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CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	caadria2023_305
id	caadria2023_305
authors	Deshpande, Rutvik, Vijay Patel, Sayjel, Weijenberg, Camiel, Nisztuk, Maciej, Corcuera, Miriam, Luo, Jianxi and Zhu, Qihao
year	2023
title	Generative Pre-Trained Transformers for 15-Minute City Design
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2023.1.595
source	Immanuel Koh, Dagmar Reinhardt, Mohammed Makki, Mona Khakhar, Nic Bao (eds.), HUMAN-CENTRIC - Proceedings of the 28th CAADRIA Conference, Ahmedabad, 18-24 March 2023, pp. 595–604
summary	Cities globally are adopting “The 15-Minute City” as an urban response to various crises, including the Covid-19 Pandemic and climate change. However, the challenge of linking location-specific requirements with potential design solutions hinders its effective implementation. To bridge this gap, this paper introduces a novel urban 15 Minute City concept generation tool that applies an artificial intelligence (AI) method called a pre-trained language model (PLM). The PLM model was fine-tuned with structured examples based on 15-Minute City principles. Using a PLM, the tool maps 15-Minute City concepts to a location and project specific prompt, automatically generating neighbourhood design concepts in the form of natural language.
keywords	15-Minute City, neighbourhood design, data-driven design, urban design, natural language generation, Generative Pre-trained Transformer
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2023/06/15 23:14

_id	caadria2023_446
id	caadria2023_446
authors	Guida, George
year	2023
title	Multimodal Architecture: Applications of Language in a Machine Learning Aided Design Process
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2023.2.561
source	Immanuel Koh, Dagmar Reinhardt, Mohammed Makki, Mona Khakhar, Nic Bao (eds.), HUMAN-CENTRIC - Proceedings of the 28th CAADRIA Conference, Ahmedabad, 18-24 March 2023, pp. 561–570
summary	Recent advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and Diffusion Models (DMs) are leading to a significant change in the way architecture is conceived. With capabilities that surpass those of current generative models, it is now possible to produce an unlimited number of high-quality images (Dhariwal and Nichol 2021). This opens up new opportunities for using synthetic images and marks a new phase in the creation of multimodal 3D forms, central to architectural concept design stages. Presented here are three methodologies of generation of meaningful 2D and 3D designs, merging text-to-image diffusion models Stable Diffusion, and DALL-E 2 with computational methods. These allow designers to intuitively navigate through a multimodal feedback loop of information originating from language and aided by artificial intelligence tools. This paper contributes to our understanding of machine-augmented design processes and the importance of intuitive user interfaces (UI) in enabling new dialogues between humans and machines. Through the creation of a prototype of an accessible UI, this exchange of information can empower designers, build trust in these tools, and increase control over the design process.
keywords	Machine Learning, Diffusion Models, Concept Design, Semantics, User Interface, Design Agency
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2023/06/15 23:14

_id	sigradi2023_107
id	sigradi2023_107
authors	JORGE, LEONARDO, FIUZA, RAFAEL, SAMPAIO, HUGO, CARDOSO, DANIEL, LIMA, MARIANA and FIUZA, REBECA
year	2023
title	A Regionalist Approach to Generative Design Process: From Concept to BIM Model
source	García Amen, F, Goni Fitipaldo, A L and Armagno Gentile, Á (eds.), Accelerated Landscapes - Proceedings of the XXVII International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2023), Punta del Este, Maldonado, Uruguay, 29 November - 1 December 2023, pp. 1097–1108
summary	This paper presents the implementation of two generative computational architectural design systems integrating regionalist inputs. While the automation of the design process using computational tools has been extensively discussed, the incorporation of regionalism remains limited. To address this, the Design Science Research method was employed to create computerized artifacts generating architectural models in BIM associated to Visual Programming Languages. The innovation lies in considering materiality requirements, building systems, and regional aesthetics as primary inputs for generating parametric shapes. The framework enables the generation of detailed BIM models, automatically documenting them to comply with local construction norms. This paper provides insights into the functionality of the generative algorithms, showcases the produced architectural instances, and presents the automatically generated 2D documentation. Additionally, a framework for a regionalist computational design approach is proposed. The study highlights the importance of incorporating regionalism and provides a foundation for the development of similar artifacts.
keywords	Computational design, Generative design, BIM, Regional architecture, Regional computation
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2024/03/08 14:08

