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CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	sigradi2009_957
id	sigradi2009_957
authors	Baerlecken, Daniel Michael; Gernot Riether
year	2009
title	From texture to volume: an investigation in quasi-crystalline systems
source	SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary	The relation between texture, pattern and massing is a fundamental question in architecture. Classical architecture, as Leon Battista Alberti states in “De re aedificatoria” (Book VI, Chapter 2), is developed through massing and structure first; texture is added afterwards to give the bold massing and structure beauty. Only the ornamentation adds pulcritudo to the raw structure and massing. Rather than starting with a volume and applying texture afterwards, the Digital Girih project started with textural operations that informed the overall volume later. The stereometric, top-down methodology is questioned through the bottom-up methodology of the Girih project. Girih lines of traditional Islamic patterns were used as a starting point. The aspect of 3-dimensionality was developed analogue as well as digital, using the deformability of different materials at various scales and digital construction techniques as parameters. The flexibility within the Girih rules allowed the system to adapt to different tasks and situations and to react to different conditions between 2- and 3- dimensionality. The project in that way explored a bottom-up process of form generation. This paper will describe the process of the project and explain the necessity of digital tools, such as Grasshopper and Rhino, and fabrication tools, such as laser cutter and CNC fabrication technology, that were essential for this process.
keywords	Generative Design; Parametric Design; Tessellation; Form Finding; Scripting
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	acadia09_281
id	acadia09_281
authors	Campbell, Cameron
year	2009
title	Compu-Kinetic Mediapod
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2009.281
source	ACADIA 09: reForm( ) - Building a Better Tomorrow [Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-9842705-0-7] Chicago (Illinois) 22-25 October, 2009), pp. 281-283
summary	This paper describes an interactive experiment in which “middleware” is interpreted as the architecture of non-building, and the making of media as mediator between physical and visual; temporal and fixed; digital and analog. Leon Battista Alberti, Jorge Silvetti, and other architectural critics have posited that architects do not make buildings but, rather, representations of buildings. The simple translation of this is that architects make drawings, models, computer simulations, and the like for the ultimate purpose of making a building. This work challenges the notion that architects make only representation media, and expands the role of architecture to include mediation as an act upon a space that is both physical and analytical. What if architects make, but they don’t make for the end result of a building? What if architects make representations that are physical and experiential, and that are designed and built without the presumption of a building? This is the space that middleware occupies.
keywords	Media, interactive design, middleware
series	ACADIA
type	Short paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	sigradi2012_225
id	sigradi2012_225
authors	de Godoi, Giovana; Celani, Gabriela
year	2012
title	Alberti Digital – Estudo da Influência do Tratado Albertiano na Arquitetura Colonial Brasileira [Digital Alberti – The influence of Albertis’s treatise on Brazilian Colonial Architecture]
source	SIGraDi 2012 [Proceedings of the 16th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Brasil - Fortaleza 13-16 November 2012, pp. 337-340
summary	This paper describes part of an undergoing research developed in Brazil, as part of the international project Digital Alberti, whose goal is to investigate the influence of Leon Battista Alberti’s treatise De re aedificatoria in Portugal and its colonies from the XIV to the XVII centuries. In the present work the translation of some of the treatise´s rules into a geometric language are presented. These rules are related to the layout of plans for rectangular temples.
keywords	design method; generative design; Alberti
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:50

_id	acadia13_311
id	acadia13_311
authors	Maxwell, Iain; Pigram, David; McGee, Wes
year	2013
title	The Novel Stones of Venice: The Marching Cube Algorithm as a Strategy for Managing Mass-customisation
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2013.311
source	ACADIA 13: Adaptive Architecture [Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-926724-22-5] Cambridge 24-26 October, 2013), pp. 311-318
summary	The Marching Cube (MC) algorithm is a simple procedural routine for the surface representation of three- dimensional scalar fields. While much has been written of the algorithm’s efficiencies and adaptive nature within the domain of computer graphics and imaging, little has been explored within the context of architectural geometry and fabrication. This paper posits a novel implementation of the MC algorithm coupled with robotic fabrication (RF) techniques, to realise an open-ended design method that approaches mass-customisation as the unique geometric distortion of a finite set of topologically consistent families of tectonic elements.The disciplinary consequences of this and similar methods that intimately couple algorithmic design techniques with robotic fabrication are discussed. These include the re-affirmation or expansion of the role of the architect as master builder that is enabled by challenging Leon Battista Alberti’s 15th Century division between design concept and building.The method and its disciplinary potentials are illustrated through the description of an installation built by the authors for the Australian Pavilion at the Venice Biennale. Clouds of Venice serves as a case study for a new integrated mode of production, one that increases the quality and number of feedback relations between design, matter and making.
