CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id 2004_174
id 2004_174
authors Duarte, José P., Caldas, Luisa G. and Rocha, João
year 2004
title Free-form Ceramics - Design and Production of Complex Architectural Forms with Ceramic Elements
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2004.174
source Architecture in the Network Society [22nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-2-4] Copenhagen (Denmark) 15-18 September 2004, pp. 174-183
summary This paper describes a studio experiment developed with the aim of exploring the design and fabrication of complex architectural forms using ceramic elements. History has examples of double-sided curved forms built in ceramics. Such examples would not fulfill contemporary functional and aesthetic principles, neither would they be feasible or cost-effective considering current construction standards. There are recent examples of such forms built in other materials. These examples are difficult to emulate when ceramics is concerned, as they imply the fabrication of unique parts and sophisticated assembly techniques. Creating a double-curved surface in ceramics thus seems a difficult task. There are, however, advantages to such a formulation of design problems. They prompt the questioning of traditional wisdom, the rejection of accepted types, and the raising of interesting questions. What are the design strategies that should be followed when creating ceramic free-forms? What is the design media required to design them? And what are the techniques needed to fabricate and construct them? These are the questions investigated in the design project pursued jointly by students at an American and a Portuguese school, in collaboration with a professional research center and a ceramics factory. The students tested various possibilities, and in the process learned about state-of-art design and production techniques. The final projects are very expressive of their investigations and include a twisted glass tunnel, large-scale ceramic ‘bubbles,’ a rotated-tile wall, and a load-bearing wall system.
keywords Design Education: Rapid Prototyping; Remote Collaboration; Ceramics; Innovation; Free-Form Architecture
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id 2005_000
id 2005_000
authors Duarte, José Pinto, Ducla-Soares, Gonçalo and Sampaio, A. Zita (Eds.)
year 2005
title Digital Design: The Quest for New Paradigms
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2005
source 23nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings [ISBN 0-9541183-3-2], Lisbon (Portugal) 21-24 September 2005, 880 p.
summary As the field of computer-aided design evolved over the last thirty years or so, it has witnessed five changes of emphasis in research direction. In the first stage, the use of computers in architecture focused on the development of Computer Aided Design (CAD), that is, systems that simulated the use of drafting tools, and research was mainly concerned with the satisfaction of designers' ergonomic needs. In the second stage, there were efforts to use computer tools in non-graphical aspects of designing, such as the use of Data Base Management Systems (DBMS) in the quantity survey of buildings. The concern was to satisfy the cognitive needs of designers by focusing on the way information and knowledge were perceived, acquired, stored, and processed. In the third stage, the focus shifted to the development of realistic models of buildings to permit the assessment of design proposals. In the fourth stage, the focus was on studies concerned with the encoding of architectural knowledge into design tools (KBMS), and the discussion was whether to go towards design automation or design supporting tools. In the fifth stage, with the advent of the Internet and the development of communication tools, research became focused on the collaborative and social aspects of design activity. In recent years, research also became concerned with the exploration of the physical implications of digital media in the production of artefacts. Today, there is a vast range of research interests and approaches, but the quest for new, unifying paradigms continues.
series eCAADe
type normal paper
email
more http://www.ecaade.org
last changed 2022/06/07 07:49