_id	acadia23_v2_606
id	acadia23_v2_606
authors	Pinochet, Diego
year	2023
title	Deciphering Design Sketches As 3D Models: A Sequence -2- Sequence Approach to Generative Modeling Using Sketches
source	ACADIA 2023: Habits of the Anthropocene: Scarcity and Abundance in a Post-Material Economy [Volume 2: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference for the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 979-8-9891764-0-3]. Denver. 26-28 October 2023. edited by A. Crawford, N. Diniz, R. Beckett, J. Vanucchi, M. Swackhamer 606-615.
summary	In this paper, I present a human-machine, collaborative, 3D modeling system that combines human gestures with generative 3D modeling. The project seeks to explore the unfolding of design ideas while reframing the concept of design workflows, knowledge encapsulation, disembodiment, and representation in 3D CAD processes. Using machine learning and interactive computation, this project links user sketches to generative 3D modeling using a sequence-to-sequence model. By encapsulating expert knowledge related to 3D modeling, this project seeks to eliminate intermediate representations, such as, sections, elevations, and floorplans, in the design process to engender immediate, real-time, 3D model generation from hand sketches (Figure 1). Whereas, most of the projects using generative machine learning to produce 3D models focus on the one-to-one fidelity between sketches and 3D models, this research focuses on the generative power of gesture sequences to generate novel 3D models. This experiment aims to answer, among others, the following questions: Can the use of machine learning reframe the generation of 3D models in a more embodied way? Is it possible to capture design inten- tions from sketches to generate 3D shapes using machine learning? Can we design and explore ideas inside a computer without representing them, but focusing on the unique sequences that originate novel designs?
series	ACADIA
type	paper
email
last changed	2024/12/20 09:13

_id	ecaade2023_240
id	ecaade2023_240
authors	Brodmann, Anton, Damtsas, Efstathios, Drewes, Arne, Prell, Anna, Spaeth, Benjamin and Herrmann, Michael
year	2023
title	Computational Design and 3D Printing of a Biopolymer Construction System for Freeform Applications
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2023.1.347
source	Dokonal, W, Hirschberg, U and Wurzer, G (eds.), Digital Design Reconsidered - Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2023) - Volume 1, Graz, 20-22 September 2023, pp. 347–356
summary	This work presents the design and fabrication concept as well as the pedagogy approach of a student design-build project. It examines the digital design process of a double- curved segmented freeform considering the geometry, coplanarity issues and structural design. The project discovers the opportunities and limitations offered by large scale additive manufacturing of recyclable biopolymers through prototyping and physical testing. Consequently, its adaptability to other freeform architectural applications and the resulting impact and potential on productivity, quality and sustainability in the building sector are discussed.
keywords	Design and Build, Parametric Design, Generative Design, Additive Manufacturing, Direct Extrusion Printing, Biopolymer, Double-Curved Structure, Segmentation, Coplanarity
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2023/12/10 10:49

_id	sigradi2023_439
id	sigradi2023_439
authors	Chornobai, Sara Regiane, Paiva Ponzio, Angelica, Miotto Bruscato, Léia and Machado Fagundes, Cristian Vinicius
year	2023
title	Fostering Sustainability in the Early Stages of the Architectural Design process: a Creative Exploration of AI Generative Models
source	García Amen, F, Goni Fitipaldo, A L and Armagno Gentile, Á (eds.), Accelerated Landscapes - Proceedings of the XXVII International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2023), Punta del Este, Maldonado, Uruguay, 29 November - 1 December 2023, pp. 831–842
summary	The field of architecture is experiencing transformative changes with the rise of Artificial Intelligence (AI). This study investigates the use of generative models like Large Language Models (LLM) and Generative Diffusion Models (GDM) in architectural design, focusing on sustainability. Utilizing the concept of “active human agency”, the research evaluates tools like DALL-E 2 (Bing) and ChatGPT (GPT-4) for creating environmentally responsive references in the early phases of the design process. Employing an explorative and qualitative methodology, the investigation includes architectural characteristics of climatic archetypes and concepts related to architecture-biology, applied to different environmental contexts. Initial findings reveal the AI potential in creating environmentally responsive references, with certain limitations in specific interactions and interpretations. The conclusion emphasizes these tools as collaborative aids in early design stages, and underscores the importance of "active human agency" for meaningful, responsible results, contributing to sustainability in early architectural design processes.
keywords	Artificial Intelligence, Generative Models, Architectural Design Process, Sustainability, Active Human Agency.
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2024/03/08 14:07

