Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	acadia23_v1_166
id	acadia23_v1_166
authors	Chamorro Martin, Eduardo; Burry, Mark; Marengo, Mathilde
year	2023
title	High-performance Spatial Composite 3D Printing
source	ACADIA 2023: Habits of the Anthropocene: Scarcity and Abundance in a Post-Material Economy [Volume 1: Projects Catalog of the 43rd Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 979-8-9860805-8-1]. Denver. 26-28 October 2023. edited by A. Crawford, N. Diniz, R. Beckett, J. Vanucchi, M. Swackhamer 166-171.
summary	This project explores the advantages of employing continuum material topology optimization in a 3D non-standard lattice structure through fiber additive manufacturing processes (Figure 1). Additive manufacturing (AM) has gained rapid adoption in architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC). However, existing optimization techniques often overlook the mechanical anisotropy of AM processes, resulting in suboptimal structural properties, with a focus on layer-by-layer or planar processes. Materials, processes, and techniques considering anisotropy behavior (Kwon et al. 2018) could enhance structural performance (Xie 2022). Research on 3D printing materials with high anisotropy is limited (Eichenhofer et al. 2017), but it holds potential benefits (Liu et al. 2018). Spatial lattices, such as space frames, maximize structural efficiency by enhancing flexural rigidity and load-bearing capacity using minimal material (Woods et al. 2016). From a structural design perspective, specific non-standard lattice geometries offer great potential for reducing material usage, leading to lightweight load-bearing structures (Shelton 2017). The flexibility and freedom of shape inherent to AM offers the possibility to create aggregated continuous truss-like elements with custom topologies.
series	ACADIA
type	project
email
last changed	2024/04/17 13:58

_id	ecaade2023_209
id	ecaade2023_209
authors	Salem, Islam, Abdelmohsen, Sherif and Mansour, Yasser
year	2023
title	Coupling Non-planar Robotic Clay Deposition with Multipoint Forming to Optimize the Manufacturing of Double Curved Façade Panels
source	Dokonal, W, Hirschberg, U and Wurzer, G (eds.), Digital Design Reconsidered - Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2023) - Volume 1, Graz, 20-22 September 2023, pp. 499–508
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2023.1.499
summary	Architects working on complex building geometries continually seek innovative processes to allow for feasible and cost-effective construction. The mass customization of double curved building façade panels has been specifically challenging regarding surface continuity, panel accuracy and waste reduction. With advanced digital design and fabrication tools, architectural firms such as ZHA, Gehry Technologies, and Atelier Jean Nouvel have been pushing the limits to achieve enhanced building envelope manufacturing solutions. Current research in materially-informed design-to-robotic production (D2RP) explores the impact of robotic fabrication on enhancing production practices. Several panel manufacturing methods have been proposed such as stretch bending, die forming, hydroforming, single and multipoint forming, the most successful being hybrid methods like multipoint stretch forming. In developing countries, the challenge of utilizing such materials and tools is amplified. In this paper, we introduce a method that couples the non-planar robotic deposition of clay as a material characterized by its longevity, reduced heat transfer, low cost, low maintenance lightweight and local abundance, with multipoint forming to optimize the manufacturing of double curved façade panels in hot arid climates. A 6-axis robotic arm was used to produce multiple functionally double-curved panels by depositing clay in a non-planar fashion and normal to the surface of a multipoint forming machine that was designed and manufactured using 3D printed movable actuators to create adaptive molds. A workflow was developed using Grasshopper for develop a streamlined coupling between the rapid code for the robotic simulation and depositing, and the multipoint forming synchronized actuator movement per clay panel, based on a given full building façade geometry. The resulting double-curved facade panels were optimized structurally, materially, and spatially, and were shown to significantly reduce material waste with low environmental impact and accelerated rate of double-curved panel production.
keywords	Clay 3D Printing, Robotic Fabrication, Multipoint Forming, Robotic Material Deposition, Mass Customization, Double Curved Façade Panels, Adaptive Molds
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2023/12/10 10:49

