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CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	2168
authors	Bobrow, Daniel G. and Winograd, Terry
year	1977
title	An Overview of KRL, a Knowledge Representation Language
source	Cognitive Science. 1977. vol. 1: pp. 3-46. includes bibliography
summary	This paper describes KRL, a Knowledge Representation Language designed for use in understander systems. It outlines both the general concepts which underlie the research and the details of KRL-O, an experimental implementation of some of these concepts. KRL is an attempt to integrate procedural knowledge with a broad base of declarative forms. These forms provide a variety of ways to express the logical structure of the knowledge, in order to give flexibility in associating procedures (for memory and reasoning) with specific pieces of knowledge, and to control the relative accessibility of different facts and descriptions. The formalism for declarative knowledge is based on structured conceptual objects with associated descriptions. These objects form a network of memory units with several different sorts of linkages, each having well-specified implications for the retrieval process. Procedures can be associated directly with the internal structure of a conceptual object. This procedural attachment allows the steps for a particular operation to be determined by characteristics of the specific entities involved. The control structure of KRL is based on the belief that the next generation of intelligent programs will integrate data-directed and goal-directed processing by using multiprocessing. It provides for a priority-ordered multiprocess agenda with explicit (user-provided) strategies for scheduling and resource allocation. It provides procedure directories which operate along with process frameworks to allow procedural parametrization of the fundamental system processes for building, comparing, and retrieving memory structures. Future development of KRL will include integrating procedure definition with the descriptive formalism
keywords	knowledge, representation, languages, AI
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	76ce
authors	Grimson, W.
year	1985
title	Computational Experiments with a Feature Based Stereo Algorithm
source	IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Machine Intell., Vol. PAMI-7, No. 1
summary	Computational models of the human stereo system' can provide insight into general information processing constraints that apply to any stereo system, either artificial or biological. In 1977, Marr and Poggio proposed one such computational model, that was characterized as matching certain feature points in difference-of-Gaussian filtered images, and using the information obtained by matching coarser resolution representations to restrict the search'space for matching finer resolution representations. An implementation of the algorithm and'its testing on a range of images was reported in 1980. Since then a number of psychophysical experiments have suggested possible refinements to the model and modifications to the algorithm. As well, recent computational experiments applying the algorithm to a variety of natural images, especially aerial photographs, have led to a number of modifications. In this article, we present a version of the Marr-Poggio-Gfimson algorithm that embodies these modifications and illustrate its performance on a series of natural images.
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	f34b
authors	Nir, Eyal
year	2000
title	Smart, Green and in Between - Rethinking the Office Tower
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2000.010
source	ACADIA Quarterly, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 10-11
summary	The towers that paint Montreal’s skyline are relics of the 20th century. Towers that express the power of capital on the outside turn out to be almost empty from within. It looks like there was a race to reach the skies - to touch the Mount Royal peak. I remember an attorney working in one of those skyscrapers telling me “the windows are for the lawyers and here in the dark open space is where you can find the slaves.” His words took my imagination to think of a boat in the ancient times where slaves where rowing to the rhythm of the drums. But then I realized the contradiction here - I told him “you should place your ‘slaves’ next to the windows if you want them to be able to row and bring your boat to safe land.”
series	ACADIA
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	642a
authors	Stacey, Michael
year	1999
title	Digital Design and the Architecture of Brookes Stacey Randall
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1999.001.2
source	ACADIA Quarterly, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 1-9
summary	I am an architect who has the experience of using computers. A user and not an expert in digital design, therefore what follows is a foot soldier's report from my practice over the past 10 to 11 years, including the role of computers in our approach to creating architecture. I began my working life tending IBM mainframes for the British Shoe Corporation. The two IBM mainframe computers were state of the art computer technology of the mid 1970's. There were two as one was used, and the other we needed for backup. The developments in computing in terms of size, increase in storage capacity and faster processing speed over the past 30 years, is a technological acceleration which is difficult to visualize. The IBM historian in the UK suggested "that if cars had developed in the same way they would be given away free with corn flakes". A frightening thought as our cities grind under the pressure of increased car ownership. British Shoe Corporation also had a reserve system some sixty miles away and a halon extinguishing system in case of fire - such was the capital and commercial value of the system. We carried out transitional computing for a number of European countries. The CAD was limited - pen potters drawing shoes, drawing them less well than an average A level or high school student! My interest was primarily in art and not computers; my aim to earn enough to tour Europe to see key work 'in the flesh' not just in reproduction.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	05f0
authors	Ball, A.A.
