype (BIMxAR), which utilizes existing buildings' semantically rich BIM models and contextually aligns geometrical and non-geometrical information with the physical buildings. The proposed prototype aims to solve registration and tracking issues in dynamic environments by utilizing tracking and motion sensors already available in many mobile phones and tablets. The experiment results indicate that the system can support BIM and physical building registration in outdoor and part of indoor environments, but cannot maintain accurate alignment indoor when relying only on a device's motion sensors. Therefore, additional computer vision and AI (deep learning) functions need to be integrated into the system to enhance AR model registration in the future.
keywords	Augmented Reality; BIM; BIM-enabled AR; GPS; Human-Building Interactions; Education
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	acadia20_350
id	acadia20_350
authors	Atanasova, Lidia; Mitterberger, Daniela; Sandy, Timothy; Gramazio, Fabio; Kohler, Matthias; Dörfler, Kathrin
year	2020
title	Prototype As Artefact
source	ACADIA 2020: Distributed Proximities / Volume I: Technical Papers [Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-578-95213-0]. Online and Global. 24-30 October 2020. edited by B. Slocum, V. Ago, S. Doyle, A. Marcus, M. Yablonina, and M. del Campo. 350-359.
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2020.1.350
summary	In digital design-to-fabrication workflows in architecture, in which digitally controlled machines perform complex fabrication tasks, all design decisions are typically made before production. In such processes, the formal definition of the final shape is explicitly inscribed into the design model by means of corresponding step-by-step machine instructions. The increasing use of augmented reality (AR) technologies for digital fabrication workflows, in which people are instructed to carry out complex fabrication tasks via AR interfaces, creates an opportunity to question and adjust the level of detail and the nature of such explicit formal definitions. People’s cognitive abilities could be leveraged to integrate explicit machine intelligence with implicit human knowledge and creativity, and thus to open up digital fabrication to intuitive and spontaneous design decisions during the building process. To address this question, this paper introduces open-ended Prototype-as-Artefact fabrication workflows that examine the possibilities of designing and creative choices while building in a human-robot collaborative setting. It describes the collaborative assembly of a complex timber structure with alternating building actions by two people and a collaborative robot, interfacing via a mobile device with object tracking and AR visualization functions. The spatial timber assembly being constructed follows a predefined grammar but is not planned at the beginning of the process; it is instead designed during fabrication. Prototype-as-Artefact thus serves as a case study to probe the potential of both intuitive and rational aspects of building and to create new collaborative work processes between humans and machines.
series	ACADIA
type	paper
email
last changed	2023/10/22 12:06