_id	ecaade2023_000
id	ecaade2023_000
authors	Dokonal, Wolfgang, Hirschberg, Urs and Wurzer, Gabriel
year	2023
title	eCAADe 2023 Digital Design Reconsidered - Volume 1
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2023.1.001
source	Dokonal, W, Hirschberg, U and Wurzer, G (eds.), Digital Design Reconsidered - Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2023) - Volume 1, Graz, 20-22 September 2023, 905 p.
summary	The conference logo is a bird’s eye view of spiral stairs that join and separate – an homage to the famous double spiral staircase in Graz, a tourist attraction of this city and a must-see for any architecturally minded visitor. Carved out of limestone, the medieval construction of the original is a daring feat of masonry as well as a symbolic gesture. The design speaks of separation and reconciliation: The paths of two people that climb the double spiral stairs separate and then meet again at each platform. The relationship between architectural design and the growing digital repertoire of tools and possibilities seems to undergo similar cycles of attraction and rejection: enthusiasm about digital innovations – whether in Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, Energy Design, Robotic Fabrication, the many Dimensions of BIM or, as right now, in AI and Machine Learning – is typically followed by a certain disillusionment and a realization that the promises were somewhat overblown. But a turn away from these digital innovations can only be temporary. In our call for papers we refer to the first and second ‘digital turns’, a term Mario Carpo coined. Yes, it’s a bit of a pun, but you could indeed see these digital turns in our logo as well. Carpo would probably agree that design and the digital have become inseparably intertwined. While they may be circling in different directions, an innovative rejoinder is always just around the corner. The theme of the conference asked participants to re-consider the relationship between Design and the Digital. The notion of a cycle is already present in the syllable “re”. Indeed, 20 years earlier, in 2003, we held an ECAADE conference in Graz simply under the title “Digital Design” and our re-using – or is it re-cycling? – the theme can be seen as the completion of one of those cycles described above: One level up, we meet again, we’ve come full circle. The question of the relationship between Design and the Digital is still in flux, still worthy of renewed consideration. There is a historical notion implicit in the theme. To reconsider something, one needs to take a step back, to look into the past as well as into the future. Indeed, at this conference we wanted to take a longer view, something not done often enough in the fast-paced world of digital technology. Carefully considering one’s past can be a source of inspiration. In fact, the double spiral stair that inspired our conference logo also inspired many architects through the ages. Konrad Wachsmann, for example, is said to have come up with his famous Grapevine assembly system based on this double spiral stair and its intricate joinery. More recently, Rem Koolhaas deemed the double spiral staircase in Graz important enough to include a detailed model of it in his “elements of architecture” exhibition at the Venice Biennale in 2014. Our interpretation of the stair is a typically digital one, you might say. First of all: it’s a rendering of a virtual model; it only exists inside a computer. Secondly, this virtual model isn’t true to the original. Instead, it does what the digital has made so easy to do: it exaggerates. Where the original has just two spiral stairs that separate and join, our model consists of countless stairs that are joined in this way. We see only a part of the model, but the stairs appear to continue in all directions. The implication is of an endless field of spiral stairs. As the 3D model was generated with a parametric script, it would be very easy to change all parameters of it – including the number of stairs that make it up. Everyone at this conference is familiar with the concept of parametric design: it makes generating models of seemingly endless amounts of connected spiral stairs really easy. Although, of course, if we’re too literal about the term ‘endless’, generating our stair model will eventually crash even the most advanced computers. We know that, too. – That's another truth about the Digital: it makes a promise of infinity, which, in the end, it can’t keep. And even if it could: what’s the point of just adding more of the same: more variations, more options, more possible ways to get lost? Doesn’t the original double spiral staircase contain all those derivatives already? Don’t we know that ‘more’ isn’t necessarily better? In the original double spiral stair the happy end is guaranteed: the lovers’ paths meet at the top as well as when they exit the building. Therefore, the stair is also colloquially known as the Busserlstiege (the kissing stair) or the Versöhnungsstiege (reconciliation stair). In our digitally enhanced version, this outcome is no longer clear: we can choose between multiple directions at each level and we risk losing sight of the one we were with. This is also emblematic of our field of research. eCAADe was founded to promote “good practice and sharing information in relation to the use of computers in research and education in architecture and related professions” (see ecaade.org). That may have seemed a straightforward proposition forty years ago, when the association was founded. A look at the breadth and depth of research topics presented and discussed at this conference (and as a consequence in this book, for which you’re reading the editorial) shows how the field has developed over these forty years. There are sessions on Digital Design Education, on Digital Fabrication, on Virtual Reality, on Virtual Heritage, on Generative Design and Machine Learning, on Digital Cities, on Simulation and Digital Twins, on BIM, on Sustainability, on Circular Design, on Design Theory and on Digital Design Experimentations. We hope you will find what you’re looking for in this book and at the conference – and maybe even more than that: surprising turns and happy encounters between Design and the Digital.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2023/12/10 10:49