year	1977
title	CONSURF Part 3 : How the Program Is Used
source	computer Aided Design. January, 1977. vol. 9: pp. 9-12 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	This paper is the last of a series describing the surface lofting program CONSURF, and outlines how the program is used. The overall approach is geometrical and is modeled closely on manual lofting. The program user must have a practical understanding of shape and be able to visualize the surfaces he defines. He must also be numerate, but he does not need to understand the surface mathematics which is confined to the software. In this paper CONSURF, is considered as a production program and the contribution to the user are described
keywords	mechanical engineering, curved surfaces, lofting
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	ed51
authors	Bergeron, Philippe
year	1986
title	A General Version of Crow's Shadow Volumes
source	IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications September, 1986. vol. 6: pp. 17-28 : col. ill. includes bibliography.
summary	In 1977 Frank Crow introduced a new class of algorithms for the generation of shadows. His technique, based on the concept of shadow volumes, assumes a polygonal database and a constrained environment. For example, polyhedrons must be closed, and polygons must be planar. This article presents a new version of Crow's algorithm, developed at the Universite de Montreal, which attempts a less constrained environment. The method has allowed the handling of both open and closed models and nonplanar polygons with the viewpoint anywhere, including any shadow volume. It does not, however, sacrifice the essential features of Crow's original version: penetration between polygons is allowed, and any number of light sources can be defined anywhere in 3D space, including the view volume and any shadow volume. The method has been used successfully in the film Tony de Peltrie and is easily incorporated into an existing scan-line, hidden-surface algorithm
keywords	algorithms, shadowing, polygons, computer graphics
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:07

_id	092b
authors	Burton, Warren
year	1977
title	Representation of Many-Sided Polygons and Polygonal Lines for Rapid Processing
source	communications of the ACMò. March, 1977. vol. 20: pp. 166-171 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	A representation for polygons and polygonal lines is described which allows sets of consecutive sides to be collectively examined. The set of sides are arranged in a binary tree hierarchy by inclusion. A fast algorithm for testing the inclusion of a point in a many-sided polygon is given. The speed of the algorithm is discussed for both ideal and practical examples. It is shown that the points of intersection of two polygonal lines can be located by what is essentially a binary tree search. The algorithm and a practical example are discussed. The representation overcomes many of the disadvantages associated with the various fixed- grid methods for representing curves and regions
keywords	representation, GIS, mapping, computer graphics, algorithms, information, intersection, curves, polygons, B-rep
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:07

_id	22ce
authors	Cahn, Deborah U., Johnston, Nancy E. and Johnston, William E.
year	1977
title	A Response to the 1977 GSPC Core Graphic System
source	SIGGRAPH '79 Conference Proceedings. August, 1979. vol. 13 ; no. 2: pp. 57-62. includes bibliography
summary	This paper responds to the 1977 Core Graphics System of SIGGRAPH's Graphics Standards Planning Committee (GSPC). The authors are interested in low-level device-independent graphics for applications doing data representation and annotation. The level structure and bias in the core system toward display list processor graphics are criticized. Specific issues discussed include display contexts, attributes, current position, 3-dimensional graphics, area filling, and graphics input
keywords	computer graphics, standards
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	490d
authors	De Groot, D.J.