_id	ecaade2020_115
id	ecaade2020_115
authors	Azambuja Varela, Pedro and Sousa, José Pedro
year	2020
title	Liquid Stereotomy - the Tamandua Vault
source	Werner, L and Koering, D (eds.), Anthropologic: Architecture and Fabrication in the cognitive age - Proceedings of the 38th eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 16-18 September 2020, pp. 361-370
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2020.2.361
summary	A renewed interest in stereotomy, narrowly entwined with digital technologies, has allowed for the recovery and proposal of new techniques and expressions in this building approach. A new classification scheme for stereotomy research allows for the framing of various aspects related to this discipline, including a newly developed fabrication system specially tailored for the wedge-shaped voussoirs. This fabrication system is based in a reusable mould which may assume an infinite number of geometries, avoiding the wasteful discarding of material found in subtractive strategies. The usage of a mould also allows for more sustainable materials to be employed, catering to current challenges. The strategies subject for demonstration in this project rely on various bottom-up approaches, which involve particle physic simulations such as a hanging model to compute an optimal stereo-funicular shape, or spring mechanisms to find optimal coplanar solutions. The proposed mechanisms work in a parametric algorithmically environment, able to handle dozens of uniquely different voussoirs at the same time. Together with the automatic translation to fabrication data, the proposed shape complexity would hardly be built with classic tools. The Tamandua Vault project has the purpose of exemplifying the possibilities of an updated stereotomy, while its design demonstrates current strategies that may be employed in the resolution of complex geometrical problems and bespoke fabrication of construction components for stereotomy.
keywords	stereotomy; digital design; digital fabrication; compression; sustainability
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	caadria2020_043
id	caadria2020_043
authors	Bai, Nan, Nourian, Pirouz, Xie, Anping and Pereira Roders, Ana
year	2020
title	Towards a Finer Heritage Management - Evaluating the Tourism Carrying Capacity using an Agent-Based Model
source	D. Holzer, W. Nakapan, A. Globa, I. Koh (eds.), RE: Anthropocene, Design in the Age of Humans - Proceedings of the 25th CAADRIA Conference - Volume 1, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 5-6 August 2020, pp. 305-314
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2020.1.305
summary	As one of the most important areas in the Palace Museum, Beijing, China, the Hall of Mental Cultivation had suffered from overcrowding of visitors before it was closed in 2016 for conservation. Preparing for the reopening in 2020, the Palace Museum decided to take the chance and initiate finer-grained tourism management in the Hall. This research intends to provide an audio-guided touring program by dynamically evaluating the Tourism Carrying Capacity (TCC) with the highlight spots in the Hall, to operate the touring program spatiotemporally. Framing an optimization problem for the touring program, an agent-based simulator, Thunderhead Pathfinder, originally developed for evacuation in the emergency, is utilized to verify the performance of the touring system. The simulation shows that the proposed touring program could precisely fit all the key requirements to improve the visitors' experience, to guarantee heritage safety, and to ensure more efficient management.
keywords	Tourism Carrying Capacity; Agent-Based Simulation; Operations Research; Heritage Management
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ecaade2022_16
id	ecaade2022_16
authors	Bailey, Grayson, Kammler, Olaf, Weiser, Rene, Fuchkina, Ekaterina and Schneider, Sven
year	2022
title	Performing Immersive Virtual Environment User Studies with VREVAL
source	Pak, B, Wurzer, G and Stouffs, R (eds.), Co-creating the Future: Inclusion in and through Design - Proceedings of the 40th Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2022) - Volume 2, Ghent, 13-16 September 2022, pp. 437–446
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2022.2.437
summary	The new construction that is projected to take place between 2020 and 2040 plays a critical role in embodied carbon emissions. The change in material selection is inversely proportional to the budget as the project progresses. Given the fact that early-stage design processes often do not include environmental performance metrics, there is an opportunity to investigate a toolset that enables early-stage design processes to integrate this type of analysis into the preferred workflow of concept designers. The value here is that early-stage environmental feedback can inform the crucial decisions that are made in the beginning, giving a greater chance for a building with better environmental performance in terms of its life cycle. This paper presents the development of a tool called LearnCarbon, as a plugin of Rhino3d, used to educate architects and engineers in the early stages about the environmental impact of their design. It facilitates two neural networks trained with the Embodied Carbon Benchmark Study by Carbon Leadership Forum, which learns the relationship between building geometry, typology, and construction type with the Global Warming potential (GWP) in tons of C02 equivalent (tCO2e). The first one, a regression model, can predict the GWP based on the massing model of a building, along with information about typology and location. The second one, a classification model, predicts the construction type given a massing model and target GWP. LearnCarbon can help improve the building life cycle impact significantly through early predictions of the structure’s material and can be used as a tool for facilitating sustainable discussions between the architect and the client.
keywords	Pre-Occupancy Evaluation, Immersive Virtual Environment, Wayfinding, User Centered Design, Architectural Study Design
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2024/04/22 07:10

_id	ecaade2024_222
id	ecaade2024_222
authors	Bindreiter, Stefan; Sisman, Yosun; Forster, Julia
year	2024
title	Visualise Energy Saving Potentials in Settlement Development: By linking transport and energy simulation models for municipal planning
source	Kontovourkis, O, Phocas, MC and Wurzer, G (eds.), Data-Driven Intelligence - Proceedings of the 42nd Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2024), Nicosia, 11-13 September 2024, Volume 2, pp. 79–88
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2024.2.079
summary	To achieve Sustainable Development Goals, in addition to the switch to sustainable energy sources and energy-efficient buildings, transport offers a major lever for reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gases. The increasing demand for emission-free mobility (e.g. through electromobility) but also heat pumps has a direct impact on the electricity consumption of buildings and settlements. It is still difficult to simulate the effects and interactions of different measures as sector coupling concepts require comprehensible tools for ex ante evaluation of planning measures at the community level and the linking of domain-specific models (energy, transport). Using the municipality of Bruck an der Leitha (Austria) as an example, a digital twin based on an open data model (Bednar et al., 2020) is created for the development of methods, which can be used to simulate measures to improve the settlement structure within the municipality. Forecast models for mobility (Schmaus, 2019; Ritz, 2019) and the building stock are developed or applied and linked via the open data model to be able to run through development scenarios and variants. The forecasting and visualisation options created in the project form the basis for the ex-ante evaluation of measures and policies on the way to a Positive-Energy-District. By identifying and collecting missing data, data gaps are filled for the simulation of precise models in the specific study area. A digital, interactive 3D model is created to examine the forecast results and the different scenarios.
keywords	visualisation, decision support, sector coupling, holistic spatial energy models for municipal planning, (energy) saving potentials in settlement development
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2024/11/17 22:05