keywords	tools and interfaces, mass-customisation, robotic fabrication, algorithmic architecture, marching cube, digital fabrication
series	ACADIA
type	Normal Paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	ijac201210101
id	ijac201210101
authors	Riether, Gernot; Daniel Baerlecken
year	2012
title	Digital Girih, A Digital Interpretation of Islamic Architecture
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 10 - no. 1, 1-12
summary	The relation between texture, pattern and massing is a fundamental question in architecture. Classical architecture, as Leon Battista Alberti states in De Re Aedificatoria, Book VI, Chapter 2, is developed through massing and structure first; texture is added afterwards to give the bold massing and structure beauty [I]. This hierarchy has of course been challenged throughout architecture history. This paper will provide a different thinking of the relationship of massing and texture in Islamic Architecture from a digital point of view. An analysis of Islamic patterns challenged this relationship in Islamic architecture. Digital design and fabrication methods for a series of studies and an installation were used to respond to the findings of the analysis.
series	journal
last changed	2019/07/30 10:55

_id	ga9801
id	ga9801
authors	Soddu, Celestino
year	1998
title	Argenia, a Natural Generative Design
source	International Conference on Generative Art
summary	Leon Battista Alberti defines the Beauty of Architecture "a concert of all the parts together, performed with proportion and logic in something in which it is possible to find again each event, in a modality that will not allow the inserting, extracting out or changing anything without decreasing its Beauty". With generative art we can approach, directly, this complex paradigm of proportions and logic, and we can directly design the Beauty, or better our idea of beauty, before the realization of each single possible artificial event. This is the heart of generative approach. The Generative Art work for the beauty, in the sense of the humanistic approach of Renaissance, because the generative code, which is the project of generative design, is the real structure of the idea. It defines how to concert all the parts and the dynamic relationship among these parts in the evolution of complexity. The generative project defines which is the law of proportion and which logic the dynamic evolution will follow. All the events that this code can generate will be, in humanistic sense, beautiful, or, if we prefer, will belong and represent our Idea of world. And more. The generative art produces events that are unique and complex. The uniqueness and complexity are strongly related one each other. As in Nature, each event is generated through an artificial life, which, as in the natural life, produces uniqueness, identity and complexity during a identifiable time. This complexity is a natural-like complexity. We can recognise, in the artificial ware we produce through this generative approach, the harmony and the beauty of the natural-like complexity that refers to the Humanistic approach of Renaissance: Man, Geometry, and Nature as references for "the harmony which is not thought as an individual caprice but as conscious reasoning." (L.B.Alberti, De re aedificatoria).
series	other
email
more	http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed	2003/08/07 17:25

_id	ecaade2012_141
id	ecaade2012_141
authors	Castro e Costa, Eduardo; Coutinho, Filipe; Duarte, José Pinto; Krüger, Mário
year	2012
title	Modelling Alberti’s Column System: Generative Modelling and Digital Fabrication of Classical Architectural Elements
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2012.2.469
source	Achten, Henri; Pavlicek, Jiri; Hulin, Jaroslav; Matejovska, Dana (eds.), Digital Physicality - Proceedings of the 30th eCAADe Conference - Volume 2 / ISBN 978-9-4912070-3-7, Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Architecture (Czech Republic) 12-14 September 2012, pp. 469-477
summary	The research presented further is part of the Digital Alberti research project, which aims to assess the infl uence of Leon Batista Alberti’s theory on Portuguese architecture, through the use of digital technologies. One of the project tasks implied computational and physical modelling of Alberti’s column system. Development of the computational model implied decoding Alberti’s treatise on architecture De re aedifi catoria into a consistent set of parameters and relationships, and then implementing these into generative parametric computer programs through visual programming language Grasshopper. This computational model is able to automatically generate physical models of classical columns according to Alberti’s canons. These digital models were then materialized through production of physical models, through rapid prototyping and digital fabrication technologies. Special attention is given to the CNC stone milling of a Corinthian capital.