year	1977
title	Designing Curved Surfaces with Analytical Functions
source	Computer Aided Design. January, 1977. vol. 9: pp. 3-8 : ill
summary	Shaping and computer-interactive design of curved surfaces of industrial objects, where artistic freedom is allowed for the outward appearance, is a time-consuming job particularly when feeding the computer program with the necessary geometrical input data. A design method is presented together with practical results of designed surfaces composed of simple analytical functions. Human input of geometrical and artistic data has been minimized. Smoothness and fairness are created by the surface composing functions
keywords	curved surfaces, representation, CAD, systems
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	sigradi2009_774
id	sigradi2009_774
authors	de Souza, Raphael Argento; André Soares Monat
year	2009
title	Visualização da Informação em meio telejornalístico: Uma abordagem sob a ótica do design [Information Visualization in the news television: An approach under the design sight]
source	SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary	This article proposes a classification, under the Visualization Information point of view, of infographics broadcasted in the brazilian news television. To achieve this purpose these so called motion graphics were analised under the basis formed by three main authors: Tufte (1997), Bertin (1977) and Spence (2007), whose theories are in this article compared to the digital means of the motion graphics. With these theoretical foundation and the analisys of two hundred motion graphics broadcasted in the brazilian news television, we achieved a classification which covers every type of these motion graphics, hoping it becomes a basis for the study of these projects.
keywords	Design; information visualization; television infographics, motion graphics; information design
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:50

_id	sigradi2006_e028c
id	sigradi2006_e028c
authors	Griffith, Kenfield; Sass, Larry and Michaud, Dennis
year	2006
title	A strategy for complex-curved building design:Design structure with Bi-lateral contouring as integrally connected ribs
source	SIGraDi 2006 - [Proceedings of the 10th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Santiago de Chile - Chile 21-23 November 2006, pp. 465-469
summary	Shapes in designs created by architects such as Gehry Partners (Shelden, 2002), Foster and Partners, and Kohn Peterson and Fox rely on computational processes for rationalizing complex geometry for building construction. Rationalization is the reduction of a complete geometric shape into discrete components. Unfortunately, for many architects the rationalization is limited reducing solid models to surfaces or data on spread sheets for contractors to follow. Rationalized models produced by the firms listed above do not offer strategies for construction or digital fabrication. For the physical production of CAD description an alternative to the rationalized description is needed. This paper examines the coupling of digital rationalization and digital fabrication with physical mockups (Rich, 1989). Our aim is to explore complex relationships found in early and mid stage design phases when digital fabrication is used to produce design outcomes. Results of our investigation will aid architects and engineers in addressing the complications found in the translation of design models embedded with precision to constructible geometries. We present an algorithmically based approach to design rationalization that supports physical production as well as surface production of desktop models. Our approach is an alternative to conventional rapid prototyping that builds objects by assembly of laterally sliced contours from a solid model. We explored an improved product description for rapid manufacture as bilateral contouring for structure and panelling for strength (Kolarevic, 2003). Infrastructure typically found within aerospace, automotive, and shipbuilding industries, bilateral contouring is an organized matrix of horizontal and vertical interlocking ribs evenly distributed along a surface. These structures are monocoque and semi-monocoque assemblies composed of structural ribs and skinning attached by rivets and adhesives. Alternative, bi-lateral contouring discussed is an interlocking matrix of plywood strips having integral joinery for assembly. Unlike traditional methods of building representations