Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	c7e9
authors	Maver, T.W.
year	2002
title	Predicting the Past, Remembering the Future
source	SIGraDi 2002 - [Proceedings of the 6th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Caracas (Venezuela) 27-29 november 2002, pp. 2-3
summary	Charlas Magistrales 2There never has been such an exciting moment in time in the extraordinary 30 year history of our subject area, as NOW,when the philosophical theoretical and practical issues of virtuality are taking centre stage.The PastThere have, of course, been other defining moments during these exciting 30 years:• the first algorithms for generating building layouts (circa 1965).• the first use of Computer graphics for building appraisal (circa 1966).• the first integrated package for building performance appraisal (circa 1972).• the first computer generated perspective drawings (circa 1973).• the first robust drafting systems (circa 1975).• the first dynamic energy models (circa 1982).• the first photorealistic colour imaging (circa 1986).• the first animations (circa 1988)• the first multimedia systems (circa 1995), and• the first convincing demonstrations of virtual reality (circa 1996).Whereas the CAAD community has been hugely inventive in the development of ICT applications to building design, it hasbeen woefully remiss in its attempts to evaluate the contribution of those developments to the quality of the built environmentor to the efficiency of the design process. In the absence of any real evidence, one can only conjecture regarding the realbenefits which fall, it is suggested, under the following headings:• Verisimilitude: The extraordinary quality of still and animated images of the formal qualities of the interiors and exteriorsof individual buildings and of whole neighborhoods must surely give great comfort to practitioners and their clients thatwhat is intended, formally, is what will be delivered, i.e. WYSIWYG - what you see is what you get.• Sustainability: The power of «first-principle» models of the dynamic energetic behaviour of buildings in response tochanging diurnal and seasonal conditions has the potential to save millions of dollars and dramatically to reduce thedamaging environmental pollution created by badly designed and managed buildings.• Productivity: CAD is now a multi-billion dollar business which offers design decision support systems which operate,effectively, across continents, time-zones, professions and companies.• Communication: Multi-media technology - cheap to deliver but high in value - is changing the way in which we canexplain and understand the past and, envisage and anticipate the future; virtual past and virtual future!MacromyopiaThe late John Lansdown offered the view, in his wonderfully prophetic way, that ...”the future will be just like the past, onlymore so...”So what can we expect the extraordinary trajectory of our subject area to be?To have any chance of being accurate we have to have an understanding of the phenomenon of macromyopia: thephenomenon exhibitted by society of greatly exaggerating the immediate short-term impact of new technologies (particularlythe information technologies) but, more importantly, seriously underestimating their sustained long-term impacts - socially,economically and intellectually . Examples of flawed predictions regarding the the future application of information technologiesinclude:• The British Government in 1880 declined to support the idea of a national telephonic system, backed by the argumentthat there were sufficient small boys in the countryside to run with messages.• Alexander Bell was modest enough to say that: «I am not boasting or exaggerating but I believe, one day, there will bea telephone in every American city».• Tom Watson, in 1943 said: «I think there is a world market for about 5 computers».• In 1977, Ken Olssop of Digital said: «There is no reason for any individuals to have a computer in their home».The FutureJust as the ascent of woman/man-kind can be attributed to her/his capacity to discover amplifiers of the modest humancapability, so we shall discover how best to exploit our most important amplifier - that of the intellect. The more we know themore we can figure; the more we can figure the more we understand; the more we understand the more we can appraise;the more we can appraise the more we can decide; the more we can decide the more we can act; the more we can act themore we can shape; and the more we can shape, the better the chance that we can leave for future generations a trulysustainable built environment which is fit-for-purpose, cost-beneficial, environmentally friendly and culturally significactCentral to this aspiration will be our understanding of the relationship between real and virtual worlds and how to moveeffortlessly between them. We need to be able to design, from within the virtual world, environments which may be real ormay remain virtual or, perhaps, be part real and part virtual.What is certain is that the next 30 years will be every bit as exciting and challenging as the first 30 years.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:55