_id	ecaade2023_001
id	ecaade2023_001
authors	Dokonal, Wolfgang, Hirschberg, Urs and Wurzer, Gabriel
year	2023
title	eCAADe 2023 Digital Design Reconsidered - Volume 2
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2023.2.001
source	Dokonal, W, Hirschberg, U and Wurzer, G (eds.), Digital Design Reconsidered - Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2023) - Volume 2, Graz, 20-22 September 2023, 899 p.
summary	The conference logo is a bird’s eye view of spiral stairs that join and separate – an homage to the famous double spiral staircase in Graz, a tourist attraction of this city and a must-see for any architecturally minded visitor. Carved out of limestone, the medieval construction of the original is a daring feat of masonry as well as a symbolic gesture. The design speaks of separation and reconciliation: The paths of two people that climb the double spiral stairs separate and then meet again at each platform. The relationship between architectural design and the growing digital repertoire of tools and possibilities seems to undergo similar cycles of attraction and rejection: enthusiasm about digital innovations – whether in Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, Energy Design, Robotic Fabrication, the many Dimensions of BIM or, as right now, in AI and Machine Learning – is typically followed by a certain disillusionment and a realization that the promises were somewhat overblown. But a turn away from these digital innovations can only be temporary. In our call for papers we refer to the first and second ‘digital turns’, a term Mario Carpo coined. Yes, it’s a bit of a pun, but you could indeed see these digital turns in our logo as well. Carpo would probably agree that design and the digital have become inseparably intertwined. While they may be circling in different directions, an innovative rejoinder is always just around the corner. The theme of the conference asked participants to re-consider the relationship between Design and the Digital. The notion of a cycle is already present in the syllable “re”. Indeed, 20 years earlier, in 2003, we held an ECAADE conference in Graz simply under the title “Digital Design” and our re-using – or is it re-cycling? – the theme can be seen as the completion of one of those cycles described above: One level up, we meet again, we’ve come full circle. The question of the relationship between Design and the Digital is still in flux, still worthy of renewed consideration. There is a historical notion implicit in the theme. To reconsider something, one needs to take a step back, to look into the past as well as into the future. Indeed, at this conference we wanted to take a longer view, something not done often enough in the fast-paced world of digital technology. Carefully considering one’s past can be a source of inspiration. In fact, the double spiral stair that inspired our conference logo also inspired many architects through the ages. Konrad Wachsmann, for example, is said to have come up with his famous Grapevine assembly system based on this double spiral stair and its intricate joinery. More recently, Rem Koolhaas deemed the double spiral staircase in Graz important enough to include a detailed model of it in his “elements of architecture” exhibition at the Venice Biennale in 2014. Our interpretation of the stair is a typically digital one, you might say. First of all: it’s a rendering of a virtual model; it only exists inside a computer. Secondly, this virtual model isn’t true to the original. Instead, it does what the digital has made so easy to do: it exaggerates. Where the original has just two spiral stairs that separate and join, our model consists of countless stairs that are joined in this way. We see only a part of the model, but the stairs appear to continue in all directions. The implication is of an endless field of spiral stairs. As the 3D model was generated with a parametric script, it would be very easy to change all parameters of it – including the number of stairs that make it up. Everyone at this conference is familiar with the concept of parametric design: it makes generating models of seemingly endless amounts of connected spiral stairs really easy. Although, of course, if we’re too literal about the term ‘endless’, generating our stair model will eventually crash even the most advanced computers. We know that, too. – That's another truth about the Digital: it makes a promise of infinity, which, in the end, it can’t keep. And even if it could: what’s the point of just adding more of the same: more variations, more options, more possible ways to get lost? Doesn’t the original double spiral staircase contain all those derivatives already? Don’t we know that ‘more’ isn’t necessarily better? In the original double spiral stair the happy end is guaranteed: the lovers’ paths meet at the top as well as when they exit the building. Therefore, the stair is also colloquially known as the Busserlstiege (the kissing stair) or the Versöhnungsstiege (reconciliation stair). In our digitally enhanced version, this outcome is no longer clear: we can choose between multiple directions at each level and we risk losing sight of the one we were with. This is also emblematic of our field of research. eCAADe was founded to promote “good practice and sharing information in relation to the use of computers in research and education in architecture and related professions” (see ecaade.org). That may have seemed a straightforward proposition forty years ago, when the association was founded. A look at the breadth and depth of research topics presented and discussed at this conference (and as a consequence in this book, for which you’re reading the editorial) shows how the field has developed over these forty years. There are sessions on Digital Design Education, on Digital Fabrication, on Virtual Reality, on Virtual Heritage, on Generative Design and Machine Learning, on Digital Cities, on Simulation and Digital Twins, on BIM, on Sustainability, on Circular Design, on Design Theory and on Digital Design Experimentations. We hope you will find what you’re looking for in this book and at the conference – and maybe even more than that: surprising turns and happy encounters between Design and the Digital.
series	eCAADe
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2024/08/29 08:36