_id	ecaade2023_353
id	ecaade2023_353
authors	van Son, Nicholas and Prado, Marshall
year	2023
title	Hybrid Thermoplastic-Composite Building Components
source	Dokonal, W, Hirschberg, U and Wurzer, G (eds.), Digital Design Reconsidered - Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2023) - Volume 1, Graz, 20-22 September 2023, pp. 621–630
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2023.1.621
summary	The development of additive manufacturing (AM) technology has unlocked new geometric and material potentials for architecture and construction. While large-scale implementation of AM continues to be a popular research topic, the majority of projects are restricted to traditional planar layer-based printing methods. Furthermore, many modern large-scale 3D printing machines rely on heavy cementitious material, which further limits the benefits which can be gained from additive processes. These traditional printing methods restrict construction to mainly vertical walls with roof structures and overhangs posing major challenges. Robotic fabrication and materials research present opportunities for effective and efficient applications of AM in architecture. The following research takes place over several phases and explores fabrication strategies which combine AM and fiber composites to produce lightweight building components. (1) The first phase tests the material capabilities of a reinforced AM system, including the production and testing of several hybrid material systems. An emphasis is placed on sustainable alternatives to traditional concretes and polymers. (2) The second phase develops, tests, and refines hybrid material fabrication processes, which include printing on complex formwork and composite substrates. (3) Phase three includes material investigations, manufacturing processes, and geometric iterations to determine the compatibility of various recycled thermoplastics and textile/film membranes. Custom and adaptable robotic AM techniques take advantage of 9 axis fabrication to 3D print material efficient, non-planar, and geometrically differentiated components. (4) The final phase further explores and develops the geometric potential of the developed fabrication processes and material systems. Numerous building components are 3D printed and tested for structural capabilities. These components are assembled into a full-scale demonstrator which explores various architectural potentials of the system including cantilevering structures, roof systems, multi-material assemblies, joint logics, enclosure systems, and scalar limitations. This project showcases the potential for lightweight composite reinforced additive manufacturing processes for large-scale architectural applications.
keywords	Robotic Fabrication, Additive Manufacturing, Composites, Hybrid Materials, Recycled Materials, Lightweight Structures
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2023/12/10 10:49

_id	ecaade2023_282
id	ecaade2023_282
authors	Vele, Jiri, Kurilla, Lukáš and Achten, Henri Hubertus
year	2023
title	Improving Buildability of Overhangs of 3D Printed Objects Through Non-Planar Slicing Informed by Force Flow Analysis
source	Dokonal, W, Hirschberg, U and Wurzer, G (eds.), Digital Design Reconsidered - Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2023) - Volume 1, Graz, 20-22 September 2023, pp. 519–526
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2023.1.519
summary	The traditional method of data preparation for 3D printing, known as planar slicing, involves slicing the 3D model into horizontal layers and printing them gradually. This is the simplest option with the main parameter being layer height. However, this method has several limitations, including poor surface finish with stair-stepping contours of layers at steep angles and a necessity to print additional support structure for overhangs. Non-planar slicing is a newer method that involves slicing the 3D model into non-horizontal layers with varying layer heights. This technique is mostly explored in plastics, with observed improvements in buildability, surface finish and reduction of cracking alongside the layers. In construction scale, non-planar printing is used primarily for achieving unique surface finish, or for printing on an uneven base. Its potential for improving buildability is still yet to be properly tested. This paper examines how non-planar layers can be derived with a help of force flow lines and how it affects the buildability. While printing overhangs, shear force can ultimately break the interlayer bond and layers can start deforming and sliding on top of each other, resulting in buckling, or even collapse. By guiding these forces into the bulk of layers instead of interlayer bonds, printing capabilities can be improved. Goal of this paper is to present how buildability of overhangs can be improved using non-planar slicing. Non-planar layers are derived from force flow line simulations done in Karamba3D. For printing we use clay, as a fast and simple prototyping method with the aim to later utilise our findings into concrete printing.
keywords	additive manufacturing, printing simulation, non-planar printing, force flow, 3DCP
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2023/12/10 10:49