_id	avocaad_2001_13
id	avocaad_2001_13
authors	Alexander Koutamanis
year	2001
title	Modeling irregular and complex forms
source	AVOCAAD - ADDED VALUE OF COMPUTER AIDED ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN, Nys Koenraad, Provoost Tom, Verbeke Johan, Verleye Johan (Eds.), (2001) Hogeschool voor Wetenschap en Kunst - Departement Architectuur Sint-Lucas, Campus Brussel, ISBN 80-76101-05-1
summary	Computational technologies provide arguably the first real opportunity architectural design has had for a comprehensive description of built form. With the advent of affordable computer-aided design systems (including drafting, modeling, visualization and simulation tools), architects believe they can be in full control of geometric aspects and, through these, of a wide spectrum of other aspects that are implicit or explicit in the geometric representation. This belief is based primarily on the efficiency and effectiveness of computer systems, ranging from the richness and adaptability of geometric primitives to the utility of geometric representations in simulations of climatic aspects. Such capabilities support attempts to design and construct more irregular or otherwise complex forms. These fall under two main categories: (1) parsing of irregularity into elementary components, and (2) correlation of the form of a building with complex geometric structures.The first category takes advantage of the compactness and flexibility of computational representations in order to analyse the form of a design into basic elements, usually elementary geometric primitives. These are either arranged into simple, unconstrained configurations or related to each other by relationships that define e.g. parametric relative positioning or Boolean combinations. In both cases the result is a reduction of local complexity and an increase of implicit or explicit relationships, including the possibility of hierarchical structures.The second category attempts to correlate built form with constraints that derive usually from construction but can also be morphological. The correlation determines the applicability of complex geometric structures (minimally ruled surfaces) to the description of a design. The product of this application is generally variable in quality, depending upon the designer's grounding in geometry and his ability to integrate constraints from different aspects in the definition of the design's geometry.Both categories represent a potential leap forward but are also equally hampered by the rigidity of the implementation mechanisms upon which they rely heavily. The paper proposes an approach to making these mechanisms subordinate to the cognitive and technical aspects of architectural thinking through fuzzy modeling. This way of modeling involves a combination of (a) canonical forms, (b) tolerances around canonical forms and positions, (c) minimal and maximal values, (d) fuzzy boundaries, and (e) plastic interaction between elements based on the dual principles of local intelligence and autonomy. Fuzzy models come therefore closer to the intuitive manners of sketching, while facilitating transition to precise and complex forms. The paper presents two applications of fuzzy modeling. The first concerns the generation of schematic building layouts, including adaptive control of programmatic requirements. The second is a system for designing stairs that can adapt themselves to changes in their immediate environment through a fuzzy definition of geometric and topological parametrization.
series	AVOCAAD
email
last changed	2005/09/09 10:48

_id	sigradi2022_32
id	sigradi2022_32
authors	Brasil, Alexander; Martinez, Andressa
year	2022
title	Social Housing Mass Customization: Description of a system for real-time cost and spatial generation
source	Herrera, PC, Dreifuss-Serrano, C, Gómez, P, Arris-Calderon, LF, Critical Appropriations - Proceedings of the XXVI Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2022), Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, 7-11 November 2022 , pp. 53–64
summary	This study explores mass customization as an alternative strategy for social housing provision. The paper aims to demonstrate the implementation of an integrated system based on the connection between Building Information Modeling and algorithmic-parametric modeling technologies, seeking to design variability with real-time cost and time data control of single-family housing units. We developed the study according to five phases: (1) context analysis and design language definition; (2) rule-based design system definition; (3) cost and execution time estimation; (4) computer system based on the specified technologies definition; (5) quantitative evaluation and qualitative evaluation of the system. The experiment demonstrates that with the aid of algorithmic-parametric modeling, building information manipulation and visualization can be responsive enough to meet mass demands.
keywords	Data analytics, Mass customization, Social Housing, BIM, Cost control
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2023/05/16 16:55