_id ecaade2007_217
id ecaade2007_217
authors Duarte, José
year 2007
title Inserting New Technologies in Undergraduate Architectural Curricula
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2007.423
source Predicting the Future [25th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-6-5] Frankfurt am Main (Germany) 26-29 September 2007, pp. 423-430
summary This paper describes a set of curricular tools devised to insert new technologies in an undergraduate architectural curriculum. These tools encompass three courses and laboratories with advanced geometric modeling, rapid prototyping, virtual reality, and remote collaboration facilities. The immediate goal was to set up the virtual design studio and enable creative design thinking. The ultimate goal was to fulfill the criteria of intellectual satisfaction, acquisition of specialized professional skills, and contribution for the economic development of society that should underlie university education.
keywords Architecture, education, fabrication, digital media
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id 2b39
authors Duarte, Rovenir Bertola
year 2000
title O Uso do Computador no Ensino de Projeto: (por) uma Avaliação (Or Use do Computer nonEnsino de Project: (by) uma Avaliaction)
source SIGraDi’2000 - Construindo (n)o espacio digital (constructing the digital Space) [4th SIGRADI Conference Proceedings / ISBN 85-88027-02-X] Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) 25-28 september 2000, pp. 361-363
summary The computer approaches to the discipline of project near the fifties, with the idea that all the systems and processes can be object of mathematical simulation. However in the last times, the computers were used more in drawings than in the projects, “CADrafting is uncommon (...) and CADesign is almost nonexistent...” (STEVEN, 1991). At the same time it happened a surprising approach with to architecture schools. It stimulated more methodological approaches, and the subject moved, placing the computer as element transformer. The computers have really been changing the production and generation of documents, but the question is if it has been altering the method or process of elaboration of ideas. After so much search in direction to the computers it is time of thinking what was gotten with them and the problems that accompanies him. The work search to discuss the subjects where the computer influences in the learning and the students’ development.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:50

_id sigradi2016_710
id sigradi2016_710
authors Duarte, Rovenir Bertola; Lepri, Louisa Savignon; Sanches, Malu Magalh?es
year 2016
title Objectile e o projeto paramétrico [Objectile and parametric design]
source SIGraDi 2016 [Proceedings of the 20th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-956-7051-86-1] Argentina, Buenos Aires 9 - 11 November 2016, pp.149-156
summary The objectile was a concept developed by Deleuze and Cache in the 80s. It treats the object as a variable and anticipates the society of obsolescence, an inquiry about the contemporary life of the object (marketing, function, representation, modeling, production and consumption). This concept deals with the object where“... fluctuation of the norm replaces the permanence of a law; where the object assumes a place in a continuum by variation” (Deleuze, 1991, p.38). This paper proposes to think objectile as the object of the architectural design, on three types of approximations between design and objectile: (a) Objectile as variable of the design, (b) Objectile as a design variable, and (c) Objectile as architecture (variable architecture). The second approximation (b) enables to discuss the conception of continuous design with power to cross other projects - a meta-design. The main aspect of this meta-design is the variability, another way of control based on concepts of patterns and modulations; however, objectile can mean the release of mind for new types of thought and new kinds of design based on “continuum by variation”: meta-design.
keywords Objectile; parametric design; Gilles Deleuze; Modulado; Digital design
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2021/03/28 19:58

_id 0bd5
authors Dube, R., Herron, G.J. and Little, F.F. (et al)
year 1978
title SURFED -- An Interactive Editor for Free-Form Surfaces
source Computer Aided Design. March, 1978. vol. 10: pp. 111-115 : ill. includes bibliography
summary An editor is described for creating and modifying free-form surfaces. A modular system was developed in order to provide the researchers with a facility for communicating design ideas and new mathematical forms through an interactive graphical interface to a computer based model. To achieve this it was necessary to invent a new graphical construct called a `spider' for inputing three-dimensional parameters. This experimental system has the essential features of a large- scale implementation, with the capability of utilizing many new surface forms that have not yet been tried in actual applications
keywords curved surfaces, computer graphics, user interface
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

_id acadia07_157
id acadia07_157
authors Duck, Tom; Dickinson, Cameron; Coffin, Matt
year 2007
title The Pheonix Mars Lander
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2007.x.h0u
source Expanding Bodies: Art • Cities• Environment [Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture / ISBN 978-0-9780978-6-8] Halifax (Nova Scotia) 1-7 October 2007, 157
summary The Canadian Space Agency has agreed to supply the Phoenix Lander with a meteorological (or MET) weather station. This includes a pressure sensor, three temperature sensors located along a vertical one-metre mast, and a wind speed and direction sensor (called a Tell-Tale), mounted atop the MET mast. The MET suite of instruments will also include the first extraplanetary lidar system. The lidar will measure the distribution of Martian dust in the atmosphere up to altitudes of 20 km.
series ACADIA
last changed 2022/06/07 07:49

