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CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	e799
authors	Howes, Jaki
year	1986
title	Computer Education in Schools of Architecture and the Needs of Practice
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1986.045
source	Teaching and Research Experience with CAAD [4th eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Rome (Italy) 11-13 September 1986, pp. 45-48
summary	In April 1985 there was a meeting (at Huddersfield Polytechnic) or representatives from 26 Schools of Architecture. At this, concern was expressed about the lack of direction from the RIBA with regard to the appropriate level of computer teaching on architectural courses. In addition, it was felt that it was essential that at least one member of a Visiting Board panel should be computer literate and in a position to give advice. These points were raised at the RIBA Computer Committee later in 1985, and the committee's attention was also drawn to comments contained in the report by HM Inspector on Public Sector Education in Architecture (1985) based on investigations made during 1984.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	4ed0
authors	Bartels, R.H., Beatty, J.C. and Barsky, B.A.
year	1986
title	An Introduction to Splines for Use in Computer Graphics and Geometric Modeling
source	xiv, 476 p. : ill. (some col.) Los Altos, California: Morgan Kaufmann Pub. Inc., 1986. Forewords by Pierre Bezier and Robin A. Forrest. Includes bibliography: p. 455-465 and index
summary	Discusses the use of splines from the point of view of the computer scientist concentrating on parametric spline curves and parametric,tensor-product spline surfaces
keywords	splines, theory, computer graphics, computational geometry
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 14:42

_id	c5af
authors	Bobrow, Daniel G. and Stefik, Mark J.
year	1986
title	Perspective on Artificial Intelligence Programming
source	Science. February, 1986. vol. 231: pp. 951-956
summary	Programming systems for artificial intelligence application use specialized languages, environments, and knowledge-based tools to reduce the complexity of the programming task. Language style based on procedure, objects logic rules, and constraints reflect different models for organizing programs and facilitate program evaluation and understandability. To make programming easier, multiple styles can be integrated as sublanguages in programming environment. Programming environments provide tools that analyze programs and create informative displays of their structure. Programs can be modified by direct interaction with these displays. These tools and languages are helping computer scientists to regain a sense of control over systems that have become increasingly complex
keywords	programming, AI
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	8e02
authors	Brown, A.G.P. and Coenen, F.P.
year	2000
title	Spatial reasoning: improving computational efficiency
source	Automation in Construction 9 (4) (2000) pp. 361-367
summary	When spatial data is analysed the result is often very computer intensive: even by the standards of contemporary technologies, the machine power needed is great and the processing times significant. This is particularly so in 3-D and 4-D scenarios. What we describe here is a technique, which tackles this and associated problems. The technique is founded in the idea of quad-tesseral addressing; a technique, which was originally applied to the analysis of atomic structures. It is based on ideas concerning Hierarchical clustering developed in the 1960s and 1970s to improve data access time [G.M. Morton, A computer oriented geodetic database and a new technique on file sequencing, IBM Canada, 1996.], and on atomic isohedral (same shape) tiling strategies developed in the 1970s and 1980s concerned with group theory [B. Grunbaum, G.C. Shephard, Tilings and Patterns, Freeman, New York, 1987.]. The technique was first suggested as a suitable representation for GIS in the early 1980s when the two strands were brought together and a tesseral arithmetic applied [F.C. Holdroyd, The Geometry of Tiling Hierarchies, Ars Combanitoria 16B (1983) 211–244.; S.B.M. Bell, B.M. Diaz, F.C. Holroyd, M.J.J. Jackson, Spatially referenced methods of processing raster and vector data, Image and Vision Computing 1 (4) (1983) 211–220.; Diaz, S.B.M. Bell, Spatial Data Processing Using Tesseral Methods, Natural Environment Research Council, Swindon, 1986.]. Here, we describe how that technique can equally be applied to the analysis of environmental interaction with built forms. The way in which the technique deals with the problems described is first to linearise the three-dimensional (3-D) space being investigated. Then, the reasoning applied to that space is applied within the same environment as the definition of the problem data. We show, with an illustrative example, how the technique can be applied. The problem then remains of how to visualise the results of the analysis so undertaken. We show how this has been accomplished so that the 3-D space and the results are represented in a way which facilitates rapid interpretation of the analysis, which has been carried out.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	2a91
authors	Cox, Brad J.
