CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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Hits 1 to 20 of 12658

_id 25a2
authors MacCallum, C. and Hanna, R.
year 1997
title DEFLECT: A Computer Aided Learning Package for Teaching Structural Design - Phase Two
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1997.x.f6j
source Challenges of the Future [15th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-3-0] Vienna (Austria) 17-20 September 1997
summary This paper reports on Phase Two of a SHEFC funded project jointly carried out by the Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, University of Paisley, the Mackintosh School of Architecture, and Lamp Software. The project aims to build a computer-assisted learning package on the response of structures to load. The software will be used as an interactive teaching tool for both architectural and engineering students.

The package has four levels: Beginners (Level 1), Intermediate (Level 2) and Advanced (Levels 3 and 4). The first two levels have been completed after continuous feedback from both institutions. Level 1 is geared towards architectural and engineering students to help them understand structural behaviour of building components, such as deflection. Level 2 is a graphical editor that enables students to draw precisely the structure of their designs, investigate the deflection of structural members and identify areas of tension and compression. Levels 3 and 4 are a design tool which is aimed at architectural and civil engineering students where they can design and analyse realistic structures by choosing structural members from a library, and specify materials and multiple loads.

Phase One of DEFLECT was presented in the 14th ECAADE conference , which was held at the University of Lund, Sweden. In Phase Two, the range of structural examples was expanded to include typological classics. This was accompanied by additional teaching and learning material. The package was enlarged to include bending moment and shear force diagrams, tapered and curved members, and additional materials such as glass.

series eCAADe
email
more http://info.tuwien.ac.at/ecaade/proc/maccull/maccull.htm
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id acadia11_132
id acadia11_132
authors MacDowell, Parke; Tomova, Diana
year 2011
title Robotic Rod-bending: Digital Drawing in Physical Space
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2011.132
source ACADIA 11: Integration through Computation [Proceedings of the 31st Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA)] [ISBN 978-1-6136-4595-6] Banff (Alberta) 13-16 October, 2011, pp. 132-137
summary This paper details preliminary project-based design research that emphasizes the development of tools and processes in tandem with the development of ideas and forms. Amid increasingly mechanized fabrication processes, this project injects the human as code-writer and tool-builder, asserting authorship within the modes of production themselves. The initial output from this foray, wavePavilion is an architectural installation generated by computer algorithms and built using custom digital fabrication technology. Completed in June 2010, the project is located on the grounds of the University of Michigan Taubman College of Architecture and Urban Planning. wavePavilion has a footprint of 20x30 feet and stands 14 feet tall, containing over a kilometer of 1/4-inch diameter steel rod.
series ACADIA
type normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ascaad2023_089
id ascaad2023_089
authors Machado, Daniel; Mussi, Andrea
year 2023
title Usability of Parametric Design Plugins as a Support Tool in Urbanism and CIM
source C+++: Computation, Culture, and Context – Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of the Arab Society for Computation in Architecture, Art and Design (ASCAAD), University of Petra, Amman, Jordan [Hybrid Conference] 7-9 November 2023, pp. 187-207.
summary The rapid growth of medium and large cities has led to an increasing demand for innovative and intelligent solutions for urban design and infrastructure. The use of City Information Modeling (CIM) and parametric design software has been one of the implemented solutions, allowing for greater agility in the process and integration with databases to recreate a digital urban structure and simulate complex scenarios. However, many of these tools remain relatively unknown among urban designers, with plenty of potential to be explored. This research aimed to identify the recent practices in the use of algorithmic-parametric design at the urban scale and in CIM project management, and explore their applications through a systematic review of the literature based on scientific articles. The review resulted 37 articles that were selected for a detailed search in the abstracts, methodologies, results, and discussions. The most frequently employed tools are related to urban energy efficiency, traffic planning and walkability, urban morphology analysis, and building typologies and density. Algorithmic-parametric design applications and plug-ins were identified to assist mainly in flow analysis, performance, comfort, and city modeling. Additionally, 23 statistical and geographic database formats were identified that generate volumes and land and mass spaces or perform performance analysis data processing.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2024/02/13 14:40