_id	caadria2023_384
id	caadria2023_384
authors	Dong, Jiahua, Jiang, Qingrui, Wang, Anqi and Wang, Yuankai
year	2023
title	Urban Cultural Inheritance: Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) Assisted Street Facade Design in Virtual Reality (VR) Environments Based on Hakka Settlements in Hong Kong
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2023.1.473
source	Immanuel Koh, Dagmar Reinhardt, Mohammed Makki, Mona Khakhar, Nic Bao (eds.), HUMAN-CENTRIC - Proceedings of the 28th CAADRIA Conference, Ahmedabad, 18-24 March 2023, pp. 473–482
summary	In Hong Kong, the Hakka settlements are the home of indigenous people who have been involved in agriculture and fishing for over 200 years, which has a special place in Hong Kong’s history. However, these settlements are gradually being abandoned as ghost towns due to rapid urbanisation, where the city is progressively constructing high-density habitats to accommodate the exponentially increased population since the 1950s. This challenges designers to rethink means of preserving urban cultural heritage, while engaging in continuous urban regeneration processes. This study investigates workflows to detect historical building styles in one of the most densely-populated cities in the world - Hong Kong - that further deployed in human-computer interfaces in the virtual reality (VR) environment as a collaborative and suggestive design -107958641080
keywords	Urban Culture Inheritance, Hakka Settlements, Facade Generation, Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), Virtual Reality (VR)
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2023/06/15 23:14

_id	ecaade2023_308
id	ecaade2023_308
authors	Haidar, Adonis
year	2023
title	Evolution of Modelling in Architecture: A Framework for the categorisation and evaluation of digital models in Architectural Design
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2023.2.811
source	Dokonal, W, Hirschberg, U and Wurzer, G (eds.), Digital Design Reconsidered - Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2023) - Volume 1, Graz, 20-22 September 2023, pp. 811–820
summary	Apart from being an integral part of the architectural design process, modelling is becoming central to architecture as well as to neighbouring fields. The technologies and tools applicable for the generation, development and coordination of models are growing rapidly. In one single project, a wide range of models is used which poses challenges in practice in terms of establishing a systematic way to utilise those modelling techniques and access their potential benefits. Aiming to enhancing the effectiveness and efficiency of the various modelling methods, this paper establishes a framework for the different types of models where the models are categorised and evaluated based on different criteria. To achieve this, a critical review of the literature related to the history of modelling in architecture and the emergence of the different methods of modelling is conducted. Beyond classical, CAD-based 3D models, the framework identifies four categories of modelling methods: performative modelling, algorithmic modelling, parametric modelling, and BIM. Each category is evaluated based on the generation and modification process, model entity and model function. Subsequently, the paradigm shifts associated with each modelling method are identified and discussed.
keywords	3D Modelling History, CAD, BIM, Generative/Algorithmic Modelling, Parametric Modelling, Performative Modelling, Paradigm Shift, Computational Design
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2023/12/10 10:49

_id	sigradi2023_114
id	sigradi2023_114
authors	Huang, Sheng-Yang, Wang, Yuankai and Jiang, Qingrui
year	2023
title	(In)Visible Cities: Exploring generative artificial intelligence'screativity through the analysis of a conscious journey in latent space
source	García Amen, F, Goni Fitipaldo, A L and Armagno Gentile, Á (eds.), Accelerated Landscapes - Proceedings of the XXVII International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2023), Punta del Este, Maldonado, Uruguay, 29 November - 1 December 2023, pp. 717–728
summary	The rise of generative AI has redefined architectural design by introducing latent space, challenging traditional methods. This paper aims to explore, structure, and analyse latent journeys, drawing from analytical design discourses. We construct journeys towards 'Isaura' from 'Invisible Cities' by Italo Calvino, bridging literature and visual narratives, utilising the text-image generating software, Midjourney. The objective is to identify spatial configurations that align with the designer's interpretation of the text, ensuring the accuracy of visual elements. Structured as a Markov (stochastic) process, the experiment encompasses four primary stages to offer a rational explanation for the journey and the role of each segment. Findings emphasise the potential of latent space in augmenting architectural design and underscore the necessity for analytical tools to avert the reduction of design to trivial formalism. The study's outcome suggests that understanding and leveraging the traits of latent space can nurture a more meaningful engagement with AI-driven design, presenting a novel approach to architectural creativity.
keywords	Latent Space, Generative Artificial Intelligence, Text-to-image Generation, Architectural Creativity, Spatial Analysis
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2024/03/08 14:07