through malleable materials for creating tangible objects (Friedman, 2002), this approach constructs with the implication for building life-size solutions. Three algorithms are presented as examples of rationalized design production with physical results. The first algorithm [Figure 1] deconstructs an initial 2D curved form into ribbed slices to be assembled through integral connections constructed as part of the rib solution. The second algorithm [Figure 2] deconstructs curved forms of greater complexity. The algorithm walks along the surface extracting surface information along horizontal and vertical axes saving surface information resulting in a ribbed structure of slight double curvature. The final algorithm [Figure 3] is expressed as plug-in software for Rhino that deconstructs a design to components for assembly as rib structures. The plug-in also translates geometries to a flatten position for 2D fabrication. The software demonstrates the full scope of the research exploration. Studies published by Dodgson argued that innovation technology (IvT) (Dodgson, Gann, Salter, 2004) helped in solving projects like the Guggenheim in Bilbao, the leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy, and the Millennium Bridge in London. Similarly, the method discussed in this paper will aid in solving physical production problems with complex building forms. References Bentley, P.J. (Ed.). Evolutionary Design by Computers. Morgan Kaufman Publishers Inc. San Francisco, CA, 1-73 Celani, G, (2004) “From simple to complex: using AutoCAD to build generative design systems” in: L. Caldas and J. Duarte (org.) Implementations issues in generative design systems. First Intl. Conference on Design Computing and Cognition, July 2004 Dodgson M, Gann D.M., Salter A, (2004), “Impact of Innovation Technology on Engineering Problem Solving: Lessons from High Profile Public Projects,” Industrial Dynamics, Innovation and Development, 2004 Dristas, (2004) “Design Operators.” Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2004 Friedman, M, (2002), Gehry Talks: Architecture + Practice, Universe Publishing, New York, NY, 2002 Kolarevic, B, (2003), Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing, Spon Press, London, UK, 2003 Opas J, Bochnick H, Tuomi J, (1994), “Manufacturability Analysis as a Part of CAD/CAM Integration”, Intelligent Systems in Design and Manufacturing, 261-292 Rudolph S, Alber R, (2002), “An Evolutionary Approach to the Inverse Problem in Rule-Based Design Representations”, Artificial Intelligence in Design ’02, 329-350 Rich M, (1989), Digital Mockup, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, VA, 1989 Schön, D., The Reflective Practitioner: How Professional Think in Action. Basic Books. 1983 Shelden, D, (2003), “Digital Surface Representation and the Constructability of Gehry’s Architecture.” Diss. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2003 Smithers T, Conkie A, Doheny J, Logan B, Millington K, (1989), “Design as Intelligent Behaviour: An AI in Design Thesis Programme”, Artificial Intelligence in Design, 293-334 Smithers T, (2002), “Synthesis in Designing”, Artificial Intelligence in Design ’02, 3-24 Stiny, G, (1977), “Ice-ray: a note on the generation of Chinese lattice designs” Environmental and Planning B, volume 4, pp. 89-98
keywords	Digital fabrication; bilateral contouring; integral connection; complex-curve
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:52

_id	e5a1
authors	Korf, R.E.
year	1977
title	A Shape Independent Theory of Space Allocation
source	Environment and Planning B. 1977. vol. 4: pp. 37-50 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	A theory of space allocation in architectural design is presented. The theory is completely independent of the shapes of the spaces. The problem is broken down into four hierarchical levels of abstraction. The top level is the number of spaces. The second level consists of the adjacencies between the spaces, represented as abstract graphs. The third level is concerned with the different planar embeddings or geometries of the adjacency graphs. The bottom level is represented by labelled bubble diagrams. At each level, the number of design alternatives is finite and it is shown how they can be systematically enumerated
keywords	space allocation, synthesis, architecture, design, graphs, layout, algorithms
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	a4b7
authors	Lee, D. T. and Preparata, Franco P.