_id	ecaade2023_317
id	ecaade2023_317
authors	Zamani, Alireza, Mohseni, Alale and Bertug Çapunaman, Özgüç
year	2023
title	Reconfigurable Formwork System for Vision-Informed Conformal Robotic 3D Printing
source	Dokonal, W, Hirschberg, U and Wurzer, G (eds.), Digital Design Reconsidered - Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2023) - Volume 1, Graz, 20-22 September 2023, pp. 387–396
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2023.1.387
summary	Robotic additive manufacturing has garnered significant research and development interest due to its transformative potential in architecture, engineering, and construction as a cost-effective, material-efficient, and energy-saving fabrication method. However, despite its potential, conventional approaches heavily depend on meticulously optimized work environments, as robotic arms possess limited information regarding their immediate surroundings (Bechthold, 2010; Bechthold & King, 2013). Furthermore, such approaches are often restricted to planar build surfaces and slicing algorithms due to computational and physical practicality, which consequently limits the feasibility of robotic solutions in scenarios involving complex geometries and materials. Building on previous work (Çapunaman et al., 2022), this research investigates conformal 3D printing of clay using a 6 degrees-of-freedom robot arm and a vision-based sensing framework on parametrically reconfigurable tensile hyperbolic paraboloid (hypar) formwork. In this paper, we present the implementation details of the formwork system, share findings from preliminary testing of the proposed workflow, and demonstrate application feasibility through a design exercise that aims to fabricate unique components for a poly-hypar surface structure. The formwork system also offers parametric control over generating complex, non-planar tensile surfaces to be printed on. Within the scope of this workflow, the vision-based sensing framework is employed to generate a digital twin informing iterative tuning of the formwork geometry and conformal toolpath planning on scanned geometries. Additionally, we utilized the augmented fabrication framework to observe and analyze deformations in the printed clay body that occurs during air drying. The proposed workflow, in conjunction with the vision-based sensing framework and the reconfigurable formwork, aims to minimize time and material waste in custom formwork fabrication and printing support materials for complex geometric panels and shell structures.
keywords	Robotic Fabrication, Conformal 3D Printing, Additive Manufacturing, Computer-Vision, Reconfigurable Formwork
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2023/12/10 10:49

_id	ijac202321301
id	ijac202321301
authors	Bedarf, Patrick; Anna Szabo; Enrico Scoccimarro; Benjamin Dillenburger
year	2023
title	Foamwork: Challenges and strategies in using mineral foam 3D printing for a lightweight composite concrete slab
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing 2023, Vol. 21 - no. 3, 388–403
summary	This paper presents an innovative design and fabrication workflow for a lightweight composite slab prototype that combines mineral foam 3D printing (F3DP) and concrete casting. Non-standardized concrete elements that are geometrically optimized for resource efficiency often result in complex shapes that are difficult to manufacture. This paper extends the research in earlier studies, showing that F3DP can address this challenge. F3DP is used to construct 24 stay-in-place formwork elements for a lightweight, resource-efficient ribbed concrete element with a 2 × 1.3 m footprint. This advancement highlights the improved robotic F3DP setup, computational design techniques for geometry and print path generation, and strategies to achieve near-netshape fabrication. The resulting prototype shows how complex geometries that were previously costprohibitive can be produced efficiently. Discussing the findings, challenges, and future improvements offers useful perspectives and supports the development of this resourceful and sustainable construction technique.
keywords	robotic 3D printing, mineral foam, stay-in-place formwork, concrete composite, SDG12 responsible consumption and production
series	journal
last changed	2024/04/17 14:30

_id	acadia23_v2_54
id	acadia23_v2_54
authors	Bedarf, Patrick; Jeoffroy, Etienne; Dillenburger, Benjamin
year	2023
title	Airlements: A Lightweight and Insulating Monolithic Wall System made with Foam 3D Printing
source	ACADIA 2023: Habits of the Anthropocene: Scarcity and Abundance in a Post-Material Economy [Volume 2: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference for the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 979-8-9891764-0-3]. Denver. 26-28 October 2023. edited by A. Crawford, N. Diniz, R. Beckett, J. Vanucchi, M. Swackhamer 54-60.
summary	oam 3D printing investigates additive manufacturing of porous construction materials for novel lightweight and insulating building components. It leverages the opportunities of automated, moldless fabrication that can reduce waste, hazardous labor, and costs for material-efficient, geometrically-optimized, and previously cost-prohibitive structures. Moreover, the thermal resistance of porous materials addresses the insulation perfor- mance of building elements and can help to reduce the operational energy consumption of buildings. Airlements is the largest demonstrator produced in this research using cement-free, geopolymer-based mineral foams made from industrial waste. The two-meter-tall struc- ture composed of four stacked segments explores the advantages of lightweight manual assembly for monolithic non-structural walls. A finish made from cement-free spray plaster completes the facade system. This paper presents the advancements in the robotic 3D-printing setup, the demonstrator design and fabrication, and discusses the advantages and challenges of this novel method. In light of the gaining popularity of large-scale 3D printing, particularly with concrete, this study contributes to the body of work with alternative materials that can improve the sustainability and building physics performance of innovative building elements.
series	ACADIA
type	paper
email
last changed	2024/12/20 09:12

