Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	0320
authors	Lynn, G.
year	1998
title	Animate Form
source	Princeton Architectural Press, New York
summary	Animate Form is a book and interactive CD-ROM of recent architectural projects designed by Form, the office of Greg Lynn. The projects documented here explore the potential of time-based animation techniques to inform architectural design. Historically, architecture has been considered static, fixed, and inert. Through the use of state-of-the-art animation and special-effects software, Lynn transforms space and form into highly plastic, flexible, and mutable entities. He uses topological geometries to bend, twist, deform, and differentiate structure, creating unprecedented departures from preconceived notions of architecture. In experimenting with these new methods and media, Lynn has charted an innovative direction in design. The book provides a theoretical context for the experimental projects through a collection of texts by Lynn, extensively illustrated in color. The CD-ROM is an interactive hypertext environment that fully documents the design processes used to generate the projects through animations, renderings, model photographs, videos, and texts. Using a virtual 3D interface, the viewer is able to navigate through space and select objects and animations to view at different scales.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	cf6a
authors	Lynn, G.
year	1998
title	Folds, Bodies and Blobs – Collected Essays
source	La Lettre Volee, Brussels
summary	Again we should be amazed at these wonderful algorithmic creatures that have continued to sprawl for the last half a century or more. The innovation about this type of experimentation if at all it is anymore should lie on the reality and materiality of the projects. We cannot let technology invent architecture but to at least keep up if not produce it. Lynns dialogues will only be convincing if the show doesnt end up or formulate by gyp board.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	ecaade2008_009
id	ecaade2008_009
authors	Lyon , Eduardo R.
year	2008
title	Knowledge Based Design and Digital Manufacturing:
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2008.625
source	Architecture in Computro [26th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-7-2] Antwerpen (Belgium) 17-20 September 2008, pp. 625-632
summary	This research explores new ways to integrate manufacturing knowledge in to design phases. Through the use of design for manufacturing (DfM) concept, and looking at relations between its potential application in component design and its implementation using digital manufacturing technologies, the author implemented a DfM model that varies from previous models by incorporated learning in the process. This process was based on the incremental development and refinement of design heuristics and metrics. The DfM model developed in this research is a process model to be implemented as a framework within educational settings. The final purpose is to provide better foundational constructs for design education and to improve teaching approaches that integrate design and manufacturing.
keywords	Design Computing, Design for manufacturing, Knowledge Based Design, Digital Manufacturing
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	sigradi2009_795
id	sigradi2009_795
authors	Lyon, Arturo; Claudio Labarca
year	2009
title	Modular Flow; Hard on parametrics
source	SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary	The design and fabrication of an exhibition display project was taken as an opportunity to explore parametric design with a group of students in Chile. This article presents the experience of a design studio workshop exercise by addressing the introduction of parametric design principles and the development of a built academic project through a team based design and fabrication process. The strategy followed by the team was to utilize parametric models as a mean to materialize driving variables of the project into unexpected geometries to be deployed in different public spaces in Santiago. Context, time scale and available technology resulted in a non-obvious combination of advanced digital design and fabrication techniques and low-cost mass-produced materials.
keywords	parametric; design; experimental; architecture; Chile
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:55

_id	sigradi2006_k003
id	sigradi2006_k003
authors	Lyon, Eduardo
year	2006
title	Design Process Taxonomy: Notes on Design Theories, Methods and Instruments
source	SIGraDi 2006 - [Proceedings of the 10th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Santiago de Chile - Chile 21-23 November 2006, pp. 30-37
summary	This presentation argues that the concepts of “tools” and “material”, in relation to it use in contemporary architectural design education, can be understood as “instruments” within design processes. The difference between them relies on, its design knowledge abstraction levels, and its mechanisms to capture, manipulate and produce design knowledge. In addition, an initial exploration of Distributed Cognition concept, in order to redefine the use of instruments in design process as Cognitive Instruments, is presented. Furthermore, a more comprehensive framework for design knowledge is presented, including a specific examination of design instruments an its role indesign processes. In the conclusions possible effects derived from the use of “instruments” in design processes are explored.
series	SIGRADI
type	keynote paper
last changed	2016/03/10 09:55