year	1977
title	Location of a Point in a Planar Subdivision and its Applications
source	SIAM Journal of Computing. September, 1977. vol. 6: pp. 594-606 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	Given a subdivision of the plane induced by a planar graph with n vertices, in this paper the problem of identifying which region of the subdivision contains a given test points is considered. A search algorithm, called point-location algorithm, which operates on a suitably preprocessed data structure is presented. The search runs in time at most O((log n)2), while the preprocessing task runs in time at most O(n log n) and requires O(n) storage. The methods are quite general, since an arbitrary subdivision can be transformed in time at most O(n log n) into one to which the preprocessing procedure is applicable. This solution of the point location problem yields interesting and efficient solutions of other geometric problems, such as spatial convex inclusion and inclusion in an arbitrary polygon
keywords	computational geometry, algorithms, analysis, graphs, point inclusion
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	ddss2006-hb-187
id	DDSS2006-HB-187
authors	Lidia Diappi and Paola Bolchi
year	2006
title	Gentrification Waves in the Inner-City of Milan - A multi agent / cellular automata model based on Smith's Rent Gap theory
source	Van Leeuwen, J.P. and H.J.P. Timmermans (eds.) 2006, Innovations in Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, Dordrecht: Springer, ISBN-10: 1-4020-5059-3, ISBN-13: 978-1-4020-5059-6, p. 187-201
summary	The aim of this paper is to investigate the gentrification process by applying an urban spatial model of gentrification, based on Smith's (1979; 1987; 1996) Rent Gap theory. The rich sociological literature on the topic mainly assumes gentrification to be a cultural phenomenon, namely the result of a demand pressure of the suburban middle and upper class, willing to return to the city (Ley, 1980; Lipton, 1977, May, 1996). Little attempt has been made to investigate and build a sound economic explanation on the causes of the process. The Rent Gap theory (RGT) of Neil Smith still represents an important contribution in this direction. At the heart of Smith's argument there is the assumption that gentrification takes place because capitals return to the inner city, creating opportunities for residential relocation and profit. This paper illustrates a dynamic model of Smith's theory through a multi-agent/ cellular automata system approach (Batty, 2005) developed on a Netlogo platform. A set of behavioural rules for each agent involved (homeowner, landlord, tenant and developer, and the passive 'dwelling' agent with their rent and level of decay) are formalised. The simulations show the surge of neighbouring degradation or renovation and population turn over, starting with different initial states of decay and estate rent values. Consistent with a Self Organized Criticality approach, the model shows that non linear interactions at local level may produce different configurations of the system at macro level. This paper represents a further development of a previous version of the model (Diappi, Bolchi, 2005). The model proposed here includes some more realistic factors inspired by the features of housing market dynamics in the city of Milan. It includes the shape of the potential rent according to city form and functions, the subdivision in areal submarkets according to the current rents, and their maintenance levels. The model has a more realistic visualisation of the city and its form, and is able to show the different dynamics of the emergent neighbourhoods in the last ten years in Milan.
keywords	Multi agent systems, Housing market, Gentrification, Emergent systems
series	DDSS
last changed	2006/08/29 12:55

_id	sigradi2013_41
id	sigradi2013_41
authors	Luhan, Gregory A.; Robert Gregory
year	2013
title	Across Disciplines: Triggering Frame Awareness in Design Education
source	SIGraDi 2013 [Proceedings of the 17th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Chile - Valparaíso 20 - 22 November 2013, pp. 619 - 623
summary	Tacit knowledge is paradoxical: something we know yet don't know we know, knowledge we sense but can't articulate. In Polanyi’s definition of tacit knowledge, “we know more than we can say" (1966/2009; Scott, 1985; Gelwick, 1977). It's important to see that tacit knowledge is part of a sequence; mental structures, in awareness when first learned, eventually become tacit, operating thenceforth as unquestioned assumptions. These tacit structures pose a problem for professional education in disciplines that encourage creativity. This paper examines the design and re-design of an interdisciplinary course intended to help make these tacit structures visible, to trigger frame awareness.
keywords	Tacit knowledge; Design thinking; Sustainability; Systems thinking; Frame reflection
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:55

_id	c7e9
authors	Maver, T.W.