_id	caadria2023_398
id	caadria2023_398
authors	Jiang, Wanzhu and Wang, Jiaqi
year	2023
title	Stylized Space Synthesis: Exploring the Stylized Generative Design Method of Architecture Based on Wave Function Collapse Algorithm
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2023.1.311
source	Immanuel Koh, Dagmar Reinhardt, Mohammed Makki, Mona Khakhar, Nic Bao (eds.), HUMAN-CENTRIC - Proceedings of the 28th CAADRIA Conference, Ahmedabad, 18-24 March 2023, pp. 311–320
summary	It has been a frequent task and challenge for architects to translate and transfer a specific style so that the design works can fit into a particular built environment or a unique period. The wave function collapse algorithm is an image generator inspired by constraint solving, which generates numerous images with similar styles by analyzing the potential connections of discrete segments in instances. This paper explores the application of the wave function collapse algorithm in the generation of stylized architecture. By deconstructing architectural style templates into predefined spatial tiles and connection rules, this research models style expression as a constraint-solving process, establishing a stylized spatial synthesis algorithm with discrete design logic to generate self-similar aggregations, shaping architecture as a unique semantic system. Based on the generative experiments of cultural architecture in the traditional Chinese style, this method was tested in two stages. While demonstrating a complete workflow, it has been fully verified for the feasibility, creativity and adaptability in stylized synthesis problems.
keywords	Stylized Synthesis, Discrete Aggregation, Wave Function Collapse, Spatial Module, Constraint Solving, Generative Design
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2023/06/15 23:14

_id	ecaade2023_392
id	ecaade2023_392
authors	Johanes, Mikhael and Huang, Jeffrey
year	2023
title	Generative Isovist Transformer: Machine learning for spatial sequence synthesis
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2023.2.471
source	Dokonal, W, Hirschberg, U and Wurzer, G (eds.), Digital Design Reconsidered - Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2023) - Volume 2, Graz, 20-22 September 2023, pp. 471–480
summary	While isovists have been used widely to quantify and analyze architectural space, its utilization for generative design still needs to be explored. On the other hand, advanced deep learning has shown opportunities for data-driven generative design. This research revisits the isovist capacity to represent architecture as a series of spatial sequences and extends the role of isovists beyond merely a perception model to projective agents. This paper presents the development of GIsT: Generative Isovists Transformer in sampling, learning, and generating architectural spatial sequences. By coupling isovists with discrete representation and generative deep learning models, we untapped the generative potential of isovist representation for spatial sequence synthesis. We demonstrated its capacity to learn the architectural spatial sequence and extendability via few-shots learning. The results show a promising direction toward integrating data-driven experiential spatial synthesis in future computational design tools.
keywords	Isovist, Spatial sequence, Generative Design, Discrete representation learning, Transformers, Machine Learning
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2023/12/10 10:49

_id	sigradi2023_156
id	sigradi2023_156
authors	Luo, Jianing, Yu, Boyuan, Peng, Haohan, Shi, Yi, Li, Yangzhi and Fingrut, Adam
year	2023
title	Deep generative modeling tasks: Automatic generation of building facades with Pix2Pix GAN for Hong Kong city expansion and renovation
source	García Amen, F, Goni Fitipaldo, A L and Armagno Gentile, Á (eds.), Accelerated Landscapes - Proceedings of the XXVII International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2023), Punta del Este, Maldonado, Uruguay, 29 November - 1 December 2023, pp. 137–148
summary	Hong Kong's rapid urbanization and expansion have resulted in a high incidence of new urban construction projects as well as building renovation and restoration activities. The above architectural activities in the city are characterized by inconsistency in design styles and inconsistency with the neighborhood environment. The proposal of a self-weakening design style of different designers in the same neighborhood should be taken as a practical consideration at the early stage of design. In this research, a dataset of old building facades in Hong Kong is provided, and the method of training a deep convolutional neural network is used to realize the coupling of Pix2Pix GAN algorithm to the whole or local design generation of building facade in Hong Kong. Moreover, a trained network based on the architectural styles of Hong Kong is provided with 160 sets of collected original image datasets of Hong Kong building facades for organizing pre-calibration. It classifies the elemental information of complex building facades for later training of the network and automatic generation to give new construction and renovation schemes a replicable technical route.
keywords	Pix2Pix GAN, Facade, Deep learning, Hong Kong, Generative design
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2024/03/08 14:06