wos	WOS:000330320600049
keywords	Alberti; De re aedifi catoria; Column system; Generative modelling; Digital fabrication
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	caadria2013_148
id	caadria2013_148
authors	Coutinho, Filipe; Eduardo Castro e Costa, José P. Duarte and Mário Kruger
year	2013
title	A Shape Grammar to Generate Loggia Rucellai
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.791
source	Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 791-800
summary	This article shows the result of generating a 3d model of Loggia Rucellai in Florence using a shape grammar from Leon Batista Alberti’s treatise De Re Aedificatoria and it is a test bed for further generations of buildings using Alberti’s rules. It shows the accuracy of such grammar to help tracing the degree of influence of Alberti’s treatise in Renaissence Portuguese architecture. Rucellai palace facade ornaments and its interior loggia where used to analyze and compare the Loggia generation accuracy. A Grasshopper script is used for the automation of the rules derivation. An evaluation process is presented and its use aims to better understand the deviations between the treatise and the Loggia grammars.
wos	WOS:000351496100082
keywords	lberti, Shape grammars, Transformations in design, Grammar evaluation, Digital fabrication
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	05f0
authors	Ball, A.A.
year	1977
title	CONSURF Part 3 : How the Program Is Used
source	computer Aided Design. January, 1977. vol. 9: pp. 9-12 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	This paper is the last of a series describing the surface lofting program CONSURF, and outlines how the program is used. The overall approach is geometrical and is modeled closely on manual lofting. The program user must have a practical understanding of shape and be able to visualize the surfaces he defines. He must also be numerate, but he does not need to understand the surface mathematics which is confined to the software. In this paper CONSURF, is considered as a production program and the contribution to the user are described
keywords	mechanical engineering, curved surfaces, lofting
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	ddssar0206
id	ddssar0206
authors	Bax, M.F.Th. and Trum, H.M.G.J.
year	2002
title	Faculties of Architecture
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Sixth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part one: Architecture Proceedings Avegoor, the Netherlands), 2002
summary	In order to be inscribed in the European Architect’s register the study program leading to the diploma ‘Architect’ has to meet the criteria of the EC Architect’s Directive (1985). The criteria are enumerated in 11 principles of Article 3 of the Directive. The Advisory Committee, established by the European Council got the task to examine such diplomas in the case some doubts are raised by other Member States. To carry out this task a matrix was designed, as an independent interpreting framework that mediates between the principles of Article 3 and the actual study program of a faculty. Such a tool was needed because of inconsistencies in the list of principles, differences between linguistic versions ofthe Directive, and quantification problems with time, devoted to the principles in the study programs. The core of the matrix, its headings, is a categorisation of the principles on a higher level of abstractionin the form of a taxonomy of domains and corresponding concepts. Filling in the matrix means that each study element of the study programs is analysed according to their content in terms of domains; thesummation of study time devoted to the various domains results in a so-called ‘profile of a faculty’. Judgement of that profile takes place by committee of peers. The domains of the taxonomy are intrinsically the same as the concepts and categories, needed for the description of an architectural design object: the faculties of architecture. This correspondence relates the taxonomy to the field of design theory and philosophy. The taxonomy is an application of Domain theory. This theory,developed by the authors since 1977, takes as a view that the architectural object only can be described fully as an integration of all types of domains. The theory supports the idea of a participatory andinterdisciplinary approach to design, which proved to be awarding both from a scientific and a social point of view. All types of domains have in common that they are measured in three dimensions: form, function and process, connecting the material aspects of the object with its social and proceduralaspects. In the taxonomy the function dimension is emphasised. It will be argued in the paper that the taxonomy is a categorisation following the pragmatistic philosophy of Charles Sanders Peirce. It will bedemonstrated as well that the taxonomy is easy to handle by giving examples of its application in various countries in the last 5 years. The taxonomy proved to be an adequate tool for judgement ofstudy programs and their subsequent improvement, as constituted by the faculties of a Faculty of Architecture. The matrix is described as the result of theoretical reflection and practical application of a matrix, already in use since 1995. The major improvement of the matrix is its direct connection with Peirce’s universal categories and the self-explanatory character of its structure. The connection with Peirce’s categories gave the matrix a more universal character, which enables application in other fieldswhere the term ‘architecture’ is used as a metaphor for artefacts.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	ddssar0003
id	ddssar0003
authors	Bax, Th., Trum, H. and Nauta, D.jr.
year	2000
title	Implications of the philosophy of Ch. S. Peirce for interdisciplinary design: developments in domain theory
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fifth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part one: Architecture Proceedings (Nijkerk, the Netherlands)
summary	Subject of this paper is the establishment of a connection between categorical pragmatism, developed by Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) through phenomenological analysis, and Domain Theory, developed by Thijs Bax and Henk Trum since 1977. The first is a phenomenological branch of philosophy, the second a theory of interdisciplinary design. A connection seems possible because of similarity in form (three-partitions with an anarcho-hierarchical character), the not-absolute conception of functionality and the interdisciplinary and procedural (participation based action) character of both theories.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	ed51
authors	Bergeron, Philippe
year	1986
title	A General Version of Crow's Shadow Volumes
source	IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications September, 1986. vol. 6: pp. 17-28 : col. ill. includes bibliography.