_id	ecaade2023_403
id	ecaade2023_403
authors	Breseghello, Luca, Talaei, Ardeshir, Florenzano, Daniele and Naboni, Roberto
year	2023
title	Shape-Env - Camera-enhanced robotic terrain-shaping for complex 3D concrete printing
source	Dokonal, W, Hirschberg, U and Wurzer, G (eds.), Digital Design Reconsidered - Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2023) - Volume 1, Graz, 20-22 September 2023, pp. 539–548
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2023.1.539
summary	Accounting for over 40% of global waste, the construction industry needs innovative approaches to reduce its environmental impact. Excavation soil is currently considered waste and disposed of in landfills, accounting for about five times household waste and being the most significant source by volume. However, 80% of the extracted soil from construction sites is estimated to be uncontaminated and could be reused. In parallel, 3D printing of concrete structures with non-standard geometry is still limited by complicated processes, which are challenging to upscale and be used for on-site construction scenarios. This project proactively explores terrain as a resource for automated construction, specifically using unprocessed soil as a reconfigurable moulding material for on-site 3D printing of geometrically complex concrete elements. To do so, a novel robotic process was developed and tested in a laboratory environment, combining high-precision robotic earthwork and 3D printing aided by camera vision to account for the unpredictable behaviour of soil with unknown composition and properties. The method was tested on a proof-of-concept experiment where concrete shell panels of topological complexity were successfully realised, extending the available design space for large-scale 3DCP with a reconfigurable, sustainable and low-cost approach.
keywords	Robotic Earthwork, Conformal Printing, 3D Concrete Printing, 3D Scanning
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2023/12/10 10:49

_id	caadria2023_380
id	caadria2023_380
authors	Cohen, Avraham and Barath, Shany
year	2023
title	Integrating Large-Scale Additive Manufacturing and Bioplastic Compounds for Architectural Acoustic Performance
source	Immanuel Koh, Dagmar Reinhardt, Mohammed Makki, Mona Khakhar, Nic Bao (eds.), HUMAN-CENTRIC - Proceedings of the 28th CAADRIA Conference, Ahmedabad, 18-24 March 2023, pp. 179–188
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2023.2.179
summary	Emerging regulations in the context of sustainability have placed renewed attention on construction protocols, including consideration of end-of-life, waste reduction and a shift to bioplastics. However, much research is required on the integration and compatibility of bioplastic materials and their performance concerning construction industry standards. Parallel to the material perspective, increased efforts are placed on additive manufacturing (AM) processes in architectural design and their potential contribution to sustainability through experimentation with new materials, enhanced performance prototyping and reduction in material use. Within this context, the following paper develops a framework towards large-scale additive manufacturing examining bioplastic compounds for architectural components with acoustic performance. A design workflow outlines the component geometry and micro-structuring for both scattering and absorption. It explores the ability to expand on the acoustic behaviour of the chosen materials through printing techniques such as pull printing, fiber printing and dynamic structure printing, within a robotic FDM setup utilizing non-planar tool path design. The robotic workflow developed, outlines a material-informed calibration of bioplastic compounds, their predicted acoustic compatibility to the construction industry, and highlights the potential of such AM workflows to align with current sustainability goals.
keywords	bioplastic compounds, robotic fabrication, large scale additive manufacturing, non-planar tool path design, acoustic performance
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2023/06/15 23:14