_id	ecaade2023_205
id	ecaade2023_205
authors	Meeran, Ahmed and Joyce, Sam
year	2023
title	Rethinking Airport Spatial Analysis and Design: A GAN based data driven approach using latent space exploration on aerial imagery for adaptive airport planning
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2023.2.501
source	Dokonal, W, Hirschberg, U and Wurzer, G (eds.), Digital Design Reconsidered - Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2023) - Volume 2, Graz, 20-22 September 2023, pp. 501–510
summary	Airports require long term planning, balancing estimations of future demand against available airfield land and site constraints. This is becoming more critical with climate change and the transition to sustainable aviation fuelling infrastructure. This paper demonstrates a novel procedure using Satellite Imagery and Generative Learning to aid in the comparative analysis and early-stage airfield design. Our workflow uses a GAN trained on 2000 images of airports transforming them into a high-dimensional latent space capturing the typologies’ large-scale features. Using a process of projection and dimensional-reduction methods we can locate real-world airport images in the generative latent space and vice-versa. With this capability we can perform comparative “neighbour” analysis at scale based on spatial similarity of features like airfield configuration, and surrounding context. Using this low-dimensional 3D ‘airport designs space’ with meaningful markers provided by existing airports allows for ‘what if’ modelling, such as visualizing an airport on a site without one, modifying an existing airport towards another target airport, or exploring changes in terrain, such as due to climate change or urban development. We present this method a new way to undertake case study, site identification and analysis, as well as undertake speculative design powered by typology informed ML generation, which can be applied to any typologies which could use aerial images to categorize them.
keywords	Airport Development, Machine Learning, GAN, High Dimensional Analysis, Parametric Space Exploration, tSNE, Latent Space Exploration, Data Driven Planning
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2023/12/10 10:49

_id	ecaade2023_96
id	ecaade2023_96
authors	Ortner, Frederick Peter, Chen, Zebin, Song, Peng and Qiu, Pengyun
year	2023
title	Urban Fabric Generation: A comparative analysis of multiple vector field methods
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2023.1.721
source	Dokonal, W, Hirschberg, U and Wurzer, G (eds.), Digital Design Reconsidered - Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2023) - Volume 1, Graz, 20-22 September 2023, pp. 721–730
summary	This paper provides a comparative analysis of vector field methods for automatically generating urban fabric geometries and introduces the Rhino/Grasshopper plugin UrbanFab which implements these methods. Automated generation of urban design is a growing area of research addressing the complex challenge of building sustainable and economically viable cities. Within this research area vector fields are used to generate non-uniform urban fabric geometries. Similar to simulation of magnetic fields or moving fluids, vector field algorithms can be adapted to simulate urban sites, resolving complex site constraints and generating geometry used in the design of roads, land parcels or buildings. Vector field methods for urban fabric generation, however, are not well represented in computational tools serving urban designers, or in description of algorithms and evaluations in computational urban design literature. To address these challenges, this paper describes multiple urban vector field algorithms, with accompanying streamline visualization and evaluation methods. A comparative analysis of the results generated by these methods provides a means for designers to make informed decisions on which method is appropriate to their requirements and supports discussion of future work in urban fabric generation.
keywords	Urban Planning, Urban Design, Generative Design, Vector Field, Optimization
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2023/12/10 10:49

_id	ijac202321206
id	ijac202321206
authors	Pouliou, Panagiota; Horvath, Anca-Simona; Palamas, George
year	2023
title	Speculative hybrids: Investigating the generation of conceptual architectural forms through the use of 3D generative adversarial networks
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing 2023, Vol. 21 - no. 2, 315–336
summary	Abstract The process of architectural design aims at solving complex problems that have loosely defined formulations, no explicit basis for terminating the problem-solving activity, and where no ideal solution can be achieved. This means that design problems, as wicked problems, sit in a space between incompleteness and precision. Applying digital tools in general and artificial intelligence in particular to design problems will then mediate solution spaces between incompleteness and precision. In this paper, we present a study where we employed machine learning algorithms to generate conceptual architectural forms for site-specific regulations. We created an annotated dataset of single-family homes and used it to train a 3D Generative Adversarial Network that generated annotated point clouds complying with site constraints. Then, we presented the framework to 23 practitioners of architecture in an attempt to understand whether this framework could be a useful tool for early-stage design. We make a three-fold contribution: First, we share an annotated dataset of architecturally relevant 3D point clouds of single-family homes. Next, we present and share the code for a framework and the results from training the 3D generative neural network. Finally, we discuss machine learning and creative work, including how practitioners feel about the emergence of these tools as mediators between incompleteness and precision in architectural design
keywords	computational design, architecture, machine learning, design process, GNN, point cloud, generative design, artificial intelligence
series	journal
last changed	2024/04/17 14:30