summary	In 1977 Frank Crow introduced a new class of algorithms for the generation of shadows. His technique, based on the concept of shadow volumes, assumes a polygonal database and a constrained environment. For example, polyhedrons must be closed, and polygons must be planar. This article presents a new version of Crow's algorithm, developed at the Universite de Montreal, which attempts a less constrained environment. The method has allowed the handling of both open and closed models and nonplanar polygons with the viewpoint anywhere, including any shadow volume. It does not, however, sacrifice the essential features of Crow's original version: penetration between polygons is allowed, and any number of light sources can be defined anywhere in 3D space, including the view volume and any shadow volume. The method has been used successfully in the film Tony de Peltrie and is easily incorporated into an existing scan-line, hidden-surface algorithm
keywords	algorithms, shadowing, polygons, computer graphics
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:07

_id	4489
authors	Blinn, J.F.
year	1977
title	Models of light reflection for computer synthesised pictures
source	Computer Graphics, 11 2, 192-198
summary	Bui-Tuong Phong published his illumination model in 1973, in the paper titled "Illumination for Computer-Generated Images". Phong's model is a local illumination model, which means only direct reflections are taken into account. Light that bounces off more than one surface before reaching the eye is not accounted for. While this may not be very realistic, it allows the lighting to be computed efficiently. To properly handle indirect lighting, a global illumination method such as radiosity is required, which is much more expensive. In addition to Phong's basic lighting equation, we will look at a variation invented by Jim Blinn. Blinn changed the way specular is calculated, making the computations slightly cheaper. Blinn published his approach in his paper "Models of Light Reflection for Computer Synthesised Pictures" in 1977.
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	2168
authors	Bobrow, Daniel G. and Winograd, Terry
year	1977
title	An Overview of KRL, a Knowledge Representation Language
source	Cognitive Science. 1977. vol. 1: pp. 3-46. includes bibliography
summary	This paper describes KRL, a Knowledge Representation Language designed for use in understander systems. It outlines both the general concepts which underlie the research and the details of KRL-O, an experimental implementation of some of these concepts. KRL is an attempt to integrate procedural knowledge with a broad base of declarative forms. These forms provide a variety of ways to express the logical structure of the knowledge, in order to give flexibility in associating procedures (for memory and reasoning) with specific pieces of knowledge, and to control the relative accessibility of different facts and descriptions. The formalism for declarative knowledge is based on structured conceptual objects with associated descriptions. These objects form a network of memory units with several different sorts of linkages, each having well-specified implications for the retrieval process. Procedures can be associated directly with the internal structure of a conceptual object. This procedural attachment allows the steps for a particular operation to be determined by characteristics of the specific entities involved. The control structure of KRL is based on the belief that the next generation of intelligent programs will integrate data-directed and goal-directed processing by using multiprocessing. It provides for a priority-ordered multiprocess agenda with explicit (user-provided) strategies for scheduling and resource allocation. It provides procedure directories which operate along with process frameworks to allow procedural parametrization of the fundamental system processes for building, comparing, and retrieving memory structures. Future development of KRL will include integrating procedure definition with the descriptive formalism
keywords	knowledge, representation, languages, AI
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	aef9
id	aef9
authors	Brown, A., Knight, M. and Berridge, P. (Eds.)
year	1999
title	Architectural Computing from Turing to 2000 [Conference Proceedings]
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1999
source	eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-5-7 / Liverpool (UK) 15-17 September 1999, 773 p.
