Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	ijac202018103
id	ijac202018103
authors	Kimm, Geoff
year	2020
title	Actual and experiential shadow origin tagging: A 2.5D algorithm for efficient precinct-scale modelling
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 18 - no. 1, 41-52
summary	This article describes a novel algorithm for built environment 2.5D digital model shadow generation that allows identities of shadowing sources to be efficiently precalculated. For any point on the ground, all sources of shadowing can be identified and are classified as actual or experiential obstructions to sunlight. The article justifies a 2.5D raster approach in the context of modelling of architectural and urban environments that has in recent times shifted from 2D to 3D, and describes in detail the algorithm which builds on precedents for 2.5D raster calculation of shadows. The algorithm is efficient and is applicable at even precinct scale in low-end computing environments. The simplicity of this new technique, and its independence of GPU coding, facilitates its easy use in research, prototyping and civic engagement contexts. Two research software applications are presented with technical details to demonstrate the algorithm’s use for participatory built environment simulation and generative modelling applications. The algorithm and its shadow origin tagging can be applied to many digital workflows in architectural and urban design, including those using big data, artificial intelligence or community participative processes.
keywords	2.5D raster, actual and experiential shadow origins, generative techniques, participatory built environment simulation, reactive scripting for design
series	journal
email
last changed	2020/11/02 13:34

_id	acadia20_698
id	acadia20_698
authors	Kimm, Geoff; Burry, Mark
year	2020
title	Steering into the Skid
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2020.1.698
source	ACADIA 2020: Distributed Proximities / Volume I: Technical Papers [Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-578-95213-0]. Online and Global. 24-30 October 2020. edited by B. Slocum, V. Ago, S. Doyle, A. Marcus, M. Yablonina, and M. del Campo. 698-707.
summary	What if any perceived risks of lost authorship and artistic control posed by a wholesale embrace of artificial intelligence by the architectural profession were instead opportunities? AI’s potential to automate design has been pursued for over 50 years, yet aspirations of early researchers are not fully realized. Nonetheless, AI’s advances continue to be rapid; it is an increasingly viable adjunct to architectural practice, and there are fundamental reasons for why the perceived “risks” of AI cannot be dismissed lightly. Architects’ professional role at the intersection of social issues and technology, however, may allow them to avoid the obsolescence faced by other roles. To do this, we propose architects responsively arbitrage an ever-changing gap between maturing AI and mutable social expectations— arbitrage in the sense of seeking to exercise individual judgment to negotiate between diverse considerations and capacities for mutual advantage. Rather than feel threatened, evolving architectural practice can augment an expanded design process to generate and embed new subtleties and expectations that society may judge contemporary AI alone as being unable to achieve. Although there can be no road map to the future of AI in architecture, historical misevaluations of machines and our own human capabilities inhibit the intertwined, synergistic, and symbiotic union with AI needed to avoid a zero-sum confrontation. To act myopically, defensively, or not at all risks straitjacketing future definitions of what it means to be an architect, designer, or even a professionally unaligned creative and productive human being.
series	ACADIA
type	paper
email
last changed	2023/10/22 12:06

_id	lasg_whitepapers_2019_012
id	lasg_whitepapers_2019_012
authors	Kimmerer, Luke
year	2019
title	Interview with Sarah Bonnemaison; On Organicism
source	Living Architecture Systems Group White Papers 2019 [ISBN 978-1-988366-18-0] Riverside Architectural Press: Toronto, Canada 2019. pp. 012 - 025
summary	Interview with Sarah Bonnemaison
keywords	living architecture systems group, organicism, intelligent systems, design methods, engineering and art, new media art, interactive art, dissipative systems, technology, cognition, responsiveness, biomaterials, artificial natures, 4DSOUND, materials, virtual projections,
email
last changed	2019/07/29 14:02