_id	caadria2023_257
id	caadria2023_257
authors	Diniz, Nancy and Melendez, Frank
year	2023
title	Hybrid Bio-Based Architectural Systems: Living Organisms and Upcycled Waste Materials for 3D Printing and Robotic Deposition
source	Immanuel Koh, Dagmar Reinhardt, Mohammed Makki, Mona Khakhar, Nic Bao (eds.), HUMAN-CENTRIC - Proceedings of the 28th CAADRIA Conference, Ahmedabad, 18-24 March 2023, pp. 321–328
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2023.2.321
summary	In line with the 2023 CAADRIA conference theme, Human-Centric, this research aims to promote cultural and societal shifts towards climate justice, and equitable approaches to sustainability, by promoting the use of natural systems and locally sourced, upcycled materials in the design and making of architectural systems. This research paper and project, titled Hybrid Bio-Based Architectural Systems, explores possibilities for designing and fabricating architectural systems that merge living organisms, upcycled waste, and digital technologies. The paper focuses on three living organisms; fungi, algae, and bacteria, and the use of upcycled waste materials as substrates for growing mycelium, the vegetative part of fungi. Through a series of physical experiments and prototypes, new hybrid models of living and non-living materials are formulated as extrudable pastes for 3D printing and robotic deposition. Each 3D printed component, which aggregate to form a larger assembly, is inoculated and grown with mycelium. The research reframes concepts of ecological design, as collaborations with living organisms, and symbiotic relationships between human and non-human species, that challenges traditional and conventional notions of designing and making architecture in the post-Anthropocentric era.
keywords	Bio-Based, Bio-Design, Bio-Materials, Mycelium, Algae, Upcycled Waste, 3D Printing, Robotic Deposition, Innovative Material Systems, Climate Change and Sustainability
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2023/06/15 23:14

_id	caadria2023_210
id	caadria2023_210
authors	Linker, Gitit, Gillis, Elisheva, Freedman, Danny, Segal, Adi, Zermati, Noa, Naim, Or, Partook, Rebecca Hila and Nathansohn, Nof
year	2023
title	Designed to Grow: 3D Printing of Seeds
source	Immanuel Koh, Dagmar Reinhardt, Mohammed Makki, Mona Khakhar, Nic Bao (eds.), HUMAN-CENTRIC - Proceedings of the 28th CAADRIA Conference, Ahmedabad, 18-24 March 2023, pp. 211–220
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2023.2.211
summary	The prevalent use of inorganic, non-local materials in construction and design in the age of ecological crisis, calls for experiments with new, more sustainable components. In this research, we suggest re-thinking the incorporation of flora in design, by developing a new material for additive manufacturing (AM), that utilizes the constructive potential in the root entanglement of germinating seeds. The material which is comprised of a hydrogel and seeds is used to create 3D printed objects. These transform over time and the material receives new properties and qualities. The seeds develop into plants which finally wither, the plants roots intertwine and strengthen the structure of the designed shape as the sustaining hydrogel disintegrates. The object is comprised of organic biodegradable components only, that can be prepared for AM in simple processes. By doing so, the result is an accessible method of creating plant based and digitally designed objects. Our research challenges the conventional approach for integrating nature into the built environment. While flora is most commonly subsequently added as an external addition to the designed object, in this work, seeding is an integral part of the fabrication process. This allows us to introduce a new workflow for ecological design and fabrication.
keywords	Material Development, 3D printing, 3D Bioprinting, Digital Fabrication, Sustainable Design, Post Printing Transformation
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2023/06/15 23:14

_id	ecaade2024_344
id	ecaade2024_344
authors	Massin, Peter; Bauer, Kilian
year	2024
title	Morphology and Ornamentation: Robotic fabrication of a biocomposite relief
source	Kontovourkis, O, Phocas, MC and Wurzer, G (eds.), Data-Driven Intelligence - Proceedings of the 42nd Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2024), Nicosia, 11-13 September 2024, Volume 1, pp. 115–124
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2024.1.115
summary	Morphology and Ornamentation investigates experimental design and fabrication studies following the theory of the Digital and the Ornament in architecture. The research identifies the traits of morphological correlations between digital design processes and features of CAM machinery. This paper presents a CAM fabricated wall relief, ‘Postdigital Textrin’, developed at the Department of Experimental Architecture in 2023 as part of the funded research project “Fragments of postdigital Ornamentation”. The project aimed to develop an economic and ecological design process for the fabrication of relief panels while simultaneously investigating the aesthetic attributes of the technological framework. The methodology utilises non-structural robotic printing, mainly with biocomposites. Significant findings could be made by understanding the print specifications, the material, and the path design during the iterative experimental phase. Based on the developed process, 12 m2 or 32 individual panels of puzzle-like polygonal silhouettes had been economically and efficiently fabricated and seamlessly assembled. The project contributes to the investigation of sustainable and digital crafting strategies while identifying technology and compounding data as aesthetic drivers.
keywords	Ornament, Design theory, Digital fabrication, Postdigital, 3D Printing biocomposite
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2024/11/17 22:05