_id	architectural_intelligence2023_5
id	architectural_intelligence2023_5
authors	Qiaoming Deng, Xiaofeng Li, Yubo Liu & Kai Hu
year	2023
title	Exploration of three-dimensional spatial learning approach based on machine learning–taking Taihu stone as an example
doi	https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s44223-023-00023-2
source	Architectural Intelligence Journal
summary	Under the influence of globalization, the transformation of traditional architectural space is vital to the growth of local architecture. As an important spatial element of traditional gardens, Taihu stone has the image qualities of being “thin, wrinkled, leaky and transparent” The “transparency” and “ leaky” of Taihu stone reflect the connectivity and irregularity of Taihu stone’s holes, which are consistent with the contemporary architectural design concepts of fluid space and transparency. Nonetheless, relatively few theoretical studies have been conducted on the spatial analysis and design transformation of Taihu stone. Using machine learning, we attempt to extract the three-dimensional spatial variation pattern of Taihu stone in this paper. This study extracts 3D spatial features for experiments using artificial neural networks (ANN) and generative adversarial networks (GAN). In order to extract 3D spatial variation patterns, the machine learning model learns the variation patterns between adjacent sections. The trained machine learning model is capable of generating a series of spatial sections with the spatial variation pattern of the Taihu stone. The purpose of the experimental results is to compare the performance of various machine learning models for 3D space learning in order to identify a model with superior performance. This paper also presents a novel concept for machine learning to master continuous 3D spatial features.
series	Architectural Intelligence
email
last changed	2025/01/09 15:00

_id	ascaad2023_134
id	ascaad2023_134
authors	Salman, Huda; Dounas, Theodoros; Clarke, Connor
year	2023
title	Fluency of Creative Ideas in the Digital Age: Exploring Emergent AI Influences on Design Methodology and Visual Thinking in Architectural Education
source	C+++: Computation, Culture, and Context – Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of the Arab Society for Computation in Architecture, Art and Design (ASCAAD), University of Petra, Amman, Jordan [Hybrid Conference] 7-9 November 2023, pp. 815-832.
summary	Research has explored the concept of originality in visual thinking and architectural education, using different methods. The new state of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in architectural design represents another shift from traditional modes of architectural design and education, into a more authentic approach to the digital age. An experiment is designed to highlight the originality of this approach in design thinking and its futuristic trends and impact on education and creativity studies. The intent of the study we present here is twofold: one to revisit key design studies of design exploration and secondly to explore students' design activity while interacting with text-to-image diffusion machine learning (ML) generative models such as Midjourney, DALL-E and Stable Diffusion, as these might have the potential to change the way that architectural students approach the concept stages of designing projects and products. In addition, we are interested in how the new shift in interfaces and modes of stimulus will influence the students' design process and perceptions. Participants in the design process are final year students who had spent at least four years in a school of architecture and can be classified as semi-experienced designers. Further within the evaluation also lies a critique of the diffusion ML tools themselves as producers of architectonic images, rather than complete concepts for architecture that encapsulate spatial, formal, structural arrangements of elements.
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2024/02/13 14:41

_id	sigradi2023_80
id	sigradi2023_80
authors	Sardenberg, Victor, Guatelli, Igor and Becker, Mirco
year	2023
title	A Walk Through the Latent Space Using Computational Aesthetics as a Compass
source	García Amen, F, Goni Fitipaldo, A L and Armagno Gentile, Á (eds.), Accelerated Landscapes - Proceedings of the XXVII International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2023), Punta del Este, Maldonado, Uruguay, 29 November - 1 December 2023, pp. 1501–1512
summary	Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) models produce a latent space where many new images emerge. These models translate vectors from a latent space of possible designs into actual images, introducing a new degree of variability to the concept of objectile. This research proposes applying a computational aesthetics framework to navigate the latent space and present the designer with new images for feeding their imagination. Theories of parts to whole from aesthetics and cognitive psychology are combined with Birkhoff’s aesthetic measure and computer vision to predict aesthetic preferences and map the latent space.
keywords	Artificial Intelligence, Computational aesthetics, Generative design, Computer vision, Latent space.
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2024/03/08 14:08

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