_id	acadia09_130
id	acadia09_130
authors	Kimpian, Judit; Mason, Josh; Coenders, Jeroen; Jestico, Dan; Watts, Steve
year	2009
title	Sustainably Tall: Investment, Energy, Life Cycle
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2009.130
source	ACADIA 09: reForm( ) - Building a Better Tomorrow [Proceedings of the 29th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-9842705-0-7] Chicago (Illinois) 22-25 October, 2009), pp. 130-143
summary	The purpose of this project is to provide an interactive platform for clients and design teams to evaluate the consequences of shape, form, and briefing decisions on the energy use, embodied energy, and capital / life-cycle cost of a tall building early in the design process. The Tall Building Simulation (TBS) model is the result of a collaborative partnership between Aedas, Arup, Hilson Moran (HM), and Davis Langdon (DL). It is estimated that most decisions determining the sustainability of a project are made in the first 1 percent of a project’s program, whereas the majority of the information required for sustainability assessment is not usually available or examined until after the concept stage. By this time, most solutions would need design or briefing changes that are too costly to implement. Using the TBS model, architects, engineers, and clients can simultaneously explore the impact of typical technical and design decisions on a tall building’s energy footprint and its dynamic relationship to cost at the briefing stage.
keywords	Design evaluation, environmental impact, energy, simulation
series	ACADIA
type	Normal paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	caadria2024_352
id	caadria2024_352
authors	Kimura, Shun and Ikeda, Yasushi
year	2024
title	An Approach to Improve Individual Thermal Comfort Based on Mobile Measurement of Biological Reaction to Proximate Thermal Environment
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2024.1.425
source	Nicole Gardner, Christiane M. Herr, Likai Wang, Hirano Toshiki, Sumbul Ahmad Khan (eds.), ACCELERATED DESIGN - Proceedings of the 29th CAADRIA Conference, Singapore, 20-26 April 2024, Volume 1, pp. 425–434
summary	Thermal comfort is a critical research field because it affects people's health, productivity, and well-being in an architectural space. Numerous previous studies have attempted to find thermal environment conditions where average people feel comfortable. Recently, researchers have focused more on estimating and improving thermal comfort on an individual level to improve the accuracy of previous methods, leveraging recent developments in sensing technologies. However, there are still some remaining issues, such as limited scalability due to the use of in-place sensors and the assumption of a uniform thermal environment, making it unable to recognize locational differences. This study is fundamental research that proposes a human-based approach based on a mobile measurement system to overcome these issues. Firstly, the concept and the benefits are clarified and then, the methodologies and results of two fundamental experiments are explained. One was a field experiment to investigate its validity in estimating individual thermal comfort in real-life situations. The other one was to consider and examine ways to improve individual thermal comfort by the human-based approach. The results suggest that the human-based approach can be beneficial in a way never seen although some issues need to be addressed in future research.
keywords	individual thermal comfort, mobile sensing, HCI, human-centric modeling, interactive environment
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2024/11/17 22:05

_id	a4f6
authors	Kimura, T., Komatsu, K. and Watanabe, H.
year	1995
title	Spatial Configuration Data Model For InterApplicational Collaborative Design
source	Sixth International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures [ISBN 9971-62-423-0] Singapore, 24-26 September 1995, pp. 761-770
summary	In this paper, a new design method is proposed which will enable the designer to predict and control the flow of pedestrians acting inside the designed building. Watanabe laboratory has been working on human behavioral research, and referring to the results of these studies, the authors pointing out the requirements for a tool supporting the new design method. Later on, a data model and a loosely integrated system intended to match the needs will be proposed.
keywords	Human Behavior, Design Method, Design Process, Integrated CAD System
series	CAAD Futures
last changed	1999/08/03 17:16

_id	ecaade2009_099
id	ecaade2009_099
authors	Kinayoglu, Gökçe
year	2009
title	Using Audio-Augmented Reality to Assess the Role of Soundscape in Environmental Perception: An Experimental Case Study at UC Berkeley Campus
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.639
source	Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 639-648
summary	Sounds, along with other senses, have a profound influence on our perception of the environment. The multi-modality of perceptual processing is influential in cognitive interpretation, semantic and aesthetic evaluations of environmental scenes. This paper describes an experimental case study using audio-augmented reality, carried out in order to better understand how sound influences sense of place. A correlation is established between soundscape and sense of place that depends on audio-visual congruence based on cultural, aesthetic and semantic factors. Subjective influences of soundscape on place experience are grouped and discussed under 5 areas that were possible to identify: Emotive and synaesthetic effects; effects on attention, gaze and behavior; effects on spatial orientation and sense of scale; influence of audio-visual congruence on sense of place; and perception of personal and social space.
wos	WOS:000334282200077
keywords	Augmented reality, soundscape, environmental perception, place theory, environmental acoustics
series	eCAADe
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	acadia21_546
id	acadia21_546
authors	King, Cyle; Gasper, Jacob
year	2021
title	Process / Product
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2021.546
source	ACADIA 2021: Realignments: Toward Critical Computation [Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 979-8-986-08056-7]. Online and Global. 3-6 November 2021. edited by B. Bogosian, K. Dörfler, B. Farahi, J. Garcia del Castillo y López, J. Grant, V. Noel, S. Parascho, and J. Scott. 546-553.
summary	Academic papers are full of final drawings and diagrams but gloss over process work, “less glamorous” images, and the amount of time and labor behind a fi nal product. Certain skills and expertise cannot be taught but are instead collected from years of personal experience – a body of knowledge inaccessible to some unless passed on through e-mails, Zoom calls, or personal observations. When dealing with these seemingly esoteric topics, it becomes easy to feel isolated in the problems, failures, or questions that arise and cannot be easily accessed in academic journals or a simple Google search. Although exacerbated by the global pandemic’s mandates and shifts in the way work is done - this feeling is not new. The following pages record clay 3D printing research on a KUKA industrial robotic arm completed by two 5th year undergraduate architecture students. Through drawings, images, and text, this field note documents decisions, failures, messes, and successes compiled from a year of socially distanced learning, researching, and living.
series	ACADIA
type	field note
email
last changed	2023/10/22 12:06