_id	2005_245
id	2005_245
authors	Lyon, Eduardo
year	2005
title	Design for Manufacturing in Architecture
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2005.245
source	Digital Design: The Quest for New Paradigms [23nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-3-2] Lisbon (Portugal) 21-24 September 2005, pp. 245-252
summary	This paper explores new ways to integrate manufacturing processes information in to design phases. Through the analysis of related fields and looking at the relations between its design methods and production processes, we analyze design processes and design representations that already have embedded in them specific ways to materialize through production the artifacts they define. Subsequently, we explore curved surface fabrication using cutting and bending technologies. As a summary, we conceptualize from this top-down development approach to design a framework that integrates design and construction in architecture, based on three possible applications fields: - Design processes improvement - Building production process improvement - CAD-CAM Tools development.
keywords	Design Computing, Design Cognition, Digital Manufacturing
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	ijac20053304
id	ijac20053304
authors	Lyon, Eduardo
year	2005
title	Autopoiesis and Digital Design Theory: CAD Systems as Cognitive Instruments
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 3 - no. 3, 317-334
summary	In contrast to traditional models of design process fundamentally defined by the abstract manipulation of objects, this study recognizes that the resources available for rethinking architecture are to be found in a reformulation of its theory and practice. This reformation should be based on non-linear design processes in which dynamic emergence and invention take the place of a linear design process fixed on a particular object evolution. Advances in computation thinking and technology have stimulated the design and formulation of a large number of design software. Its elaboration supposes a new conceptualization of our discipline's knowledge, in a body of principles and regulations, which commands the artifact's design and its realization; therefore, it constitutes a preliminary datum for its comprehension, and thereby is of theoretical importance. Despite the continuous increment of power in computers and software capacities, the creative space of freedom defined by them acting as cognitive instruments remains almost unexplored. Therefore, we propose a change from a design knowledge based on objects to one focused on design as a network of processes. In addition, this study explores the concept of Distributed Cognition in order to redefine the use of digital tools in design process as Cognitive Instruments.
series	journal
more	http://www.ingentaconnect.com/search/expand?pub=infobike://mscp/ijac/2005/00000003/00000003/art00005
last changed	2007/03/04 07:08

_id	2006_342
id	2006_342
authors	Lyon, Eduardo
year	2006
title	Component Based Design and Digital Manufacturing - A DfM Model for Curved Surfaces Fabrication using Three Axis CNC Router
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2006.342
source	Communicating Space(s) [24th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-5-9] Volos (Greece) 6-9 September 2006, pp. 342-350
summary	Through the use of design for manufacturing (DfM) method and looking at the relations between its potential application in architectural production and its implementation using digital manufacturing technologies, we analyze building construction processes and explore, in more detail curved surface fabrication using two dimensional cutting and three dimensional milling processes. Afterwards a DfM model for curved surfaces fabrication using three-axis computer numerical control (CNC) router is proposed. The proposed DfM model relies fundamentally in two supporting factors; the implementation of design heuristics that integrates production knowledge and the availability of some design related to production evaluation metrics. Subsequently, we test and refine the model using structured design experiences. This was accomplished by capturing new design heuristics and detecting useful evaluation metrics for production. In the final part of the research, a refined DfM model was tested in a component design case study. The case study is based on producing a curved surface module on wood for an existing proprietary component based wall system. As a summary, we conceptualize from this top-down development approach to create a design for manufacturing model that integrates design and construction in architecture, based on three possible applications fields: Design processes improvement, building production process improvement, CAD-CAM tools development. Our purpose is to provide better foundational constructs and approaches for integrating design with manufacturing in architecture.
keywords	Design for Manufacturing; Design Cognition; Digital Fabrication
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	ecaade2009_078
id	ecaade2009_078
authors	Lyon, Eduardo
year	2009
title	Digital Fabrication and Component Optimization Using DFM: Integrating Two-dimensional Cutting and Three-dimensional Milling in Wood Panel Fabrication
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.565
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 565-572
summary	This research explores new ways to integrate manufacturing knowledge in to design phases. Through the use of design for manufacturing (DfM) concept, and looking at relations between its potential application in component design and its implementation using digital manufacturing technologies, the author implemented a DfM model that varies from previous models by incorporated learning in the process. This process was based on; a knowledge systematization process; and the incremental development and refinement of design heuristics and metrics. Subsequently the attempt on this research is twofold. One is to realize a process to capture and organize manufacturing knowledge, and second to organize that knowledge and make it available as a DfM model for component design using specific CNC technology.
wos	WOS:000334282200068
keywords	Design Computing, design for manufacturing, knowledge based design, digital manufacturing
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	sigradi2005_120
id	sigradi2005_120
authors	Lyon, Eduardo; Charles Eastman
year	2005
title	Design for manufacturing in architecture: mapping between the design and fabrication of curved surfaces
source	SIGraDi 2005 - [Proceedings of the 9th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Lima - Peru 21-24 november 2005, vol. 1, pp. 120-125
summary	This paper explores new ways to integrate manufacturing processes information in to design phases. Through the analysis of related fields and looking at the relations between its design methods and production processes, we analyze design processes and design representations that already have embedded in them specific ways to materialize through production the artifacts they define. Subsequently, we explore curved surface fabrication using cutting and bending technologies. As a summary, we conceptualize from this top-down development approach to design a framework that integrates design and construction in architecture, based on three possible applications fields: 1.) Design processes improvement; 2.) Building production process improvement; 3.) CAD-CAM Tools development. [Full paper in Spanish]
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:55