year	1986
title	Object-Oriented Programming : An Evolutionary Approach
source	274 p. : ill Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co., 1986. includes index
summary	Object oriented programming departs from conventional programming by emphasizing the relationship between consumers and suppliers of codes rather then the relationship between a programmer and his code. The author describes the development of an object-oriented C language compiler, and how it can be put to work
keywords	systems, languages, software, programming, OOPS
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	079f
authors	Dickson, Gary W., DeSanctis, Gerardine and McBride, D. J.
year	1986
title	Understanding the Effectiveness of Computer Graphics for Decision Support : A Cumulative Experimental Approach
source	Communications of the ACM. January, 1986. vol. 29: pp. 40-47. includes bibliography
summary	A total of 840 junior and senior-level undergraduate business students participated in three experiments that compared computer-generated graphical forms of data presentation to traditional tabular reports. The first experiment compared tables and bar charts for their effects on readability, interpretation accuracy, and decision making. No differences in interpretation accuracy or decision quality were observed for the two groups, although tabular reports were rated as 'easier to read and understand' than graphical reports. The second experiment compared line plots to tables for their effects on interpretation accuracy and decision quality. Subjects with graphical reports outperformed those with tables. There were no meaningful differences in interpretation accuracy across treatment groups. The third experiment compared graphical and tabular reports for their ability to convey a 'message' to the reader. Only in situations in which a vast amount of information was presented and relatively simple impressions were to be made, did subjects given graphs outperform those using tables. This program of cumulative experiments indicates that generalized claims of superiority of graphic presentation are unsupported, at least for decision-related activities. In fact, the experiments suggest that the effectiveness of the data display format is largely a function of the characteristics of the task at hand, and that impressions gleaned from 'one shot' studies of the effectiveness of the use of graphs may be nothing more than situationally dependent artifacts
keywords	business, computer graphics, presentation, decision making, visualization
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	c27d
authors	Flemming, U., Coyne, R.F. and Glavin, T.J. (et al)
year	1986
title	ROOS1 -- Version One of a Generative Expert System for the Design of Building Layouts
source	17 p. : ill. Pittsburgh: Engineering Design Research Center, Carnegie Mellon University, September, 1986
summary	ROOS1 is a generative expert system for the design of building layouts. The system is intended to complement human designers' performance through (a) its ability to systematically search for alternative solutions with promising trade-offs; and (b) its ability to take a broad range of design concerns into account. Work on the system provides insights into the applicability of Artificial Intelligence techniques to space planning and building design in general. The system is based on a general generate-and-test paradigm. Its main components are a generator, a tester and a control strategy (which is to be expanded later into a genuine planner). The generator is restricted to the allocation of rectangles. The spatial relations above, below, to the left and the right are defined for pairs of objects in a layout and serve as basic design variables which define differences between solutions and govern the enumeration of alternatives. Within the class of layouts it is able to produce, the generator is completely general and able to generate all realizable sets of spatial relations for a given number of objects. In contrast, the tester is domain-specific and incorporates knowledge about the quality of layouts in a specific domain. The system can be applied to various domains by running it with the appropriate tester and, possibly, the appropriate control strategy. The control strategy itself mediates between planner and tester and, when expanded into a planner, is able to streamline the search for alternatives. The system will go through a sequence of versions with increasing complexity. Each version will have a conceptually clean and clear architecture, and it is the authors' intention to evaluate each architecture explicitly in terms of its promises and limitations with respect to various domains. The first of these versions is described in the present paper
keywords	enumeration, combinatorics, layout, floor plans, design, methods, architecture, expert systems, planning
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 14:41

_id	2156
authors	Hashimshony, Rivka, Roth, J. and Wachman, A.
year	1986
title	A Model for Generating Floor-Plans in Multi-Story Buildings
source	International Journal of Design Computing. April, 1986. vol. 1: pp. 136-157 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	A graph-theoretic method for computer generation of rectangular floor plans for multi-story buildings is outlined. The problem formulation takes account of adjacency requirements of rooms, dimensional constraints, and the need for vertical alignments of elements such as stairs and elevators. The solution method is to first turn the required adjacencies graph into a layout graph by adding edges, then color and direct the layout graph, cut the colored directed graph into two subgraphs, and finally use the PERT technique to dimension the plan. An example problem of design of a medical clinic is formulated and solved using this method
keywords	space allocation, architecture, CAD, floor plans, synthesis, graphs, dimensioning
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	67d2
authors	Kajiya, J.T. and Kay, T.L.