_id	ecaade2023_239
id	ecaade2023_239
authors	Tamke, Martin, Akbari, Shahriar, Chiujdea, Ruxandra, Nicholas, Paul and Ramsgaard Thomsen, Mette
year	2023
title	A Computer Vision-Based Long-term Monitoring Framework for Biobased Materials
source	Dokonal, W, Hirschberg, U and Wurzer, G (eds.), Digital Design Reconsidered - Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2023) - Volume 1, Graz, 20-22 September 2023, pp. 459–468
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2023.1.459
summary	In this paper, we describe an automated remote monitoring system to uncover the impact of environmental phenomena on 3D printed bio-polymers behaviour and lifespan. The novel fully automated in-service framework allows for long-term monitoring with a wide range of wired and optical sensors and to correlate and analyse the gathered data. A focus is set on non-invasive measurements with Computer Vision technology. Here we introduce a computational image pipeline that allows for automated analysis and feedback on monitored bio-composite samples and assemblies. The framework is easily deployable, cloud-based, and accessible remotely. We evaluate the function and reliability of the framework in two design cases indoors and outdoors and gather insight for future practice with bio-based materials on both design and in-service levels.
keywords	Automated Monitoring, 3D printing, Biopolymer, Material Behaviour, Weathering
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2023/12/10 10:49

_id	caadria2023_286
id	caadria2023_286
authors	Choo, Thian-Siong, Wang, Bryan, Berboso, Danielle, Ng, Shalynn and Koh, Lee Jun Rae
year	2023
title	Computational Design for Additive Manufacturing of a Doubly Curved Gyroid Lattice Wall
source	Immanuel Koh, Dagmar Reinhardt, Mohammed Makki, Mona Khakhar, Nic Bao (eds.), HUMAN-CENTRIC - Proceedings of the 28th CAADRIA Conference, Ahmedabad, 18-24 March 2023, pp. 271–280
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2023.2.271
summary	Additive Manufacturing (AM) for large format building components is becoming popular. AM has allowed architects and engineers to rethink the process of manufacturing building components through lightweighting strategies associated with the processes of AM. AM allows just-in-time production of components which reduces the need for large storage space and minimizes the carbon footprint of the supply chain by bringing the production closer to the actual construction site. However, the feasibility and efficiency of large format fused filament fabrication (FFF) for large building components are still unclear. This paper presents a Computational Design for Additive Manufacturing (CDfAM) workflow of a doubly curved gyroid lattice wall as part of the research on the technological affordance of large format planar FFF for a doubly curved gyroid lattice wall and the feasibility of 3D printing without support structures.
keywords	Design for Additive Manufacturing, Fused Filament Fabrication, Large-Scale Additive Manufacturing, Computational Design, Lightweighting
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2023/06/15 23:14

_id	ecaade2023_382
id	ecaade2023_382
authors	Blahut, Sarah and Harnoncourt-Fuchs, Marie-Therese
year	2023
title	Mixed Reality Interactive Representations for the Assembly of a Custom Timber Tower
source	Dokonal, W, Hirschberg, U and Wurzer, G (eds.), Digital Design Reconsidered - Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2023) - Volume 2, Graz, 20-22 September 2023, pp. 751–760
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2023.2.751
summary	In recent years, many projects have emerged testing the use of augmented reality (AR) and mixed reality (MR) systems in the custom design and fabrication of architectural projects at a variety of scales using digital and analog tools. This paper presents a series of MR systems for key modes of interactive representations in the assembly process of a custom timber tower, intending to expand an area of research on the use of MR as a critical medium for architectural representation in design customization. The series of MR systems were developed to assist and expedite the physical assembly of customized timber parts and connections for the large-scale tower with a small team of students and carpenters. The MR systems are built as interactive representations of the 3D digital design model, allowing the user to see connections in real-time on physical materials in order to perform collaborative preparation and assembly tasks with analog tools. Each MR system relied on a single user, wearing a HoloLens 2, to use hand gestures to place and interact with 3D Rhino model representations of the tower and individual parts overlaid in the physical context at 1:1 scale. The MR systems deployed as interactive 3D representations were evaluated at three key stages in the material preparation and assembly processes. The project tested the use of MR systems created for a series of tasks that enabled the fast assembly of the tower, which is almost 10 meters high. The outlook explores the perspective of how MR systems augment modes of architectural representation through human interaction, collaboration, and accessibility (also for non-expert users), using digital and analog tools, and how these systems provide greater agency for customization and variety in design and building.
keywords	Mixed Reality, Interactive Representation, Customization, HoloLens2, Head-Mounted Display, Digital and Analog, Augmented Reality
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2023/12/10 10:49