_id	sigradi2010_129
id	sigradi2010_129
authors	Lyon, Gottlieb Arturo; García Alvarado Rodrigo
year	2010
title	Variaciones intensivas: diseño paramétrico de edificios en altura basado en análisis topológico [Intensive variations: parametric design of tall buildings based on topological analysis]
source	SIGraDi 2010_Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, pp. Bogotá, Colombia, November 17-19, 2010, pp. 129-132
summary	Several building works have demonstrated the possibilities of architectural design based on structural performance. This work discusses some examples and digital design strategies that approach this issue, as well as an exercise for a tower generated through topological optimization. That experience presents alternatives for a traditional office tower in Santiago, Chile, the Torre Santa Maria, based on generative design strategies for the incorporation of structural and environmental requirements to define parametric models. The experience and the capabilities studied reveal an intensive variation of architectural shape. This approach challenges conventional building regularity and suggests new ways of designing based on material performance.
keywords	parametric design, topological analysis, tall buildings, environmental performance, structural performance
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:55

_id	ac20
authors	Lyons, Arthur and Doidge, Charles
year	1993
title	Understanding Structural Movement Joints with CAAD Animation
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1993.x.p3d
source	[eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Eindhoven (The Netherlands) 11-13 November 1993
summary	The well-established use, as an architectural design tool, of computer graphics using 'fly-through' techniques gives a highly visual overview of design concepts and may additionally illustrate certain specific details, but it cannot show their time-dependent dynamic function. This paper describes and illustrates how CAAD animation can be used to analyse not only structural philosophy but also the dynamic effects of nonstatic loading and thermal movement, thus leading to a better understanding of the design criteria applied in certain elegant solutions. The CAAD video animations illustrate the structural philosophy relating to the facade of the refurbished Bracken House, London and the dynamic operation of key movement junctions within Stansted Airport and East Croydon Railway Station.
keywords	Structure, Movement Joints, Animation, Video
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	6f6a
authors	Lyons, Arthur and Doidge, Charles
year	1994
title	The Animation of Dynamic Architecture
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1994.x.q6a
source	The Virtual Studio [Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Education in Computer Aided Architectural Design / ISBN 0-9523687-0-6] Glasgow (Scotland) 7-10 September 1994, p. 233
summary	The most valuable resource in education is student time and the greatest asset is the ingenuity of student minds. CAD technology now offers enormous potential to education, but limitations in time and funding, prevent its use to the extent possible within practice. Therefore, after dealing with 'awareness', 'attitude' and 'limited applications', our most important role in education is to encourage innovation. The third year of the honours option course at De Montfort University takes this as its theme and challenges students to explore and exploit innovative applications. One particular area of development has been exploring the dynamic aspects of architectural design which go much further than the well-established 'fly-through' sequences. A great deal of architectural design and design development depends upon dynamic issues which range from movement joints to construction sequence. A visual understanding of these dynamic issues drawn from appropriate computer animations can now be an effective factor in design.
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	caadria2013_061
id	caadria2013_061
authors	Lyu Junchao, Sun Chengyu and Zhao Qi
year	2013
title	Does the Debate on Stress Effect Lead Evacuation Simulation Models to Different Performances?
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.179
source	Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 179-187
summary	There exists a long time debate over the rational state of the evacuees in the evacuation simulation. Sime et al. insisted that the evacuees behave rationally in most cases. Following this argument Arthur and Passini concluded that if a setting works well under normal conditions, it will have a better chance of working well in emergency conditions. Such an argument for rational decision-making makes statistical models, such as Utility Maximizing Model (UMM), acting as proper framework for choice modelling in evacuation. However, on the other side, some people pointed out that there exists panic in the evacuation and bounded rationality theory, represented by pruned Decision Tree Model (DTM), should be adapted in choice modelling instead. Such a debate over stress effect causes hesitations and uncertainties when researchers try to select a proper model framework for their practical simulation. This study compared the performances (prediction accuracies) of the UMM and DTM with the same set of choice data collected in a virtual evacuation experiment. With a similar level of performance on both sides, it is suggested that the on-going debate does NOT bring any difference to the choice modelling in practical evacuation simulation. It is time to improve the performance rather than to continue the debate.
wos	WOS:000351496100018
keywords	vacuation, Architectural cue, Machine learning, Bounded rationality
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	cf2013_256
id	cf2013_256
authors	Lyu, Junchao; Bauke de Vries, and Chengyu Sun
year	2013
title	Towards a Computational Spatial Knowledge Acquisition Model in Architectural Space
source	Global Design and Local Materialization[Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 978-3-642-38973-3] Shanghai, China, July 3-5, 2013, pp. 256-266.
summary	Existing research which is related to spatial knowledge acquisition often shows a limited scope because of the complexity in the cognition process. Research in spatial representation such as space syntax presumes that vision drives movement. This assumption is only true under certain conditions and makes these models valid only in specific scenarios. Research in human spatial cognition field suggests that the spatial information perceived by the individual is not equal to the visual appearance of the space, a straightforward way to represent this cognition process quantitatively is lacking. Research in wayfinding usually assumes a certain degree of familiarity of the environment for the individual, which ignores the fact that the individual sequentially perceives information during wayfinding and the familiarity of the environment changes during the wayfinding process. In this paper, a conceptual spatial knowledge acquisition model for architectural space is presented based on the continuous spatial cognition framework. Three types of local architectural cues are concluded to relate common architectural elements to the continuous spatial cognition framework. With all relations in the proposed conceptual model quantitatively described, a computational model can be developed to avoid the aforementioned limitations in spatial representation models, human spatial cognition models and wayfinding models. In this way, our computational model can assist architects evaluate whether their designed space can be well perceived and understood by the users. It can help enhance the way-finding efficiency and boost the operational efficiency of many public buildings.
keywords	local architectural cues, spatial knowledge, human cognition framework
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2014/03/24 07:08