year	2002
title	Predicting the Past, Remembering the Future
source	SIGraDi 2002 - [Proceedings of the 6th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Caracas (Venezuela) 27-29 november 2002, pp. 2-3
summary	Charlas Magistrales 2There never has been such an exciting moment in time in the extraordinary 30 year history of our subject area, as NOW,when the philosophical theoretical and practical issues of virtuality are taking centre stage.The PastThere have, of course, been other defining moments during these exciting 30 years:• the first algorithms for generating building layouts (circa 1965).• the first use of Computer graphics for building appraisal (circa 1966).• the first integrated package for building performance appraisal (circa 1972).• the first computer generated perspective drawings (circa 1973).• the first robust drafting systems (circa 1975).• the first dynamic energy models (circa 1982).• the first photorealistic colour imaging (circa 1986).• the first animations (circa 1988)• the first multimedia systems (circa 1995), and• the first convincing demonstrations of virtual reality (circa 1996).Whereas the CAAD community has been hugely inventive in the development of ICT applications to building design, it hasbeen woefully remiss in its attempts to evaluate the contribution of those developments to the quality of the built environmentor to the efficiency of the design process. In the absence of any real evidence, one can only conjecture regarding the realbenefits which fall, it is suggested, under the following headings:• Verisimilitude: The extraordinary quality of still and animated images of the formal qualities of the interiors and exteriorsof individual buildings and of whole neighborhoods must surely give great comfort to practitioners and their clients thatwhat is intended, formally, is what will be delivered, i.e. WYSIWYG - what you see is what you get.• Sustainability: The power of «first-principle» models of the dynamic energetic behaviour of buildings in response tochanging diurnal and seasonal conditions has the potential to save millions of dollars and dramatically to reduce thedamaging environmental pollution created by badly designed and managed buildings.• Productivity: CAD is now a multi-billion dollar business which offers design decision support systems which operate,effectively, across continents, time-zones, professions and companies.• Communication: Multi-media technology - cheap to deliver but high in value - is changing the way in which we canexplain and understand the past and, envisage and anticipate the future; virtual past and virtual future!MacromyopiaThe late John Lansdown offered the view, in his wonderfully prophetic way, that ...”the future will be just like the past, onlymore so...”So what can we expect the extraordinary trajectory of our subject area to be?To have any chance of being accurate we have to have an understanding of the phenomenon of macromyopia: thephenomenon exhibitted by society of greatly exaggerating the immediate short-term impact of new technologies (particularlythe information technologies) but, more importantly, seriously underestimating their sustained long-term impacts - socially,economically and intellectually . Examples of flawed predictions regarding the the future application of information technologiesinclude:• The British Government in 1880 declined to support the idea of a national telephonic system, backed by the argumentthat there were sufficient small boys in the countryside to run with messages.• Alexander Bell was modest enough to say that: «I am not boasting or exaggerating but I believe, one day, there will bea telephone in every American city».• Tom Watson, in 1943 said: «I think there is a world market for about 5 computers».• In 1977, Ken Olssop of Digital said: «There is no reason for any individuals to have a computer in their home».The FutureJust as the ascent of woman/man-kind can be attributed to her/his capacity to discover amplifiers of the modest humancapability, so we shall discover how best to exploit our most important amplifier - that of the intellect. The more we know themore we can figure; the more we can figure the more we understand; the more we understand the more we can appraise;the more we can appraise the more we can decide; the more we can decide the more we can act; the more we can act themore we can shape; and the more we can shape, the better the chance that we can leave for future generations a trulysustainable built environment which is fit-for-purpose, cost-beneficial, environmentally friendly and culturally significactCentral to this aspiration will be our understanding of the relationship between real and virtual worlds and how to moveeffortlessly between them. We need to be able to design, from within the virtual world, environments which may be real ormay remain virtual or, perhaps, be part real and part virtual.What is certain is that the next 30 years will be every bit as exciting and challenging as the first 30 years.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:55

_id	3105
authors	Novak, T.P., Hoffman, D.L., and Yung, Y.-F.