_id	ascaad2023_035
id	ascaad2023_035
authors	Cheng, Chi-Li ; Nagakura, Takehiko; Tsai, Daniel
year	2023
title	A Synergy of AI Observation and Design Tool: Leveraging Multifaceted AI Techniques for Encoding Human Behaviors and Stories in Space
source	C+++: Computation, Culture, and Context – Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of the Arab Society for Computation in Architecture, Art and Design (ASCAAD), University of Petra, Amman, Jordan [Hybrid Conference] 7-9 November 2023, pp. 502-516.
summary	This paper presents an innovative AI-powered tool aimed at revolutionizing observational methods in architectural design. Its primary objective is to bridge the existing gap between designers and AI predictions, streamlining and enhancing the design process. The tool facilitates the creation of dynamic visualizations that predict human behaviours within 3D design models, adapting seamlessly to design alterations. This prototype showcases the potential for efficient AI-assisted design. The core of our system consists of an AI model that trains on data related to human behavior within environmental contexts. Our user-friendly interface empowers designers to interact dynamically with their 3D modelling tool, akin to playing an interactive chess game. Designers can populate their models with human characters, and the system, in turn, predicts the likely activities of these characters. Observational techniques are pivotal in architectural design, drawing inspiration from influential works such as those by Alexander and Whyte. They provide a comprehensive understanding of how spaces can foster human interaction and help architects, designers, and urban planners make informed decisions that enhance user-friendliness. Nevertheless, two key challenges hinder the effective utilization of this data. Firstly, there is a lack of an intuitive interface that seamlessly integrates with existing tools. Designers often struggle to translate the information into design parameters and interpret the data effectively. Secondly, architects must adapt to evolving living environments and cultural shifts, necessitating real-time observations. However, time constraints and biases impede this process. A solution allowing designers to easily update their data is imperative. Our system comprises three integral components: a pre-trained model adaptable to specific locations, depth prediction and segmentation models for spatial comprehension, and a recognition model for user-designed structures. These features, combined with a user-friendly interface, empower designers to interact intuitively with their models, facilitating more informed and responsive design decisions.
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2024/02/13 14:34

_id	f853
authors	Koutamanis, Alexander
year	1995
title	Multilevel Analysis of Fire Escape Routes in a Virtual Environment
source	Sixth International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures [ISBN 9971-62-423-0] Singapore, 24-26 September 1995, pp. 331-342
summary	The paper discusses the computer-aided analysis and evaluation of fire safety in relation to pedestrian circulation in buildings, i.e., fire escape routes. It describes an approach employing both detailed and abstract representations. The goals of the research include: (a) the development of a pyramidal structure that links design analyses at different levels of abstraction; (b) the evaluation of abstract, normative levels of the analysis (and though these of underlying legal and professional principles) using the results of detailed, accurate simulations; and (c) the development a reliable framework for testing human behaviour in fire hazard.
keywords	Fire Safety, Escape Routes, Analysis and Evaluation, Recognition, Simulation
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	ecaade2008_113
id	ecaade2008_113
authors	Montenegro, Nuno C.; Duarte , José Pinto
year	2008
title	Towards a Computational Description of Urban Patterns
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2008.239
source	Architecture in Computro [26th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-7-2] Antwerpen (Belgium) 17-20 September 2008, pp. 239-248
summary	This study is concerned with the formulation of solutions for urban problems. It departs from Alexander’s pattern language theory and urban design guidelines, to create a system for generating specifications or the ingredients of a plan, given a scale, a site and a community. It takes into account strategies, regulations, guidelines, physical features of the site, and furthermore, the social, cultural and economic characteristics of the population. This system, sorted by a sequence of events, through stages, categories, methods and agents, describes taxonomic levels and their inner relations. Such an ontology provides a pattern encoding structure towards a computational model within the capabilities provided by the spatial data modeling of GIS (GIS-O). The urban formulation model is conceived to increase qualitative inputs, reducing ambiguities, through a flexible while automate process applied to urban planning.
keywords	Urban Formulation, Ontology, Pattern Language, GIS interoperability
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	7d26
authors	Pearson, D.G., Alexander, C. and Webster, Robin
year	2001
title	Working Memory and Expertise Differences in Design.
source	J. S. Gero, B. Tversky and T. Purcell (eds), 2001, Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design, II - Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition, University of Sydney, Australia
summary	The Creative Synthesis task devised by Finke and Slayton(1988) has been widely used as an experimental measure of mentalsynthesis, but previous studies have often failed to demonstrate anysignificant benefits of external support on participants’ performance.This paper discusses a study that examined novice and expert drawers’performance of synthesis using a modified stimuli set that was designedto increase the load on visuo-spatial working memory. The resultsshowed a significant increase in Transformational Complexity(Anderson & Hesltrup, 1993) of patterns produced by the expert groupwhile using sketching. It is argued that experts are more effective atusing sketching interactively to increase complexity, while novices relymore on using it as a simple memory aid.
series	other
email
more	http://www.arch.usyd.edu.au/kcdc/conferences/vr01/
last changed	2003/05/02 11:14