_id 2768
authors Maciel, P.W.C. and Shirley, P.
year 1995
title Visual navigation of large environments using textured clusters
source Proceedings 1995 Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics, pp. 95-102, June 1995
summary A visual navigation system is described which uses texture mapped primitives to represent clusters of objects to maintain high and approximately constant frame rates. In cases where there are more unoccluded primitives inside the view- ing frustum than can be drawn in real-time on the workstation, this system ensures that each visible object, or a cluster that includes it, is drawn in each frame. The system supports the we of traditional "level-of-detail" representations for individual objects, and supports the automatic genera- tion of a certain type of level-of-detail for objects and clusters of objects. The concept of choosing a representation from among those associated with an object that accounts for the direction from which the object is viewed is also supported. The level-of-detail concept is extended to the whole model and the entire scene is stored as a hierarchy of levels-of-detail that is traversed top-down to iind a good representation for a given viewpoint. This system does not assume that visibility information can be extracted from the model and is thus especially suited for outdoor environments.
series other
last changed 2003/04/23 15:50

_id caadria2019_183
id caadria2019_183
authors Macken, Marian, Mulla, Sarosh and Paterson, Aaron
year 2019
title Inhabiting the Drawing - 1:1 in time and space
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2019.1.505
source M. Haeusler, M. A. Schnabel, T. Fukuda (eds.), Intelligent & Informed - Proceedings of the 24th CAADRIA Conference - Volume 1, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand, 15-18 April 2019, pp. 505-514
summary One of the fundamental characteristics of architectural drawing is its use of scale. Since the Renaissance - during which architectural production shifted from the construction site to paper - this scalar understanding began by using bodily measurements. In developing designs, the architect projects future occupation of the drawing with their eyes and hands moving over both its physical surface and represented space. The different relationship established between the digital drawer and the body has been criticised; Paul Emmons argues that CAD's full scale - or rather scale-less - capabilities omit this bodily presence of the drawer (Emmons, 2005). Due to the use of full scale data recording, the drawer zooms in and out to consider aspects, severing the drawing's relation to the operator's body. This paper explores ways in which the body and drawings intersect, beyond Emmons definition, and hence considers the influence of the method of drawing on perceptions of scale and the inhabitation of digital drawings. It uses ongoing collaborative research projects and exhibitions to explore the inhabitation of digital drawing at full scale. These works highlight the fundamental importance of the line within architecture, not as demarcation, divider or indexical reference, but as a traces of bodily projections.
keywords architectural drawing; architectural scale; full scale drawing; post factum documentation
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id cee5
authors Mackenzie, C.A. and Gero, John S.
year 1987
title Learning Design Rules from Decisions and Performances
source Artificial Intelligence in Engineering. 1987. vol. 2: pp. 2-10
summary This paper examines an approach to the extraction of implicit knowledge in rule form about the relationships between design decisions and their performance consequences. The effects of an imposed structure on a performance space are observed in relation to matching points in a decision space. A mapping between the two spaces embodies the knowledge that is discovered. The performance space is structured by Pareto optimization and the knowledge extraction process is illustrated by two examples from building design. The use of the methodology for learning about decision/performance relationships in extant designs is proposed
keywords inference, expert systems, design process, evaluation, learning, theory, applications, systems
series CADline
email
last changed 2003/06/02 14:41