year	1996
title	Modeling the structure of the flow experience
source	INFORMS Marketing Science and the Internet Mini-Conference, MIT
summary	The flow construct (Csikszentmihalyi 1977) has recently been proposed by Hoffman and Novak (1996) as essential to understanding consumer navigation behavior in online environments such as the World Wide Web. Previous researchers (e.g. Csikszentmihalyi 1990; Ghani, Supnick and Rooney 1991; Trevino and Webster 1992; Webster, Trevino and Ryan 1993) have noted that flow is a useful construct for describing more general human-computer interactions. Hoffman and Novak define flow as the state occurring during network navigation which is: 1) characterized by a seamless sequence of responses facilitated by machine interactivity, 2) intrinsically enjoyable, 3) accompanied by a loss of self-consciousness, and 4) selfreinforcing." To experience flow while engaged in an activity, consumers must perceive a balance between their skills and the challenges of the activity, and both their skills and challenges must be above a critical threshold. Hoffman and Novak (1996) propose that flow has a number of positive consequences from a marketing perspective, including increased consumer learning, exploratory behavior, and positive affect."
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	01e2
authors	Richens, P.
year	1977
title	OXSYS BDS Basic Principles
source	ARC Cambridge
series	other
email
more	http://www.arct.cam.ac.uk/research/pubs/
last changed	2000/03/05 19:05

_id	19a8
authors	Schultz, Volkher
year	1999
title	A DIDACTIC CONCEPT FOR TRAINING ARCHITECTS AND INTERIOR DECORATORS
source	Full-scale Modeling and the Simulation of Light [Proceedings of the 7th European Full-scale Modeling Association Conference / ISBN 3-85437-167-5] Florence (Italy) 18-20 February 1999, pp. 29-39
summary	The 20th year anniversary of the Lichtlabor is used as an opportunity to look back. Two decades in a period of rapid technological development is a long time, during which furnishings pass or fail their trial period. The organizational structure of the Lichtlabor which includes lay-out and appliances has continually expanded since 1977 although the theoretical approach has not changed. Even the ideational structure of the Lichtlabor, without which an organizational structure would be worthless, has proved to be workable and effective as a didactic concept. This concept is based on the interdisciplinary midpoint between a technically (basic) understanding of light – a combination of abstract knowledge and experience gained – and its design-related application.
keywords	Lighting Laboratory, Interior Design, Didactic Concept, Visual Comfort, Architectural Space, Model Simulation, Real Environments
series	other
type	normal paper
more	http://info.tuwien.ac.at/efa
last changed	2004/05/04 11:28

_id	020d
authors	Shaviv, Edna
year	1986
title	Layout Design Problems: Systematic Approaches
source	Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures [CAAD Futures Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-408-05300-3] Delft (The Netherlands), 18-19 September 1985, pp. 28-52
summary	The complexity of the layout design problems known as the 'spatial allocation problems' gave rise to several approaches, which can be generally classified into two main streams. The first attempts to use the computer to generate solutions of the building layout, while in the second, computers are used only to evaluate manually generated solutions. In both classes the generation or evaluation of the layout are performed systematically. Computer algorithms for 'spatial allocation problems' first appeared more than twenty-five years ago (Koopmans, 1957). From 1957 to 1970 over thirty different programs were developed for generating the floor plan layout automatically, as is summarized in CAP-Computer Architecture Program, Vol. 2 (Stewart et al., 1970). It seems that any architect who entered the area of CAAD felt that it was his responsibility to find a solution to this prime architectural problem. Most of the programs were developed for batch processing, and were run on a mainframe without any sophisticated input/output devices. It is interesting to mention that, because of the lack of these sophisticated input/output devices, early researchers used the approach of automatic generation of optimal or quasioptimal layout solution under given constraints. Gradually, we find a recession and slowdown in the development of computer programs for generation of layout solutions. With the improvement of interactive input/output devices and user interfaces, the inclination today is to develop integrated systems in which the architectural solution is obtained manually by the architect and is introduced to the computer for the appraisal of the designer's layout solution (Maver, 1977). The manmachine integrative systems could work well, but it seems that in most of the integrated systems today, and in the commercial ones in particular, there is no route to any appraisal technique of the layout problem. Without any evaluation techniques in commercial integrated systems it seems that the geometrical database exists Just to create working drawings and sometimes also perspectives.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

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