_id	acadia20_198p
id	acadia20_198p
authors	Birkeland, Jennifer; Scelsa, Jonathan A.
year	2020
title	Live L’oeil – Through the Looking Ceiling
source	ACADIA 2020: Distributed Proximities / Volume II: Projects [Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-578-95253-6]. Online and Global. 24-30 October 2020. edited by M. Yablonina, A. Marcus, S. Doyle, M. del Campo, V. Ago, B. Slocum. 198-201
summary	Following the proliferation of linear perspective during the Renaissance, the hegemony of the vantage point was often problematically used to signify the patron’s dominance. During the mannerist era, we witnessed the creation of elaborate rooms, painted in architectural linear perspective establishing the illusionary space of faraway lands - a measure of optic imperialism wherein the conquests of the west played out in the domestic decoration of the elite later provided to the public as a societal spectacle in the form of the panorama. Within these architectural illusions, or Quadratura as they were named in Italy, lies the most notable and justifiable critique of design by vantage point, the question ‘which vantage point is privileged?’ History not surprisingly reveals that the typical vantage point was most problematically centered at one and three-quarter meters above the ground – coincident with five centimeters below the average height of a human European male. The design of architectural form through view or spatial image has arguably perpetuated this act of optic bias. This project addresses this problematic practice of design by vantage point by utilizing motion sensors to liberate the virtual space of a canonic example of quadrature from its confines within a singular vantage point. The authors digitally modeled the projective space of Andrea Pozzo’s vision for the Church of Sant’Ignazio di Loyola in Rome, scaled and fit to a gallery space outfitted with a canvas to inform a ceiling plane. Anamorphic images of the virtual heavenly space, as seen through the canvas ceiling picture plane, were created from the digital model and encoded to the individual moments in the room. Individuals who moved through the gallery were followed by the illusion of the heavenly space, creating a live l’oeil distortion.
series	ACADIA
type	project
email
last changed	2021/10/26 08:08

_id	acadia20_584
id	acadia20_584
authors	Brás, Catarina; Castelo-Branco, Renata; Menezes Leitao, António
year	2020
title	Parametric Model Manipulation in Virtual Reality
source	ACADIA 2020: Distributed Proximities / Volume I: Technical Papers [Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-578-95213-0]. Online and Global. 24-30 October 2020. edited by B. Slocum, V. Ago, S. Doyle, A. Marcus, M. Yablonina, and M. del Campo. 584-593.
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2020.1.584
summary	Algorithmic design (AD) uses algorithms to describe architectural designs, producing results that are visual by nature and greatly benefit from immersive visualization. Having this in mind, several approaches have been developed that allow architects to access and change their AD programs in virtual reality (VR). However, programming in VR introduces a new level of complexity that hinders creative exploration. Solutions based in visual programming offer limited parameter manipulation and do not scale well, particularly when used in a remote collaboration environment, while those based in textual programming struggle to find adequate interaction mechanisms to efficiently modify existing programs in VR. This research proposes to ease the programming task for architects who wish to develop and experiment with collaborative textual-based AD in VR, by bringing together the user-friendly features of visual programming and the flexibility and scalability of textual programming. We introduce an interface for the most common parametric changes that automatically generates the corresponding code in the AD program, and a hybrid programming solution that allows participants in an immersive collaborative design experience to combine textual programming with this new visual alternative for the parametric manipulation of the design. The proposed workflow aims to foster remote collaborative work in architecture studios, offering professionals of different backgrounds the opportunity to parametrically interact with textual-based AD projects while immersed in them.
series	ACADIA
type	paper
email
last changed	2023/10/22 12:06

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