_id ddssar9622
id ddssar9622
authors Macmillan, Andrew andMezughi, Mustafa M.
year 1996
title The integral role of conventional sketching in conceptualisation
source Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Third Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part one: Architecture Proceedings (Spa, Belgium), August 18-21, 1996
summary Architectural Design Studies is an expanding research area, which recently has experienced dramatic shifts in approach. The successful application of computing to architectural practice has created pressure leading to a rediscovery of Architectural Drawing. The thrust of recent design studies is toward the early stages of the design process, where the modes of conception, human perceptual, and cognitive systems are the focus. In this paper we endeavour to examine the integral role of sketching in conceptualisation. A modelling technique relating to both the design and the graphic process 'sheds light' on the interaction between thought and drawing. Data from a protocol analysis is tested within the framework of the proposed model.
series DDSS
last changed 2003/08/07 16:36

_id sigradi2022_147
id sigradi2022_147
authors Macruz, Andrea; Daneluzzo, Mirko; Tawakul, Hind; Al Hashimi, Mona
year 2022
title Performative Accessories in Multispecies Design: Enhancing Humidity Levels for Plants with 3D-printed Biomimetic Structures
source Herrera, PC, Dreifuss-Serrano, C, Gómez, P, Arris-Calderon, LF, Critical Appropriations - Proceedings of the XXVI Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2022), Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, 7-11 November 2022 , pp. 1201–1212
summary The paper moves the design debate from human-centered toward posthuman design, discussing how designers can use a strategy based on Multispecies Ethnography and Participatory Design, considering nonhuman agents to create efficient designs. To illustrate this, it describes a project of 3D-printed biomimetic structures for plants that enhances humidity levels in internal environments. The project methodology started by analyzing the ideal humidity for indoor plants and humans, which is between 40% to 50%. Subsequently, a biomimicry study was done to understand how to generate a cooler indoor microclimate using passive strategies and how to create an effective interlocking system to connect structures. 3D-printed structures as supports for water droplets were designed according to their performance and placed in different arrangements around the plant itself. The structures were tested, and humidity levels increased by approximately 13%. The paper discusses the resultant evidence-based design and a new approach to mass customization.
keywords Bio-Inspired Design, Multispecies Design, Biomimicry, 3D printing, Humidity Control
series SIGraDi
email
last changed 2023/05/16 16:57

_id ecaade2024_227
id ecaade2024_227
authors Madelat, Payam; De Luca, Francesco
year 2024
title A Novel Parametric Method for Assessing View Towards Green in the Early Stages of Urban Design
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2024.2.347
source Kontovourkis, O, Phocas, MC and Wurzer, G (eds.), Data-Driven Intelligence - Proceedings of the 42nd Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2024), Nicosia, 11-13 September 2024, Volume 2, pp. 347–356
summary Enhancing the wellbeing of the residents in a building entail consideration of visual connection with natural elements in the urban environment. Current approaches for evaluating the presence of green elements in the field of view primarily concentrate on floorplans. Thus, they are not efficient to evaluate large areas such as blocks and neighborhoods during the building massing design phase due to uncertainties regarding the building interiors. To tackle this limitation, we developed a method, and a metric called the Building Visible Green Index (BVGI) to assess the ability of building facades to connect interior spaces with the surrounding green environment. The parametric workflow performs ray-casting from façade samples, detects obstructions, and analyzes the intersections with green elements. BVGI allows for the early-stage evaluation of urban design solutions for many buildings by measuring the weighted proportion of visible green elements such as lawns and trees. The paper showcases the parametric workflow of the BVGI method and its potential in one case study.
keywords Urban Design, Visual Comfort, View Out, Green Infrastructure, Green Metric, Environmental Design
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2024/11/17 22:05

_id ba3b
authors Madrazo, L.
year 1999
title Types and Instances: a paradigm for teaching design with computers
source Design Studies 20 (2) (1999) pp. 177-193
summary Types and Instances is the conceptual paradigm of this course for teaching design with computers to architecture students which was devised at the ETH Zurich. The course was initiated in the academic year 1990/91. Since then, it has been offered each following Winter semester up to the academic year 1995/1996. This paper discusses the essential concepts of the course and describes the tools that were created specifically for it. A reflection based on the experience of teaching the course is also included in the conclusions.
series journal paper
last changed 2003/05/15 21:45