_id	ecaade2023_290
id	ecaade2023_290
authors	Dzurilla, Dalibor, Sopher, Hadas and Dorta, Tomás
year	2023
title	Architect-Client Communication During Co-ideation with 2D Digital and 3D Immersive Sketches
source	Dokonal, W, Hirschberg, U and Wurzer, G (eds.), Digital Design Reconsidered - Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2023) - Volume 1, Graz, 20-22 September 2023, pp. 221–230
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2023.1.221
summary	Effective architect-client communication is crucial for the successful progress of the design process. Traditional 2D sketches may pose challenges due to the high uncertainty experienced by clients regarding the project. This kind of communication is perceived as the intersection of clarity of information, clarity of sketched representations, and suitable communication methods (verbal and non-verbal). Aiming to support it, this case study evaluates the level of uncertainty and clarity experienced by architects and clients when using 2D digital sketches and immersive 3D sketches during co-ideation. This case study followed an architect and two clients co-ideating two similar small projects, using three digital sketching tools: 3D sketches on Gravity Sketch using Oculus Quest 2 VR headsets, Hyve-3D co-design immersive projection system (VR without headsets), and 2D sketches with a digital tablet using its pen. Each project included three twenty-minute sessions per tool, followed by a questionnaire. Preliminary findings suggest that 3D sketches offer better clarity and reduce participants' uncertainty. We found generally high expectations from the tools at the beginning of the collaborative sessions and a subsequent decrease in impressions at the end due to the lack of clarity of the proposed representations. The immersive projection system better supported non-verbal communication, observed through gestures, whereas the VR headset restricted this activity.
keywords	Architect-Client Communication, Digital 3D Sketching, Social VR, HMD, Co-ideation
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2023/12/10 10:49

_id	ecaade2023_200
id	ecaade2023_200
authors	Faraj Al-Suwaidi, Mohammed, Agkathidis, Asterios, Haidar, Adonis and Lombardi, Davide
year	2023
title	Immersive Technologies in Architectural Education: A pedagogical framework for integrating virtual reality as the main design tool in a fully virtualised architectural design studio environment
source	Dokonal, W, Hirschberg, U and Wurzer, G (eds.), Digital Design Reconsidered - Proceedings of the 41st Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2023) - Volume 1, Graz, 20-22 September 2023, pp. 89–98
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2023.1.089
summary	Given the increased accessibility and utilization of VR tools in architectural education, embracing a fully virtualised design process still remains taboo. The recent covid-19 pandemic has forced universities to fully adopt remote learning/teaching systems that showcased a disconnection between direct interaction, communication design methods and tools. Immersive tools like VR could play a unique role in closing that gap, allowing users to collaborate and design using avatars in the online virtual space. With this paper, we aim to examine the possibility of a fully virtualised, architectural design studio framework and explore its outcomes throughout the design process. It incorporates multiple digital 3D exercises deriving from manually-driven techniques including sketching and collage-making. We then test the framework for one semester within the Immersive Design and Collaboration Design Studio Unit, which runs in parallel to non- virtualised studio units, working on the same site and context. Our findings highlight the strengths and challenges of the implemented framework and its evaluation through student surveys and student portfolio submissions, to compare the student output developed in both the virtualised and non-virtualised design studio.
keywords	Design Studio, Virtual Reality, Architectural Education, Gravity Sketch, Meta Quest, Hybrid Learning, Digital Design, Remote Learning
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2023/12/10 10:49