summary	The core theme of this book is the idea of looking forward to where research and development in Computer Aided Architectural Design might be heading. The contention is that we can do so most effectively by using the developments that have taken place over the past three or four decades in Computing and Architectural Computing as our reference point; the past informing the future. The genesis of this theme is the fact that a new millennium is about to arrive. If we are ruthlessly objective the year 2000 holds no more significance than any other year; perhaps we should, instead, be preparing for the year 2048 (2k). In fact, whatever the justification, it is now timely to review where we stand in terms of the development of Architectural Computing. This book aims to do that. It is salutary to look back at what writers and researchers have said in the past about where they thought that the developments in computing were taking us. One of the common themes picked up in the sections of this book is the developments that have been spawned by the global linkup that the worldwide web offers us. In the past decade the scale and application of this new medium of communication has grown at a remarkable rate. There are few technological developments that have become so ubiquitous, so quickly. As a consequence there are particular sections in this book on Communication and the Virtual Design Studio which reflect the prominence of this new area, but examples of its application are scattered throughout the book. In 'Computer-Aided Architectural Design' (1977), Bill Mitchell did suggest that computer network accessibility from expensive centralised locations to affordable common, decentralised computing facilities would become more commonplace. But most pundits have been taken by surprise by just how powerful the explosive cocktail of networks, email and hypertext has proven to be. Each of the ingredients is interesting in its own right but together they have presented us with genuinely new ways of working. Perhaps, with foresight we can see what the next new explosive cocktail might be.
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.ecaade.org
last changed	2022/06/07 07:49

_id	092b
authors	Burton, Warren
year	1977
title	Representation of Many-Sided Polygons and Polygonal Lines for Rapid Processing
source	communications of the ACMò. March, 1977. vol. 20: pp. 166-171 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	A representation for polygons and polygonal lines is described which allows sets of consecutive sides to be collectively examined. The set of sides are arranged in a binary tree hierarchy by inclusion. A fast algorithm for testing the inclusion of a point in a many-sided polygon is given. The speed of the algorithm is discussed for both ideal and practical examples. It is shown that the points of intersection of two polygonal lines can be located by what is essentially a binary tree search. The algorithm and a practical example are discussed. The representation overcomes many of the disadvantages associated with the various fixed- grid methods for representing curves and regions
keywords	representation, GIS, mapping, computer graphics, algorithms, information, intersection, curves, polygons, B-rep
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:07

_id	22ce
authors	Cahn, Deborah U., Johnston, Nancy E. and Johnston, William E.
year	1977
title	A Response to the 1977 GSPC Core Graphic System
source	SIGGRAPH '79 Conference Proceedings. August, 1979. vol. 13 ; no. 2: pp. 57-62. includes bibliography
summary	This paper responds to the 1977 Core Graphics System of SIGGRAPH's Graphics Standards Planning Committee (GSPC). The authors are interested in low-level device-independent graphics for applications doing data representation and annotation. The level structure and bias in the core system toward display list processor graphics are criticized. Specific issues discussed include display contexts, attributes, current position, 3-dimensional graphics, area filling, and graphics input
keywords	computer graphics, standards
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	490d
authors	De Groot, D.J.
year	1977
title	Designing Curved Surfaces with Analytical Functions
source	Computer Aided Design. January, 1977. vol. 9: pp. 3-8 : ill
summary	Shaping and computer-interactive design of curved surfaces of industrial objects, where artistic freedom is allowed for the outward appearance, is a time-consuming job particularly when feeding the computer program with the necessary geometrical input data. A design method is presented together with practical results of designed surfaces composed of simple analytical functions. Human input of geometrical and artistic data has been minimized. Smoothness and fairness are created by the surface composing functions
keywords	curved surfaces, representation, CAD, systems
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	sigradi2009_774
id	sigradi2009_774
authors	de Souza, Raphael Argento; André Soares Monat
year	2009
title	Visualização da Informação em meio telejornalístico: Uma abordagem sob a ótica do design [Information Visualization in the news television: An approach under the design sight]
source	SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary	This article proposes a classification, under the Visualization Information point of view, of infographics broadcasted in the brazilian news television. To achieve this purpose these so called motion graphics were analised under the basis formed by three main authors: Tufte (1997), Bertin (1977) and Spence (2007), whose theories are in this article compared to the digital means of the motion graphics. With these theoretical foundation and the analisys of two hundred motion graphics broadcasted in the brazilian news television, we achieved a classification which covers every type of these motion graphics, hoping it becomes a basis for the study of these projects.