_id ddssar0019
id ddssar0019
authors Madrazo, Leandro
year 2000
title Networking: media, representation and architecture
source Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fifth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part one: Architecture Proceedings (Nijkerk, the Netherlands)
summary In this paper we present a pedagogic work, carried out in a third year architecture course, focused on the relationship between teaching content and media. The subject-matter of the course is the concept of representation; an eminently philosophical issue which transcends the limits of a particular discipline. The media that have been used are mostly the web, along with other standard programs to process text and images, create models and animations. The core of this research work is the course ‘Sistemas de Representación’, which has taken place for the first time in the academic year 1999/00. The course is structured in six themes, each one standing for a system of representation: TEXT, FIGURE, OBJECT, IMAGE, SPACE and LIGHT. Within every system, a variety of topics dealing with the concept of representation are addressed in an interdisciplinary manner. A web based learning environment named NETWORKING has been created especially for the course. This environment allows students to perform a variety of collaborative works: drawing visual and linguistic relationships, developing further the works of other students, and participating in collective processes of form generation and space perception.
series DDSS
last changed 2003/08/07 16:36

_id 43a3
authors Madrazo, Leandro and Weder, Andreas
year 2001
title Aalto on the Internet: architectural analysis and concept representation with computer media
source Automation in Construction 10 (5) (2001) pp. 561-575
summary This paper describes a teaching project, carried out in the postgraduate program of the ETH in Zurich, whose goal was to apply multimedia, Internet-based technology to a study of the work of the Finnish architect Alvar Aalto. The goal of the course was twofold: to learn about the architecture of Aalto while teaching students to design a web site, using dynamic pages and databases. The outcome of the course was a web site in which the work of Aalto is represented in three distinctive contexts: descriptive, analytical and associative. The rich network of connections within and between the different contexts allows the visitor of the site to gain new insights on the work of Aalto in a truly interactive way.
series journal paper
more http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed 2003/05/15 21:22

_id a72b
authors Madrazo, Leandro
year 1992
title Design as Formal Language
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1992.319
source CAAD Instruction: The New Teaching of an Architect? [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Barcelona (Spain) 12-14 November 1992, pp. 319-330
summary Geometry and language are disciplines with which architecture holds a strong relationship. They have highly structured natures, which make them well-suited for computer implementation. Architecture, on the other hand, lacks such an abstract and hierarchical system. This is one of the main obstacles to the integration of computers in architecture at this point. This paper presents the results of a pedagogic approach based on the association of language, geometry and computers. This association can be successfully used in the education of basic design principles that, although not directly related with architecture, are fundamental to the education of an architect.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id 612c
authors Madrazo, Leandro
year 1998
title Computers and Architectural Design: Going Beyond the Tool
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1998.044
source Digital Design Studios: Do Computers Make a Difference? [ACADIA Conference Proceedings / ISBN 1-880250-07-1] Québec City (Canada) October 22-25, 1998, pp. 44-57
summary More often than not, discussions taking place in specialised conferences dealing with computers and design tend to focus mostly on the tool itself. What the computer can do that other tools cannot, how computers might improve design and whether a new aesthetic would result from the computer; these are among the most recurrent issues addressed in those forums. But, by placing the instrument at the center of the debate, we might be distorting the nature of design. In the course KEYWORDS, carried out in the years 1992 and 1993 at the ETH Zurich, the goal was to transcend the discourses that concentrate on the computer, integrating it in a wider theoretical framework including principles of modern art and architecture. This paper presents a summary of the content and results of this course.