_id	ascaad2023_069
id	ascaad2023_069
authors	lºbilir, Sümeyye
year	2023
title	A Method Proposal for 3D Digital Modelling of Historical Ottoman Fountains
source	C+++: Computation, Culture, and Context – Proceedings of the 11th International Conference of the Arab Society for Computation in Architecture, Art and Design (ASCAAD), University of Petra, Amman, Jordan [Hybrid Conference] 7-9 November 2023, pp. 90-108.
summary	Historical buildings are in critical position in terms of heritage value with their role in examination and preservation of urban culture and identity. Historical buildings are affected by changes in physical and social environment. Consequently, they face risks such as deformation and destruction. Considering that documentation of historical buildings provides contributions to research, conservation and restoration studies. Fountains, public elements of Ottoman civil architecture, hold significant positions in cultural and architectural heritage. Creation of 3D digital models of Ottoman fountains will also make significant contributions to studies. This study aims to search for method for 3D digital modelling of Ottoman fountains through example of III. Ahmed Fountain. Ottoman fountains contain common characteristics and typological elements coming from construction period, location and architectural style. This study presents modelling method combines multiple techniques for 3D digital modelling of fountains, due to inadequacy of single modelling method in conveying details, and applicability of chosen method to digital modelling process of fountains with different characteristics. In this study, research was carried out on different modelling methods to create most detailed and accurate model. Fountain elements are classified into three subgroups as main mass, details and regular elements to apply most appropriate modelling methods. Main mass was shaped on Rhinoceros using geometry-based modelling method, while ornaments in regular elements group were created in Grasshopper with parametric modelling. Detail elements were created in Agisoft Metashape with photogrammetric modelling to convey in detail. This study presents gradual method proposal with multiple techniques but also tries to include suggestions for problems encountered in modelling process of historical buildings. In this context, texture and geometry deformations in scanning models were corrected with ZBrush, and color differences caused by effect of light and shadow were tried to be solved by creating new texture maps on Adobe Substance 3D Sampler.
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2024/02/13 14:40