year	1986
title	Ray tracing complex scenes
source	Computer Graphics, 20 4, 269-78
summary	A new algorithm for speeding up ray-object intersection calculations is presented. Objects are bounded by a new type of extent, which can be made to fit convex hulls arbitrarily tightly. The objects are placed into a hierarchy. A new hierarchy traversal algorithm is presented which is efficient in the sense that objects along the ray are queried in ancient order. Furthermore , we demonstrate that it is currently possible to raytrace scenes containing hundreds of thousands of objects.
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	a6f7
authors	Mitchell, J.R. and Radford, Antony D.
year	1986
title	Adding Knowledge to Computer-Aided Detailing
source	1986. pp. 31-35
summary	A knowledge based approach to computer-aided detailing is described with an example of a generative system for the design of eaves details for domestic architecture. The program uses Prolog as a knowledge base with an integrated color raster graphics display facility
keywords	knowledge base, systems, architecture, CAD, detailing
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	012b
authors	Radford, Antony D. and Mitchell, J.R.
year	1986
title	Automated Architectural Detailing: a Knowledge Based Approach,
source	1986. vol. 2: pp. 737-745
summary	The working detail in architecture is the means by which an architect describes to a builder how parts of a building are to be fashioned and assembled. The approach to automated architectural detailing described is based on the encoding of the appropriate knowledge in production rules in generative expert systems. An example of such a system for the automation of eaves detailing is presented. The system is written in Prolog with the graphics in Fortran
keywords	expert systems, knowledge base, architecture, detailing, automation, design, synthesis, applications
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	44fe
authors	Ramaekers, J.M.A.
year	1986
title	Experiences with CAD at the Hogere Technische School te Heerlen
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1986.121
source	Teaching and Research Experience with CAAD [4th eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Rome (Italy) 11-13 September 1986, pp. 121-126
summary	In comparison with the educational institutions abroad, the Hogere Technische School can be translated with "Higher Technical School". In Germany it would be"Fachhochschule" The highest level of education at'- the HTS is similar to the level in the second year of the university. Contrary the university study, the study at the HTS is directed at the professional practice. The HTS is national well-known because of her education in CAD-instructions. at the moment CAD-instruction is best developed at the department of building engineering.
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	6105
authors	Rasdorf, William J. and Fenves, Stephen J.
year	1986
title	Constraint Enforcement in a Structural Design Database
source	Journal of the Structural Division. American Society of Civil Engineers, December, 1986. vol. 112: pp. 2565-2577
summary	During the design of a commercial structure, large amounts of information pertaining to all aspects of the design must be stored, accessed, and operated upon. A database management system (DBMS), composed of a central repository of data and the associated software for controlling accesses to it, provides one way to generate, represent, manage, and use this information. However, DBMSs are not presently structured in such a way that they can flexibly represent complex engineering constraint relationships, including those defined by codes, standards, and specifications. This paper examines structural design constraints and addresses the question of how they can be incorporated into DBMSs. It presents four representations of engineering constraints: the text of a design specification, the equations extracted from the specification, the dependency network among the constrained data items, and a relational DBMS model. The database model was implemented using a commercially available DBMS and the limitations of the implementation are explored. What is new in this DBMS model is that a constraint dependency subnetwork is associated directly with the stored data that it constrains. The implemented result is a new abstraction, consisting of a relation and a set of computations and checks, that enforces the relationships embodied in the dependency network. The database user need only initially define a set of rules and computed attributes. These are then used by the DBMS to automatically perform the appropriate checks and assignments. The database user is, to a significant degree, free of constraint checking concerns because the system itself knows what to do
keywords	constraints management, civil engineering, database, DBMS
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	81ae
authors	Rasdorf, William J. and Parks, Linda M.
year	1986
title	Expert Systems and Engineering Design Knowledge
source	Electronic Computation Conference Proceedings (9th : 1986 : Birmingham, AL) American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 28-42. CADLINE has abstract only.