_id sigradi2021_56
id sigradi2021_56
authors Duclos-Prevet, Claire, Guena, François and Effron, Mariano
year 2021
title Constrained Multi-Criteria Optimization for Integrated Design in Professional Practice
source Gomez, P and Braida, F (eds.), Designing Possibilities - Proceedings of the XXV International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2021), Online, 8 - 12 November 2021, pp. 29–40
summary To design sustainable architecture, theory encourages architects to rely on automated exploration processes. In practice, the problems encountered are often multicriteria and under constraint. This paper compares different constraint handling strategies, approachable to designer, for processes involving evolutionary algorithms. Four methods are tested on a case study from professional practice. Two methods rely on parametric models: the penalty function method and the use of hyperparameters. The others involve the use of generative techniques: a rule-based method and a repair algorithm that takes the form of an agent-based model. This study highlights the significant impact of the choice of the constraint management method on exploration performance. Among other results, it appears that models involving the use of generative techniques are more efficient than those using parametric models. This calls for the development of dedicated tools.
keywords building enveloppe design, generative design, agent-based modeling, multiobjective genetic algorithm, daylighting simulation
series SIGraDi
email
last changed 2022/05/23 12:10

_id ijac202220306
id ijac202220306
authors Duclos-Prévet, Claire; François Guéna; Mariano Efron
year 2022
title Constraint handling methods for a generative envelope design using genetic algorithms: The case of a highly constrained problem
source International Journal of Architectural Computing 2022, Vol. 20 - no. 3, pp. 587–609
summary The use of genetic algorithms as generative and performance design techniques often involves, in practice, constraint handling, which can be a complex task. Moreover, environmental simulations are computationally expensive and managing constraints can avoid wasting time on infeasible solutions. Despite these two incentives, and the benefits of an immense literature, both applied and theorical, on constrained optimization, there are only few guidelines and tools directly applicable by architects to address this issue. This paper proposes to fill this gap by identifying, classifying, and implementing different constraint management techniques available to architects. Seven methods have been tested for a highly constrained envelope design problem, consisting in the optimization of a sun-shading system. Three of them are easily replicable to different types of projects while the four others need to find a problem-specific heuristic. It appears that the second category is more efficient but implies the use of generative techniques that are more difficult to implement than parametric models
keywords Optimization under constraint, performative envelope design, generative and sustainable design, agent-based modeling, multiobjective genetic algorithm, visual comfort
series journal
last changed 2024/04/17 14:30

_id 7d11
authors Duda, R.O., Peter, E.H. and Stork, D.G.
year 2001
title Pattern Classification
source Wiley Interscience, New York
summary Pattern recognition systems play a role in applications as diverse as speech recognition, optical character recognition, image processing, and signal analysis. This reference provides information needed to choose the most appropriate of the many available techniques for a given class of problems. The latest edition includes explanations of classical and new methods, including neural networks, stochastic methods, genetic algorithms, and theory of learning. It provides algorithms to explain specific pattern-recognition and learning techniques as well as appendices covering the necessary mathematical background.
series other
last changed 2003/04/23 15:14

_id ecaade2013_193
id ecaade2013_193
authors Duddumpudi, Krishna; Moloney, Jules and Moleta, Tane
year 2013
title Whispering Walls
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.1.507
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 1, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 507-516
summary A design project that explores how augmented reality may be incorporated within architecture to embed hybrid ‘info-tectonic’ detail, across a range of scales is documented. The context in which the project is undertaken is the legacy of South Indian temple design. This opens up a complimentary field of research within a cultural context, to locate another agenda for augmented reality in architecture. The idea of cultural augmentation and its articulation at a range of scales, from the tactile to the urban, was generated through the design project. By way of introduction this mode of research is discussed in relation to CAAD research methods. In conclusion, a general model for cultural augmentation with augmented reality as a scalar continuum is presented.
wos WOS:000340635300053
keywords Augmented reality, cultural augmentation, research through design.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