_id	ecaade2018_385
id	ecaade2018_385
authors	Schulz, Daniel, Reiter, Felix, Metche, Alexander and Werner, Liss C.
year	2018
title	Data Flow - a GIS based interactive planning tool for educational facilities
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2018.1.497
source	Kepczynska-Walczak, A, Bialkowski, S (eds.), Computing for a better tomorrow - Proceedings of the 36th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland, 19-21 September 2018, pp. 497-506
summary	This paper describes the development of a Grasshopper-based planning support tool for urban planning. The tool aims at the analysis of demand in educational facilities and the optimization of their location and capacities. It was developed for the use case of Berlin using only publicly available resources and data sets. Through preprocessed GIS- and statistical data plus an easy-access interface, the tool encourages people from different backgrounds and even those with no professional knowledge in planning, to engage in urban decision making. Although being initially aimed at contributing to a moderated participation process, the tool's simple GUI (graphical user interface) and open source backend, make it usable in any setup - without a briefed advisor or the need for later professional evaluation by another party.
keywords	urban planning; data visualization; gamification; education; GIS
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:57

_id	ijac20076303
id	ijac20076303
authors	Silva, Erivelton M.; Paraizo, Rodrigo C.
year	2008
title	Urban Projects Database Based on Alexander's Pattern Language:The Case Of Favela-Bairro
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 6 - no. 3, pp. 261-277
summary	This paper describes a system for searching and retrieving urban design drawings developed or contracted by public or governmental entities. We assume that in governmental public programs with similar goals recreating solutions is a daily action, which is, clearly, an unnecessary waste of time and resources. The system presented in this paper aims at concentrating and organizing this information in order to allow urban planners and designers to search for existing solutions to their projects and answers to their current needs.
series	journal
last changed	2008/10/14 14:00

_id	ijac201412406
id	ijac201412406
authors	Teixeira Mendes, Leticia; Gabriela Celani and José Nuno Beirao
year	2014
title	Meta-PREVI Grammar
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 12 - no. 4, 459-476
summary	This paper describes part of a wider research that aimed at using Shape Grammar to generate more diverse and interesting urban spaces in Brazilian Social Housing developments.A shape grammar corresponding to design patterns was inferred from the PREVI Lima urban plan developed by C.Alexander [1] in the 1970s.The grammar was inferred from the plan layout and from the text instructions (or pattern descriptions) presented by Alexander, and can be applied to design new plans within a wider formal universe than what the plan layout would suggest.The final section of the paper points towards the development of generic grammars as a way of encapsulating good qualities of certain design projects and applying them to new situations.
series	journal
last changed	2019/05/24 09:55

_id	sigradi2013_313
id	sigradi2013_313
authors	Teixeira Mendes, Leticia; José Nuno Beirão; Gabriela Celani
year	2013
title	Meta-PREVI: Uma Meta-Gramática para a Geração de Habitação de Interesse Social [Meta-PREVI: A Meta-Grammar for the Generation of Social Housing]
source	SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 217 - 222
summary	A set of independent small grammars corresponding to design patterns were inferred from the PREVI Lima urban plan by C. Alexander. This pattern language composed of grammars inferred from the plan layout and grammars inferred from the text instructions (or pattern descriptions) written by Alexander can be applied to design new plans within a wider formal universe than what the plan layout would suggest.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 10:01