_id	sigradi2022_296
id	sigradi2022_296
authors	Lãcãtusu, Alexandra Adelina; Cruz, Marcos; Parker, Brenda; Salmane, Anete Krista
year	2022
title	Biocentric Design: Mapping Optimal Environmental Variables for Moss Propagation on Urban Bioreceptive Surfaces
source	Herrera, PC, Dreifuss-Serrano, C, Gómez, P, Arris-Calderon, LF, Critical Appropriations - Proceedings of the XXVI Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2022), Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, 7-11 November 2022 , pp. 1251–1262
summary	The biocolonisation of urban building surfaces by mosses is a ubiquitous and naturally occurring phenomenon that encapsulates immense ecological value for both current and future challenges of life in cities. The miniature ecosystems facilitated by mosses capture atmospheric pollutants and maintain local biodiversity by providing shelter and nutrients for a highly diverse set of organisms across all kingdoms of life. Early establishment and growth of bryophyte communities appear to be influenced by a dynamic mix of biotic and abiotic factors, while environmental cues modulate physiological responses and biochemical exchanges. A prototype monitoring device was designed to measure carbon dioxide uptake under variable light, humidity, and temperature conditions during a 3-week experiment. By providing a non-destructive tool for understanding and visualising the impact of environmental variables on photosynthetic behaviour, the device contributes to a biocentric design practice, where an organism’s ecological needs begin to drive the development of bioreceptive micro-environments.
keywords	Living things, Bioreceptive design, Moss ecophysiology, Photosynthetic behaviour, Environmental monitoring
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2023/05/16 16:57

_id	6d37
authors	Léglise, Michel
year	2001
title	Computer-stimulated design: construction of a personal repertoire from scattered fragments
source	Automation in Construction 10 (5) (2001) pp. 577-588
summary	This paper describes some possibilities of creating and structuring a personal digital memory capable of facilitating architectural design and design learning. The raw materials of this memory are different representations that can be found on the Web. Having interpreted these representations, one is able to construct a meaningful memory, educated and personal, which can be called upon subsequently during the design phase, as long as one has a medium that can represent this memory and put it to good use. As a practical, effective application of this process, we will describe part of a configuration geared towards the learning of architectural design. This configuration is composed of various elements, precisely arranged in space and time in a set of interrelations and interactions. The design student is placed at the centre of the arrangement, from where he or she can call on a broad spectrum of possibilities from the Web as provider of image documents. When necessary, students can use specially developed software that allows them a verbal and pictorial interpretation stimulated during particular phases of the learning process. In this way, through pictorial material presented on the network, the students can build up a digital library appropriate to their own understanding of architecture and their own representation of the world. At this point, they can abandon the universe of digital documents and media and return to the world of materials and shapes in intensive design studio sessions, where slowly maturing ideas can at last find concrete form. Thus, we deal with the relationship between the public, shareable aspect of the documents, and the private aspect: the individual interpretation of these documents. In the same way, we show how, within the framework of the teaching programme that has been set up, and without interference, this relationship between public and private can be linked into a dimension of the work of learning which is at times personal, at times collective. The conclusion attempts to outline the issues raised by this sort of configuration, and to show how thoughtful use of computers and networks can stimulate and enrich design rather than just "aid" it, as is generally accepted.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	sigradi2023_99
id	sigradi2023_99
authors	López Carmona, Juan Alejandro and Villota Cuásquer, Óscar Darío
year	2023
title	Construction and Experience of the Physical-Digital Space: A Reflection on Digital Interaction as a Vector in the Construction of Narratives and Signification in the Urban Space.
source	García Amen, F, Goni Fitipaldo, A L and Armagno Gentile, Á (eds.), Accelerated Landscapes - Proceedings of the XXVII International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2023), Punta del Este, Maldonado, Uruguay, 29 November - 1 December 2023, pp. 1513–1523
summary	This paper addresses a reflection on the cultural transformation caused by the advent of digital materials in the daily interaction of human beings and their impact on the construction of imaginaries. To do this, an approach to the notions of culture is sought from the conditions of material interaction and the generation of semiospheres, as well as the implications of the insertion of digital materiality into this dynamic. On the other hand, approaches are made to the consequences produced in the collective imaginaries of Medellín, Colombia, in terms of the transformation it has undergone over the past two decades, in the clear context of the advent of digital media and the consequent transformation they produce in collective narratives.
keywords	Digital mediation, Convergence, Imaginaries updating, Digital ethics, Object autonomy
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2024/03/08 14:08

_id	sigradi2007_af19
id	sigradi2007_af19
authors	López de Anda, María Magdalena
year	2007
title	Aesthetics and spatial representation in the Ragnarok On Line [La estética y la representación espacial en el Ragnarok On Line]
source	SIGraDi 2007 - [Proceedings of the 11th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] México D.F. - México 23-25 October 2007, pp. 397-403
summary	Videogames known as “persistan worlds” have become an important object of study because of the increasing and large number of users, and the time they spent playing and interacting with them. This document presents a fragment (space and aesthetic) of the research on the discourse construction process in the Ragnarok On Line game. This work is the result of a documentary quest, analysis and ethnography work.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:55

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