_id c86a
authors Dudek, D., Dudek, K. and Przystupa, F.W.
year 1998
title Reduction of noise in neighborhood of lignite strip mine
source Automation in Construction 7 (5) (1998) pp. 413-426
summary Methods of identifying, assessing, reducing the number of causes of noise, and counteracting noise (potential vibrational acoustic signal sources, the identification and location of the sources, noise propagation over terrain, working conditions) in the neighborhood of a lignite strip mine are presented. On the basis of noise measurements and an assessment of the propagation conditions, the obtained results are analyzed against a background of environmental noise arduousness standards. Conclusions and guidelines relating to further material-design optimization efforts are given.
series journal paper
more http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed 2003/05/15 21:22

_id caadria2022_145
id caadria2022_145
authors Duering, Serjoscha, Fink, Theresa, Chronis, Angelos and Konig, Reinhard
year 2022
title Environmental Performance Assessment - The Optimisation of High-Rises in Vienna
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2022.1.545
source Jeroen van Ameijde, Nicole Gardner, Kyung Hoon Hyun, Dan Luo, Urvi Sheth (eds.), POST-CARBON - Proceedings of the 27th CAADRIA Conference, Sydney, 9-15 April 2022, pp. 545-554
summary Our cities are facing different kinds of challenges - in parallel to the urban transformation and densification, climate targets and objectives of decision-makers are on the daily agenda of planning. Therefore, the planning of new neighbourhoods and buildings in high-density areas is complex in many ways. It requires intelligent processes that automate specific aspects of planning and thus enable impact-oriented planning in the early phases. The impacts on environment, economy and society have to be considered for a sustainable planning result in order to make responsible decisions. The objective of this paper is to explore pathways towards a framework for the environmental performance assessment and the optimisation of high-rise buildings with a particular focus on processing large amounts of data in order to derive actionable insights. A development area in the urban centre of Vienna serves as case study to exemplify the potential of automated model generation and applying ML algorithm to accelerate simulation time and extend the design space of possible solutions. As a result, the generated designs are screened on the basis of their performance using a Design Space Exploration approach. The potential for optimisation is evaluated in terms of their environmental impact on the immediate environment.
keywords simulation, prediction and evaluation, machine learning, computational modelling, digital design, high-rises, SGD 11, SDG 13
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/07/22 07:34

_id 3905
authors Duffy, T.M. and Cunningham, D.J.
year 1996
title Constructivism: Implications for the design and delivery of instruction
source D.H. Jonassen, (Ed) Handbook of research for educational communications and technology, N.Y; Macmillan Library reference USA
summary This will be a seminar that examines Constructivist theory as it applies to our thinking about instruction. Many folks think of constructivism as a method of instruction -- it is not. It is a framework for thinking about learning or what it means to come to know. As such, it is a framework for understanding (interpreting) any learning environment as well as a framework for designing instruction. The seminar will be organized around weekly readings. We will examine the alternative constructivist theories, e.g., socio-cultural constructivism and cognitive constructivism, and the pragmatism of Richard Rorty. However, rather than focusing on the differences between these frameworks, our emphasis will be on the implications of the broader, common framework for the design of instruction. Hence we will spend most of the semester discussing strategies for designing and delivering instruction, e.g., the work of Bransford, Collins, Pea, Jonassen, Spiro, Fosnot, Senge, and Schank. We will consider both business and schooling environments for learning -- there is significant work in both domains. There will be particular emphasis of the use of technology in instruction. We will look at the communication, information, and context providing roles of technology as contrasted to the traditional approach of using technology to deliver instruction (to teach). We will also pay particular attention to problem based learning as one instructional model. In PBL there is particular emphasis on the role of the facilitator as a learning coach (process orientation) as opposed to a content provider. There is also a particular emphasis on supporting the development of abductive reasoning skills so that the learner develops the ability to be an effective problem solver in the content domain. The major paper/project for the course will be the design of instruction to train individuals to be learning coaches in a problem based learning or goal based scenario learning environment. That is, how do you support teachers in adapting the role of learning coach (which, of course, requires us to understand what it means to be a learning coach). Design teams will be formed with the teams all working on this same design problem. A comprehensive prototype of the learning environment is required as well as a paper provide the theoretical framework and rationale for the design strategy. While not required, I would expect that computer technology will play a significant role in the design of your learning environment. With that in mind, let me note that it is not required that the prototype be delivered on the computer, i.e., I am not requiring programming skills but rather design skills and so "storyboards" is all that is required.
series other
last changed 2003/04/23 15:14