summary	Of all the contributions of artificial intelligence (AI), expert systems show some of the most significant promise for engineering applications. An expert system provides a framework for acquiring, representing, and using knowledge about a particular application's domain. The role of knowledge in engineering design merits closer attention so that AI-oriented computer-aided engineering (CAE) systems can be developed and maintained systematically. Because 'knowledge' in engineering applications is loosely defined, it is necessary to identify knowledge types and the correlations between them before widespread engineering design applications can be achieved. The types of domain knowledge; facts, procedures, judgments, and control; differ from the classes of that knowledge; creative, innovative, and routine. Feasible engineering tasks for expert systems can be determined based on these types and classes of knowledge. Prototype expert systems have been developed for civil engineering applications to assist with interpretation, design, planning, diagnosis, control, and other engineering system functions. A number of these are described herein. Interpretive tasks require reasoning about a task in light of the knowledge available, while generative tasks create potential solutions to be tested against constraints. Only after classifying the domain by type and level can the engineer select an appropriate knowledge-engineering tool for the domain being considered. The critical features to be weighed after problem classification are knowledge representation techniques, control strategies, interface requirements, compatibility with traditional systems, and economic considerations. After considering all of these factors in the selection of the expert system took, the engineer can then proceed with the acquisition of knowledge and the construction and use of the expert system
keywords	design, knowledge, civil engineering, expert systems
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	8312
authors	Rasdorf, William J. and Wang, TsoJen E.
year	1986
title	CDIS: An Engineering Constraint Definition and Integrity Enforcement System for Relational Databases
source	Computers in Engineering International Conference Proceedings. 1986. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, vol. 2: pp. 273-280. CADLINE has abstract only
summary	Database management systems (DBMS) are an essential component of the computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) environment. A database management system provides a powerful functionality for the storage, management, and use of engineering data. It is lacking, however, in its ability to deal with engineering constraints. In the past, constraint checking was performed by application programs. More recently DBMS's have been incorporating into their structure specifications for enforcing a limited set of integrity constraints and the mechanisms for invoking them automatically. To ensure the correctness of engineering data, an effective constraint management capability must be incorporated into any proposed engineering DBMS. This paper demonstrates how this can be done, proposes a systematic way to classify constraints so that integrity can be maintained efficiently, and discusses a prototype called CDIS which implements the concepts. This paper uses the relational database model to represent both engineering data and engineering constraints. Data integrity is defined and its enforcement through the use of engineering constraints is described. Existing methods for handling constraints are discussed. A new model that enables the engineer to associate design constraints with a relational database is presented and an example is given that demonstrates the model. Extensions to a DBMS to implement the concepts presented are described. No currently available DBMS provides the much needed capabilities proposed here
keywords	civil engineering, relational database, constraints management
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	cc5a
authors	Rasdorf, William J. and Wang, TsoJen E.
year	1986
title	Expert System Integrity Maintenance for the Use of Engineering Data
source	Computing in Civil Engineering Conference Proceedings (4th : 1986 : Boston, MA). American Society of Civil Engineers, pp. 654-668. CADLINE has abstract only
summary	This paper describes a mechanism that enables one to automatically monitor and evaluate the use of engineering design data. The framework, associated with a relational database management system, combines a database with a set of constraints on the use of engineering data. This requires a database that stores all of the data normally associated with engineering design as well as all of the domain-dependent constraints imposed upon the use of the design data. Such a framework has been successfully constructed and is described in this paper. An example, based on constraints extracted from the AISC Specification, is presented and the performance of the framework is discussed. The proposed framework resides between a DBMS and its users and serves as an experienced expert consultant to the users. It embodies the knowledge of the specific domain of interest; in this case, allowable stresses in steel members. Whenever a user retrieves data from the database, the mechanism is activated. It interprets data request, applies the appropriate constraints, and provides the correct data. Its understanding of the semantics of both the data request and its own constraints insures the validity of data it selects to return to the user. All previous database integrity research concentrated on maintaining the integrity of the stored data, i.e., on guaranteeing the integrity of any static state of the database. This paper advocates a mechanism for checking data being retrieved from the database as well as for checking data being inserted into the database. It deals, therefore, with the correctness of data being selected for use
keywords	information, civil engineering, expert systems, relational database
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	c3ca
authors	Rasdorf, William J. and Watson, Bruce R.