series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id 80b9
authors Madrazo, Leandro
year 2000
title Computers and architectural design: going beyond the tool
source Automation in Construction 9 (1) (2000) pp. 5-17
summary More often than not, discussions taking place in specialised conferences dealing with computers and design tend to focus mostly on the tool itself. What the computer can do that other tools cannot, how computers might improve design and whether a new aesthetic would result from the computer; these are among the most recurrent issues addressed in those forums. But, by placing the instrument at the center of the debate, we might be distorting the nature of design. In the course KEYWORDS, carried out in the years 1992 and 1993 at the ETH Zurich, the goal was to transcend the discourses that concentrate on the computer, integrating it in a wider theoretical framework including principles of modern art and architecture. This paper presents a summary of the content and results of this course.
series journal paper
more http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed 2003/05/15 21:22

_id ecaade2011_113
id ecaade2011_113
authors Madrazo, Leandro; Riddy, Paul
year 2011
title OIKODOMOS Virtual Campus: Constructing learning processes in collaboration
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2011.194
source RESPECTING FRAGILE PLACES [29th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-9-4912070-1-3], University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Architecture (Slovenia) 21-24 September 2011, pp.194-202
summary The OIKODOMOS Virtual Campus is a learning space where teachers and students of schools of architecture and urban planning collaborate in the design and implementation of learning activities dedicated to the study of housing in contemporary Europe. Its pedagogic model is based on the intertwining of on-line and on-site activities and on the integration of different types of courses following a blended learning approach. A technological platform has been specifically created to support the project’s constructivist pedagogy. In this paper we describe the main components of the pedagogic model, the technological platform, their implementation and application for delivering learning activities.
wos WOS:000335665500022
keywords Virtual campus; blended learning; learning sequences; housing studies
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/05/01 23:21

_id caadria2020_274
id caadria2020_274
authors Maeng, Hoyoung and Hyun, Kyung Hoon
year 2020
title Optimizing Tensile Membrane Architecture for Energy Harvesting
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2020.1.569
source D. Holzer, W. Nakapan, A. Globa, I. Koh (eds.), RE: Anthropocene, Design in the Age of Humans - Proceedings of the 25th CAADRIA Conference - Volume 1, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 5-6 August 2020, pp. 569-578
summary This paper identifies the correlation between the stiffness of a tensile membrane and wind-induced vibration. Here, a means by which to optimize the tensile membrane architecture and a harvester for the collection of energy from wind-induced vibration is proposed. Because its material property, the tensile membrane architecture is suitable for harvesting energy. While high stiffness is desired to ensure the stability of the tensile membrane architecture, the stiffness is negatively correlated with the energy collection. Thus, optimization considering the stiffness and the amount of harvestable energy in tensile membrane structures is conducted, broken down into the following tasks: 1) investigate the energy generator on the tensile membrane to combine a membrane type of architecture and wind energy harvesting; 2) set-up the computational environment with which to analyze the energy efficiency of the tensile membrane architecture; 3) visualize the resulting datasets to determine the relationship between the stiffness and the energy efficiency; and 4) define optimized tensile membrane architectures.
keywords Tensile Membrane Architecture; Design Optimization; Sustainable Architecture; Computational Design; Wind Energy Harvesting
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id sigradi2007_000
id sigradi2007_000
authors Maganda Mercado, Adriana Gómez (et. al)
year 2007
title Sigradi 2007: Communication in the Visual Society [La Comunicación en la Comunidad Visual]
source Proceedings of the 11th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics Graphics / ISBN 13 978-968-7451-15-2] México D.F. - México 23-25 October 2007, 467 p.
summary In a simple communication model we must talk about the understanding between participants. This is the result of a continuing connection and a dialog of agreements and disagreements in order to arrive at sharing an idea. However, society today is in an evolutionary lapse at an accelerated pace that interjects itself in this process. It is here where social forces distend and generate important ruptures between generations and individuals that fight to prevail or impose new languages and lifestyles. Today's society has become a visual society whose effect has been reinforced through technology in the devices that we use on a daily basis. The daily use of technology and its new languages has marked a disconnection between individuals that must be closed by using a new acculturation and teaching models. Disconnection is a omnipresent modern phenomenon that can be felt as the main effect in what specialists call the digital gap. This gap not only separates generations, but also ideologies with respect to the form in which we perceive, transmit and teach in our society today. This disconnection can be easily understood through a school system that has been designed for a manufacturing and agricultural world. However, many sectors within our society have been in state of constant change and evolution. This situation generates many opportunities where an agile society is required in response to these new local and global challenges. The students of today have, for example, multi-tasking abilities that better assimilate these changes. The researchers, Ian Jukes and Anita Dosaj refer to this disconnection as the result of poor communication between digital natives (our present-day students) and digital immigrants (many present-day adults). This phenomenon results in the fact that parents and educators speak the digital dialect as a second language, and because of that are lacking in their models of communication. For example, digital natives prefer a variety of sources with rapid access, while the digital immigrants prefer slower, more controlled sources that are limited and regulated. Nowadays, our educational or production activities in which we find ourselves immersed on a daily basis cause us to participate in a wide range of processes of production, dissemination and analysis of visual forms as part of our final product or service. Much of the work that we elaborate in movies, video and photography explore meaning, perception and communication in context as well as anthropological and ethnographic themes. Using this framework for our society today, the importance of the search for the promotion of the study of visual representation and the media for the greatest development and generation of benefits is brought to the fore. Through the use of images we can describe, analyze, communicate and interpret human behavior. All these settings, full of digital disconnections and reencounters, impact on all the visual aspects of culture, including art, architecture and material objects, influencing the bodily expressions of human beings. We have created a visual society when we put emphasis on the meaning and interpretation of all we receive through our visual sense. Wherever we look, we find objects that have been modified beyond their primary function to communicate messages. In this ecosystem we are consumers and suppliers. The communication and research needed to achieve reconnection, as well as the creation of new forms of production and visual understanding, are the themes on which the works contained in this edition are centered.
series SIGRADI
type normal paper
more http://www.sigradi.org
last changed 2016/03/10 09:55