_id	d59a
authors	Zarnowiecka, Jadwiga C.
year	1999
title	AI and Regional Architecture
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1999.584
source	Architectural Computing from Turing to 2000 [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-5-7] Liverpool (UK) 15-17 September 1999, pp. 584-588
summary	In 1976 Richard Foqué established periods in the development of methods of designing. The first stage (the 50's and early 60's) - automatization of the designing process - properly identified language of description that is understood by a machine is vital. Christopher Alexander publishes 'Pattern Language'. The second stage (late 60's) - the use of the Arts - research techniques as interview, questionnaire, active observation; ergonomic aspects are also taken into consideration. The third stage (starts at the turn of the 60's and 70's) - co-participation of all of the parties involved in the designing process, and especially the user. The designing process becomes more complex but at the same time more intelligible to a non-professional - Alexander's 'Pattern Language' returns. It's been over 20 years now since the publication of this work. In the mid 70's prototypes of integrate building description are created. We are dealing now with the next stage of the designing methods development. Unquestionable progress of computer optimalization of technical and economical solutions has taken place. It's being forecasted that the next stage would be using computer as a simulator of the designing process. This stage may be combined with the development of AI. (Already in 1950 Alan Turing had formulated the theoretical grounds of Artificial Intelligence.) Can the development of the AI have the influence on the creation of present time regional architecture? Hereby I risk a conclusion that the development of AI can contribute to the creation of modern regional architecture.
keywords	Design Process, Artificial Intelligence, Regional Architecture
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:57

_id	ecaade2014_113
id	ecaade2014_113
authors	Burak Pak and Johan Verbeke
year	2014
title	ICT-enabled Civic Empowerment and Participation: in Design, through Design
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.1.089
source	Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 89-97
summary	This paper aims to discuss the potentials of novel modes of participatory design in relation to the latest developments in Information and Communication Technologies (ICT). The first part of the study involves the extraction of the basic principles from the extraordinary cases of the Medical Faculty Housing by Lucien Kroll (1976) and Cedric Price's Fun Place (1965) in which various forms of ICT-enabled participation were conceived. In the second part, we reframe the existing ICT tools and strategies and elaborate their potentials to support the modes of participation performed in these two cases. As a result, by distilling the created knowledge, we introduce a model of ICT-enabled design participation which exploits a set of collective action tools to support sustainable ways of self-organization and bottom-up design.
wos	WOS:000361384700008
keywords	Participatory architectural design; crowdsourcing; crowdfunding; self-organization
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	acadia20_150
id	acadia20_150
authors	Gaudilliere-Jami, Nadja
year	2020
title	AD Magazine
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2020.1.150
source	ACADIA 2020: Distributed Proximities / Volume I: Technical Papers [Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-578-95213-0]. Online and Global. 24-30 October 2020. edited by B. Slocum, V. Ago, S. Doyle, A. Marcus, M. Yablonina, and M. del Campo. 150-159.
summary	This paper aims to contribute to a history of computational design and to a historiography of the field by proposing a study of the development of sociotechnical networks of computation in architecture between 1965 and 2020 as shown in AD magazine. The research focuses on two aspects: (1) a methodological approach for the constitution of a comprehensive history of the field and the application of that methodology to a corpus of items published in AD, and (2) questions the relevance of the outlook into computational design as given by the magazine in comparison to a more comprehensive history taking into account other sources. First, the paper presents the history and the editorial line of AD, as well as its pertinence as a primary source. Second, a brief account of the history emerging from this research is given, with a focus on four different periods: pioneering research of the 1960s–1970s, emergence of 3D modeling tools and the procedural winter in the 1980s–1990s, constitution of a large-scale academic and professional network in the 2000s, and democratization of algorithmic design tools in the 2010s. Third, observations are made on editorial choices of the magazine and the biases of its account of computational research, with a special focus on the period 2000–2020, during which many issues have been dedicated to computational design themes, therefore making potential biases more visible. Despite the preponderance of specific topics, editors, and contributors, AD magazine provides an outlook into key concerns of the community at given times. The main biases identified, including a strong focus on the themes of biodesign and rationalization of practices, mirror the biases of the computational field itself, demonstrating the value of AD as an archive for the history of the field.
series	ACADIA
type	paper
email
last changed	2023/10/22 12:06