_id ecaade2020_044
id ecaade2020_044
authors Dumlu, Burcu Nimet
year 2020
title Virtual Reality as a Tool for Measuring Spatial Tendencies in Urban Experience
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2020.1.365
source Werner, L and Koering, D (eds.), Anthropologic: Architecture and Fabrication in the cognitive age - Proceedings of the 38th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 16-18 September 2020, pp. 365-374
summary Virtual reality (VR) enables the controlled acquisition of physical reality into the virtual environment. The virtual built environment stimulates people as physical urban experiences. Room-scale experience allows wandering around the urban space. The purpose of this study is to understand VR as a tool for measuring spatial tendencies of the individual through distance structuring (proxemics) in the virtual environment. According to the concept of proxemics, individuals interact with the built environment and people through personal, social, and public distances. The study provided a virtual space that was designed as a streetscape with a road and buildings along the way both sides. Users were immersed in the VR model for 10 minutes through navigating on the chosen route and recorded in the video. The objective was understanding how the architectural elements are related to proxemics tendencies. This study describes VR as a tool for understanding user tendencies through user spatial behavior.
keywords Virtual Reality; Virtual Space; Proxemics; HTC Vive
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id acadia22_244
id acadia22_244
authors Dunaway, Davis; Rothbart, Dan; Gwinn, Layton; King, Nathan; Stuart-Smith, Robert
year 2022
title Introducing Bespoke Properties to Slip-Cast Elements
source ACADIA 2022: Hybrids and Haecceities [Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 979-8-9860805-8-1]. University of Pennsylvania Stuart Weitzman School of Design. 27-29 October 2022. edited by M. Akbarzadeh, D. Aviv, H. Jamelle, and R. Stuart-Smith. 244-255.
summary This research explores a novel technique for creating bespoke, slip-cast artifacts through the use of 6-axis robotic motion. By incrementally injecting different amounts of colored slip into the mold while it is rotated, we are able to achieve variable color, pattern, and structure. Because of the highly precise nature of the robotic motion, this variation can be repeated with a high degree of accuracy. In addition, the incremental injection of slip also allows us to achieve a full cast with a minimal amount of slip, removing the draining process of traditional slip casting entirely. The level of control this process might give a designer is explored through a series of tetrahedral components that demonstrate the types of marbling that can be achieved.
series ACADIA
type paper
email
last changed 2024/02/06 14:00