keywords	Design; information visualization; television infographics, motion graphics; information design
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:50

_id	sigradi2006_e028c
id	sigradi2006_e028c
authors	Griffith, Kenfield; Sass, Larry and Michaud, Dennis
year	2006
title	A strategy for complex-curved building design:Design structure with Bi-lateral contouring as integrally connected ribs
source	SIGraDi 2006 - [Proceedings of the 10th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Santiago de Chile - Chile 21-23 November 2006, pp. 465-469
summary	Shapes in designs created by architects such as Gehry Partners (Shelden, 2002), Foster and Partners, and Kohn Peterson and Fox rely on computational processes for rationalizing complex geometry for building construction. Rationalization is the reduction of a complete geometric shape into discrete components. Unfortunately, for many architects the rationalization is limited reducing solid models to surfaces or data on spread sheets for contractors to follow. Rationalized models produced by the firms listed above do not offer strategies for construction or digital fabrication. For the physical production of CAD description an alternative to the rationalized description is needed. This paper examines the coupling of digital rationalization and digital fabrication with physical mockups (Rich, 1989). Our aim is to explore complex relationships found in early and mid stage design phases when digital fabrication is used to produce design outcomes. Results of our investigation will aid architects and engineers in addressing the complications found in the translation of design models embedded with precision to constructible geometries. We present an algorithmically based approach to design rationalization that supports physical production as well as surface production of desktop models. Our approach is an alternative to conventional rapid prototyping that builds objects by assembly of laterally sliced contours from a solid model. We explored an improved product description for rapid manufacture as bilateral contouring for structure and panelling for strength (Kolarevic, 2003). Infrastructure typically found within aerospace, automotive, and shipbuilding industries, bilateral contouring is an organized matrix of horizontal and vertical interlocking ribs evenly distributed along a surface. These structures are monocoque and semi-monocoque assemblies composed of structural ribs and skinning attached by rivets and adhesives. Alternative, bi-lateral contouring discussed is an interlocking matrix of plywood strips having integral joinery for assembly. Unlike traditional methods of building representations through malleable materials for creating tangible objects (Friedman, 2002), this approach constructs with the implication for building life-size solutions. Three algorithms are presented as examples of rationalized design production with physical results. The first algorithm [Figure 1] deconstructs an initial 2D curved form into ribbed slices to be assembled through integral connections constructed as part of the rib solution. The second algorithm [Figure 2] deconstructs curved forms of greater complexity. The algorithm walks along the surface extracting surface information along horizontal and vertical axes saving surface information resulting in a ribbed structure of slight double curvature. The final algorithm [Figure 3] is expressed as plug-in software for Rhino that deconstructs a design to components for assembly as rib structures. The plug-in also translates geometries to a flatten position for 2D fabrication. The software demonstrates the full scope of the research exploration. Studies published by Dodgson argued that innovation technology (IvT) (Dodgson, Gann, Salter, 2004) helped in solving projects like the Guggenheim in Bilbao, the leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy, and the Millennium Bridge in London. Similarly, the method discussed in this paper will aid in solving physical production problems with complex building forms. References Bentley, P.J. (Ed.). Evolutionary Design by Computers. Morgan Kaufman Publishers Inc. San Francisco, CA, 1-73 Celani, G, (2004) “From simple to complex: using AutoCAD to build generative design systems” in: L. Caldas and J. Duarte (org.) Implementations issues in generative design systems. First Intl. Conference on Design Computing and Cognition, July 2004 Dodgson M, Gann D.M., Salter A, (2004), “Impact of Innovation Technology on Engineering Problem Solving: Lessons from High Profile Public Projects,” Industrial Dynamics, Innovation and Development, 2004 Dristas, (2004) “Design Operators.” Thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2004 Friedman, M, (2002), Gehry Talks: Architecture + Practice, Universe Publishing, New York, NY, 2002 Kolarevic, B, (2003), Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing, Spon Press, London, UK, 2003 Opas J, Bochnick H, Tuomi J, (1994), “Manufacturability Analysis as a Part of CAD/CAM Integration”, Intelligent Systems in Design and Manufacturing, 261-292 Rudolph S, Alber R, (2002), “An Evolutionary Approach to the Inverse Problem in Rule-Based Design Representations”, Artificial Intelligence in Design ’02, 329-350 Rich M, (1989), Digital Mockup, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Reston, VA, 1989 Schön, D., The Reflective Practitioner: How Professional Think in Action. Basic Books. 1983 Shelden, D, (2003), “Digital Surface Representation and the Constructability of Gehry’s Architecture.” Diss. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 2003 Smithers T, Conkie A, Doheny J, Logan B, Millington K, (1989), “Design as Intelligent Behaviour: An AI in Design Thesis Programme”, Artificial Intelligence in Design, 293-334 Smithers T, (2002), “Synthesis in Designing”, Artificial Intelligence in Design ’02, 3-24 Stiny, G, (1977), “Ice-ray: a note on the generation of Chinese lattice designs” Environmental and Planning B, volume 4, pp. 89-98
keywords	Digital fabrication; bilateral contouring; integral connection; complex-curve
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:52

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