_id	sigradi2014_047
id	sigradi2014_047
authors	Igansi Nunes, João Fernando
year	2014
title	PréCRIAR - ProGRAMAR : Por Uma Estética Da Interface Computational
source	SiGraDi 2014 [Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-9974-99-655-7] Uruguay - Montevideo 12 - 14 November 2014, pp. 429-432
summary	Definitions of Computational Aesthetics from the metric measurement of algorithmic mathematical language will be treated here under the concepts of: Aesthetic Measures by Birkhoff (1928); Information-, Generativ-, Abstract- and Experimental-Aesthetic by Bense (1965); Aesthetic of algorithmic by Stiny and Gips (1978); Endo-Aesthetic by Claudia Giannetti (2005); and, Maximizing Transfer of Struture and Maximizing Recoverability of the Generative Operations by Leyton (2006). The methodological approach to issues of practice and theory used is the main concepts of the relationship between author / reader on the perspective of Arts and Design with Computational Science.
keywords	Interface; Computational; Aesthetic
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:53

_id	244d
authors	Monedero, J., Casaus, A. and Coll, J.
year	1992
title	From Barcelona. Chronicle and Provisional Evaluation of a New Course on Architectural Solid Modelling by Computerized Means
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1992.351
source	CAAD Instruction: The New Teaching of an Architect? [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Barcelona (Spain) 12-14 November 1992, pp. 351-362
summary	The first step made at the ETSAB in the computer field goes back to 1965, when professors Margarit and Buxade acquired an IBM computer, an electromechanical machine which used perforated cards and which was used to produce an innovative method of structural calculation. This method was incorporated in the academic courses and, at that time, this repeated question "should students learn programming?" was readily answered: the exercises required some knowledge of Fortran and every student needed this knowledge to do the exercises. This method, well known in Europe at that time, also provided a service for professional practice and marked the beginning of what is now the CC (Centro de Calculo) of our school. In 1980 the School bought a PDP1134, a computer which had 256 Kb of RAM, two disks of 5 Mb and one of lO Mb, and a multiplexor of 8 lines. Some time later the general politics of the UPC changed their course and this was related to the purchase of a VAX which is still the base of the CC and carries most of the administrative burden of the school. 1985 has probably been the first year in which we can talk of a general policy of the school directed towards computers. A report has been made that year, which includes an inquest adressed to the six Departments of the School (Graphic Expression, Projects, Structures, Construction, Composition and Urbanism) and that contains interesting data. According to the report, there were four departments which used computers in their current courses, while the two others (Projects and Composition) did not use them at all. The main user was the Department of Structures while the incidence of the remaining three was rather sporadic. The kind of problems detected in this report are very typical: lack of resources for hardware and software and for maintenance of the few computers that the school had at that moment; a demand (posed by the students) greatly exceeding the supply (computers and teachers). The main problem appeared to be the lack of computer graphic devices and proper software.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	2
authors	Montagu, Arturo
year	1998
title	Desde La Computacion Grafica a los Sistemas CAD Actuales. Una Vision Historica de la Revolucion Producida en los Sistemas de Representacion Grafica (1966-1998) (From Graphical Computation to Present CAD Systems. An Historical Vision of the Revolution Produced in the Systems of Graphical Representation (1966-1998))
source	II Seminario Iberoamericano de Grafico Digital [SIGRADI Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-97190-0-X] Mar del Plata (Argentina) 9-11 september 1998, pp. 14-21
summary	Throughout these pages are made known the persons, the projects and the books that have influenced my actions and that they will be mentioned in form underlined in this paper. I have to emphasize that since 1965 to 1970, and in the continuous search that I was accomplishing to find data and bibliography adapted to the topic of computer graphics, only two series of publications contained topics related to this matter at that time: one was the IBM Journal and the other series was the communications of the ACM. The purpose of this work is to make known an experience accomplished throughout 30 years of intense activity in finding new methods of drawing and design, based on the use of digital computers, mainly in Argentina, and during certain periods of time in Great Britain and since 1971 during short visits to the United States and also in France. The first idea emerged in the year 1965 when I was assistant teacher at the School of Architecture of the University of Buenos Aires, as a combination of ideas between the concepts of spatial geometry and the current morphological studies that we taught in the Course of professor Gaston Breyer. However the idea of automatic drawing emerged observing the operation of the first scientific digital computer installed in the Computing Institute of the Faculty of Sciences of the University of Buenos Aires in 1963 (Sadosky 1963). At the beginning, the approach to the computer were not accomplished from a strictly scientific point of view, but it was implying a kind of "sincresis" (Koheler 1940) it is more than a synthesis, because I was tried to combine ideas that have had its origin in different worlds of thinking, the analogous world and the digital world, and this situation was very difficult to accept at that time.The designing procedures in the decade 1960's was deeply rooted (and still continues) in the architectural design field as a result of a drawing process based in heuristic techniques.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:55