_id ecaadesigradi2019_641
id ecaadesigradi2019_641
authors Dunn, Kate, Haeusler, M. Hank, Zavoleas, Yannis, Bishop, Mel, Dafforn, Katherine, Sedano, Francisco, Yu, Daniel and Schaefer, Nina
year 2019
title Recycled Sustainable 3D Printing Materials for Marine Environments
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2019.2.583
source Sousa, JP, Xavier, JP and Castro Henriques, G (eds.), Architecture in the Age of the 4th Industrial Revolution - Proceedings of the 37th eCAADe and 23rd SIGraDi Conference - Volume 2, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, 11-13 September 2019, pp. 583-592
summary The paper discusses the design and testing of sustainable recycled materials for large scale 3D printed construction in a marine context. This research is part of a 3-phase project involving a multidisciplinary team of designers, architects, material specialists and marine ecologists. The Bio Shelters Project uses an innovative approach to designing and fabricating marine bio-shelters that ecologically enhance seawalls, by promoting native biodiversity and providing seawater filtration, carbon sequestration and fisheries productivity. The design of the 3D print structure is a data-driven approach that incorporates ecological data to optimise the form for growth and survivorship of marine species under the environmental conditions of the installation site as well as being an integral part of the design project and the site.
keywords 3D printing; material research; sustainability; marine biology
series eCAADeSIGraDi
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id acadia22_378
id acadia22_378
authors Duong, Colleen; Cupkova, Dana; Sawyer, Azadeh; Dawkins, Marantha
year 2022
title Tactical Sedimentation of Architectural Reef System
source ACADIA 2022: Hybrids and Haecceities [Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 979-8-9860805-8-1]. University of Pennsylvania Stuart Weitzman School of Design. 27-29 October 2022. edited by M. Akbarzadeh, D. Aviv, H. Jamelle, and R. Stuart-Smith. 378-391.
summary This study proposes a novel simulation framework that expands the existing analytical modeling methods, allowing us to visualize and test underwater eco-spatial phenomena within dynamic systems to better identify a design space for intervention with the goal of mitigating the conventional human-reef relationship through tactically choreographing sedimentation. This paper focuses on developing a method of modeling and analysis linked to the ecological characterization of coral species and simulation sequences allowing us to: 1) study diverse, underwater landscapes that are not easily visible or accessible, and 2) project complex environmental change and sedimentation over time. This method works across tools, scales, and media to develop a computational ecological approach to designing sensitive habitats.
series ACADIA
type paper
email
last changed 2024/02/06 14:00

_id 84ca
authors Dupagne, A.
year 1987
title Teaching Machines. A Creative Revival of Architectural Education or a Pernicious Restoration of Technical Dominance?
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1987.x.b2u
source Architectural Education and the Information Explosion [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Zurich (Switzerland) 5-7 September 1987.
summary Architectural design is not a science nor a technology. Architectural design is a praxis of both. It embodies knowledge coming from a large range of varied domains, like policy, culture, economy, environmental science, psychology, ..., but it must be clearly distinguished from Bach. It has little to do with the knowledge development or with a better understanding of physical phenomena. Architectural design is a creative activity generating products that intend to achieve: (-) the fulfilment of individual and social needs; (-) serve certain purposes; (-) in order to change the world. // It is a purposeful activity intervening directly on the built environment in order to intentionally modify it. Therefore, teaching architectural design can reasonably be organized as a training for action and, by contrast, the knowledge attainment becomes a relatively secondary objective.
series eCAADe
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id ga0117
id ga0117
authors Dupras, Martin and Bates-Brkljac, Nada
year 2001
title The Virtual Forest: Integrating VRML Worlds and Generative Music
source International Conference on Generative Art
summary The Virtual Forest is a VRML world representing an imaginary forest, with a real-time generated music soundtrack. This soundtrack is generated by an algorithm which responds via network messages to actions happening in the VRML world. The VRML model uses real-life data (elevation maps, aerial and landscape photography) from a real forest to model an imaginary forest area of approximately 3 square km. The forest has a small number of animated books which when touched, trigger 'state' changes in the sound producing algorithm to alter the mood of the soundtrack. This is achieved by sending URL messages to a PHP gateway which then informs a PD (Pure Data) program to change its internal state accordingly. The PD program uses stochastic processes to generate, manipulate and recycle (or feedback) a sound stream. To further enhance the user experience ofinteraction with the generative process, some sounds are also immediately triggered by the books; additionally, a short generative poem is also returned to the user, as the content of the relevant page in the virtual book.
series other
email
more http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed 2003/08/07 17:25

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