_id 403caadria2004
id 403caadria2004
authors Magdy M. Ibrahim, Robert J. Krawczyk & George Schipporiet
year 2004
title A Web-Based Approach to Transferring Architectural Information to the Construction Site Based on the Bim Object Concept
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2004.613
source CAADRIA 2004 [Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 89-7141-648-3] Seoul Korea 28-30 April 2004, pp. 613-622
summary The current means of transferring architectural data to the construction site depends mainly on the drawing either manually or electronically drafted both in physical or digital formats. The printed or manually drafted drawing is being replaced with the digital version that can be accessed with a PDA. There are many benefits of the digital form over the physical form. However the full potential of this medium has not yet been fully exploited. The new CAD paradigm, BIM (Building Information Modeling), suggests that all the building information can be represented as a digital database that constitutes the information about the building elements as three-dimensional geometry, as well as, properties and specifications in the form of objects. This paper describes the process to convey the information about the CAD objects to the construction site through the web by extracting the properties of the objects into an XML file which can be queried for the needed data.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ecaade2014_108
id ecaade2014_108
authors Magdy M. Ibrahim
year 2014
title Thinking the BIM Way - Early integration of Building Information Modelling in education
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.2.427
source Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 427-435
summary Since Building Information Modelling as a technology depends on recognizing parts of the buildings as objects that can be simulated digitally, to prepare students to grasp the BIM way of thinking, educators can start introducing the concept early in the architectural curriculum without using the real tools. The researchers monitored the students' progress over a period of time while they were using different 3 dimensional CAD tools in several situations such as design studio visualization and construction document production until eventually the same group of students have been introduced formally to a real BIM tool. The research tries to establish a relationship between the pedagogical techniques and the success of the students to grasp what BIM is about and the development of their ability to use it fruitfully. Comparisons between their performances should shed the light on the best method to use in order to prepare students for the use of BIM.
wos WOS:000361385100045
keywords Bim; cad; education; pedagogy; objects
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

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