year	1986
title	ADI : An Adaptive Database Interface for Dynamic Databases
source	ASME Symposium Proceedings on Knowledge based Expert Systems for Manufacturing. Anaheim, CA: American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Production Engineering Division, December, 1986. pp. 119-130. CADLINE has abstract only
summary	The operation of a manufacturing organization often depends on its underlying design and manufacturing databases. In a manufacturing environment, many users, both individuals and application programs, must have access to one or more of the organization's databases to provide, use, or modify data, to control information flow, and to facilitate information management. Such databases routinely undergo dynamic changes in both their content and their structure. These changes commonly result from the design of new products, the introduction of new materials, and the introduction of new machines and processes on the shop floor. Such continuing changes must be reflected in the database schemas and subsequently require that application programs be updated and that online users be educated on a continuous basis. The problem addressed in this paper is that it is difficult for users and application programs to get the information that they need, when they need it, from the multiple heterogeneous database management system (DBMS) environments that have evolved in design and manufacturing organizations. The solution proposed here is to build a general, extendable interface between database users and the many sources of data available to them. This in itself is not a new suggestion; a number of researchers have addressed portions of this problem. In general, the interfaces that they have developed to date are best suited to environments where the structure of the database is static and does not change over time. One of the things that this paper proposes that is different from existing work is an interface which handles the dynamic restructuring nature of manufacturing databases, enabling a user to obtain the most accurate and up to date information as the structure and content of the underlying databases change. Another unique aspect of the DBMS interface proposed herein is that the interface attempts to capture the knowledge that an experienced human user incorporates in his search for data in a database, i.e., it seeks to identify and use the generic knowledge needed to operate a DBMS. This knowledge is used by the interface to enable both the online users and the application programs to request data without knowing the data's location or precisely how to ask for it. Further, the interface makes use of mechanisms that allow the user to request data without knowing the exact identity of the required entities that are stored in the database
keywords	engineering, database, manufacturing, user interface
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	088e
authors	Rosenman, M.A., Gero, J.S. and Oxman, Rivka E.
year	1986
title	An Expert System For Design Codes and Design Rules
source	Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986. pp. 745-758
summary	This paper demonstrates applicability of expert systems to design codes and design rules. Design codes and design rules contain knowledge based on experience of accepted practice. Design codes differ from design rules in that their knowledge is written down and available for perusal thus simplifying the knowledge acquisition process. However this knowledge is ill-structured and difficult to use for all but the experts. The paper demonstrates how the expert system shell BUILD may be used to construct expert systems for design codes and rules. Prototypical systems are shown for the Australian Model Uniform Building Code and for use in the preliminary design of kitchens. The examples show how the same knowledge may be used not only in an analysis mode but also in a design synthesis mode
keywords	expert systems, design, codes, applications
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 14:41

_id	882b
authors	Rosenman, M.A., Manago, C. and Gero, J.S.
year	1986
title	A Model- based Expert System Shell
source	1986. pp. c:1:15
summary	Rule-based expert systems, despite having demonstrated their usefulness in many circumstances, have been widely attacked for the shallowness of their knowledge. They have no knowledge about the knowledge which they possess and therefore can only be used in a very rigid manner. This paper shows that this meta-knowledge can be extracted from the rule base of an expert system and by producing a model of the artifact(s) described within, extend the functionality of the overall system. One of the benefits of this extended functionality is the ability of the model-based expert system to interface with external systems such as existing CAD systems. This paper describes the development of a general model-based expert system developed in the Department of Architectural Science, University of Sydney. The utility of the approach is shown in an example of the system interfacing with a commercially available CAD system. The CAD system is used to define the features of a building and a rule base dealing with some aspects of building regulations is applied to interpret the database produced by the CAD system
keywords	expert systems, tools, CAD
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 14:41

_id	a980
authors	Rosenman, Michael A., Gero, John S. and Hutchinson, Peter J. (et al)
year	1986
title	Expert Systems Applications in Computer-aided Design
source	Guildford: Butterworth, 1986. pp. 218-225. Reprinted in Computer Aided Design 18(10): pp. 546-551
summary	Rule-based expert system shells are demonstrated to be useful in elementary design decision making. Two applications are presented which utilize the BUILD shell. The first is concerned with the selection and design of earth-retaining structures and makes use of passive graphics in descriptions. The second is concerned with the analysis and synthesis of kitchens and uses graphics to allow the user to interact with the system. Such systems are useful when the range of options is small
keywords	applications, CAD, expert systems, design process, architecture
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

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