_id	caadria2023_1
id	caadria2023_1
authors	Koh, Immanuel
year	2023
title	AI-Bewitched Architecture of Hansel and Gretel: Food-to-Architecture in 2D & 3D with GANs and Diffusion Models
source	Immanuel Koh, Dagmar Reinhardt, Mohammed Makki, Mona Khakhar, Nic Bao (eds.), HUMAN-CENTRIC - Proceedings of the 28th CAADRIA Conference, Ahmedabad, 18-24 March 2023, pp. 9–18
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2023.1.009
summary	Architects such as Le Corbusier, Frank Gehry, Aldo Rossi, and Greg Lynn have implicitly turned culinary formalism into architectural formalism during their careers. How might AI assist in a similar act of bisociation (or conceptual blending)? The paper is the first to explore this food2architecture bisociation explicitly, and specifically with generative adversarial networks (GANs) such as CycleGAN and VQGAN-CLIP, and diffusion models such as OpenAI’s DALL-E 2, Midjourney and DreamFusion (using Stable Diffusion). Instead of using textual input prompts to generate images of architecture only with the discipline’s own vocabulary, the research merges them with the vocabulary of food, thus exploiting their potential in blending their respective conceptual and formal characteristics. While these diffusion models have recently been used by the general public to generate 2D imagery posts on various social media platforms, no existing work has conducted a detailed and systematic analysis on their exclusive capacity in bisociating food and architecture. Imagery outputs generated during two workshops involving 150 designers and non-designers are included here as illustrations. Beginning and ending the paper with the all-familiar fairy tale of the gingerbread house, the research explores the creative design bisociative affordance of today's text-to-image and text-to-3D models by turning culinary inputs into architectural outputs -- envisioning an explicitly computational version of the implicit 'food2architecture' mental models plausibly used by some of the most creative architects.
keywords	Deep Learning, Midjourney, DALL-E 2, DreamFusion, Stable Diffusion, GANs
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2023/06/15 23:14

_id	sigradi2023_161
id	sigradi2023_161
authors	Portillo, Juan Pablo and Flores, Luis
year	2023
title	Heritage parametric modeling
source	García Amen, F, Goni Fitipaldo, A L and Armagno Gentile, Á (eds.), Accelerated Landscapes - Proceedings of the XXVII International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2023), Punta del Este, Maldonado, Uruguay, 29 November - 1 December 2023, pp. 277–288
summary	The study focuses on the digital documentation and geometric modeling of the Susana Soca Chapel, an architectural masterpiece designed by Antonio Bonet in Uruguay. The chapel is known for its unique geometric form composed of equilateral triangles, and it holds significant historical and cultural value. The research utilizes advanced digital technologies such as laser scanning and photogrammetry to capture the three-dimensional data of the chapel. The model is then analyzed to establish compositional rules and generate a new model using Dynamo Revit and parametric design techniques. The results include a high-quality point cloud model, facilitating the exploration of generative design principles. The discussion highlights the use of non-explicit modeling tools in architecture, emphasizing the need to understand the underlying geometric principles that govern the creation of complex spatial compositions. The research aims to establish guidelines and protocols for the digital documentation and algorithmic design of architectural landmarks, presenting a challenging yet promising proposition in the field.
keywords	Digital heritage, Dynamo, Point cloud, Parametric design, 3D scanning
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2024/03/08 14:06

_id	ijac202321410
id	ijac202321410
authors	Rihani, Nemeh
year	2023
title	Interactive immersive experience: Digital technologies for reconstruction and experiencing temple of Bel using crowdsourced images and 3D photogrammetric processes
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing 2023, Vol. 21 - no. 4, 730-756
summary	This paper investigates the potential of dense multi-image 3D photogrammetric reconstruction of destroyed cultural heritage monuments by employing public domain imagery for heritage site visitors. This work focuses on the digital reconstruction of the Temple of Bel, one of the heritage monuments in Palmyra, Syria, which was demolished in the summer of 2015 due to armed conflict. This temple is believed to be one of the most significant religious structures of the first century AD in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region with its unique design and condition before destruction actions. The process is carried out using solely one source of images; the freely available visitors’ images collected from the social media platforms and web search engines. This paper presents a digital 3D reconstruction workflow for the collected images using an advanced photogrammetry pipeline and dense image matching software. The virtually reconstructed outputs will be managed and implemented efficiently in Unity3D to create an entire 3D virtual interactive environment for the deconstructed temple to be visualised and experienced using the new Oculus Quest VR headset. The virtual Palmyra’s visitor will be offered an enhanced walk-through off-site interactive, immersive experience compared to the real-world one, which is non-existing and unobtainable at the site in the current time.
keywords	Cultural heritage, crowdsourced images, 3D photogrammetric reconstruction, digital heritage, virtual heritage, immersive technologies, Palmyra
series	journal
last changed	2024/04/17 14:30

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