_id	acadia10_164
id	acadia10_164
authors	Ponte, Alessandra
year	2010
title	Notes for an Archeology of Responsive Environments: The case of Montreal 1965-1975
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2010.164
source	ACADIA 10: LIFE in:formation, On Responsive Information and Variations in Architecture [Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-4507-3471-4] New York 21-24 October, 2010), pp. 164-167
series	ACADIA
type	panel paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	cf2017_682
id	cf2017_682
authors	Rocha, Joao
year	2017
title	Design and Architecture for the Dawn of the Personal Computer: The Pioneer Vision of Adriano Olivetti
source	Gülen Çagdas, Mine Özkar, Leman F. Gül and Ethem Gürer (Eds.) Future Trajectories of Computation in Design [17th International Conference, CAAD Futures 2017, Proceedings / ISBN 978-975-561-482-3] Istanbul, Turkey, July 12-14, 2017, pp. 682-701.
summary	In 1952 the Italian Olivetti Company opened a study laboratory on electronic calculators in New Canaan, USA; in 1955 it created an electronic research laboratory in Pisa and two years later, co-founded a company to produce electronic conductors. In 1959 it presented ELEA 9003 and in 1965 the P101, respectively the first full transistorized computer and the first desktop computer. This paper aims to investigate how the Olivetti Company accomplished in such a brief period of time a pioneer vision in the field of computing. By one hand it seeks to highlight the forerunner idea of Adriano Olivetti (1901-1960) for an integrated awareness of what computing could become and on the other hand, how that wakefulness fostered an innovative agenda among architects, designers, filmmakers and scientists for the invention of the computer as an artifact expression of an epoch. This successful endeavor anticipated what would become the concept of personal computing. Moreover the paper underlines how the early commercial development of Olivetti and IBM computing flourished in the context of the Universal Exhibitions of Brussels and New York.
keywords	Olivetti, Computing, Architecture, Mario Tchou, Ettore Sottsass, IBM
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2017/12/01 14:38

_id	c58e
authors	Sutherland, I.
year	1965
title	The Ultimate Display
source	Proceedings of the IFIPS Congress 65(2):506-508. New York: IFIP
summary	We live in a physical world whose properties we have come to know well through long familiarity. We sense an involvement with this physical world which gives us the ability to predict its properties well. For example, we can predict where objects will fall, how well-known shapes look from other angles, and how much force is required to push objects against friction. We lack corresponding familiarity with the forces on charged particles, forces in non-uniform fields, the effects of nonprojective geometric transformations, and high-inertia, low friction motion. A display connected to a digital computer gives us a chance to gain familiarity with concepts not realizable in the physical world. It is a looking glass into a mathematical wonderland. Computer displays today cover a variety of capabilities. Some have only the fundamental ability to plot dots. Displays being sold now generally have built in line-drawing capability. An ability to draw simple curves would be useful. Some available displays are able to plot very short line segments in arbitrary directions, to form characters or more complex curves. Each of these abilities has a history and a known utility.
series	other
type	normal paper
last changed	2007/04/30 08:11

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