_id	ecaade2022_122
id	ecaade2022_122
authors	Kinoshita, Airi, Fukuda, Tomohiro and Yabuki, Nobuyoshi
year	2022
title	Enhanced Tracking Method with Object Detection for Mixed Reality in Outdoor Large Space
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2022.2.457
source	Pak, B, Wurzer, G and Stouffs, R (eds.), Co-creating the Future: Inclusion in and through Design - Proceedings of the 40th Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2022) - Volume 2, Ghent, 13-16 September 2022, pp. 457–466
summary	Mixed-reality landscape simulation is one of the visual methods used in landscape design studies. A markerless tracking method using image processing has been proposed for properly aligning the real and virtual worlds involved with landscape simulations in large spaces. However, this method is challenging because tracking breaks down if a dynamic object is encountered during the mixed-reality execution. In this study, we integrated deep-learning object detection with natural feature-based tracking, which tracks manually defined feature points (tracking reference points), with the aim of reducing the impact of moving objects such as people and cars on mixed-reality tracking. The prototype system was implemented and tracking was performed on pre-recorded video taken outdoors. Performance was verified in terms of the number of errors associated with tracking the reference points and the accuracy of the mixed-reality display results (camera pose estimation results). Compared to the conventional system, our system was able to reduce the influence of moving objects that cause errors when tracking reference points. The accuracy of the camera pose estimation results was also verified to be improved. This research will contribute to developing mixed-reality simulation systems for large-scale spaces that are accessible to everyone, including users in the architectural field.
keywords	Landscape Visualization, Mixed Reality, Object Detection, Tracking, Deep Learning
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2024/04/22 07:10

_id	ecaadesigradi2019_339
id	ecaadesigradi2019_339
authors	Kinugawa, Hina and Takizawa, Atsushi
year	2019
title	Deep Learning Model for Predicting Preference of Space by Estimating the Depth Information of Space using Omnidirectional Images
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2019.2.061
source	Sousa, JP, Xavier, JP and Castro Henriques, G (eds.), Architecture in the Age of the 4th Industrial Revolution - Proceedings of the 37th eCAADe and 23rd SIGraDi Conference - Volume 2, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, 11-13 September 2019, pp. 61-68
summary	In this study, we developed a method for generating omnidirectional depth images from corresponding omnidirectional RGB images of streetscapes by learning each pair of omnidirectional RGB and depth images created by computer graphics using pix2pix. Then, the models trained with different series of images shot under different site and weather conditions were applied to Google street view images to generate depth images. The validity of the generated depth images was then evaluated visually. In addition, we conducted experiments to evaluate Google street view images using multiple participants. We constructed a model that estimates the evaluation value of these images with and without the depth images using the learning-to-rank method with deep convolutional neural network. The results demonstrate the extent to which the generalization performance of the streetscape evaluation model changes depending on the presence or absence of depth images.
keywords	Omnidirectional image; depth image; Unity; Google street view; pix2pix; RankNet
series	eCAADeSIGraDi
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

_id	ijac202220303
id	ijac202220303
authors	Kirdar, Gulce; Gulen Cagdas
year	2022
title	A decision support model to evaluate liveability in the context of urban vibrancy
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing 2022, Vol. 20 - no. 3, pp. 528–552
summary	Liveability can be accepted as an umbrella term covering all the factors that make a place to live. We recognize the versatility of urban liveability and focus on the vibrancy aspect. Regarding the literature, we compile variables affecting urban liveability under the economic, image, and use value of place. This article aims to present a data-driven decision support system to evaluate different dimensions of vibrancy-focused liveability. We adopt a knowledge discovery process to handle the complexity of the liveability concept. This study develops a conditional-based relationship network of vibrancy parameters through the Bayesian Belief Network (BBN). Then, we assess the BBN’s correlations with statistics and causal relations with the survey in this study.These results mostly agree with the findings of the relevant literature. The economic value results show that the high density, diversity and accessibility add a premium to the land value of properties. The use value results also demonstrate that the diversity and density of activities, cultural attributes, and high accessibility support place attractiveness. The selected streetscape variables improve image value, except for building enclosure and condition. The study has the potential for urban planners to vitalize neighborhoods by considering urban activities and urban physical attributes
keywords	liveability, vibrancy, knowledge discovery process, big data, locative data, Bayesian belief network
series	journal
last changed	2024/04/17 14:29

_id	sigradi2021_144
id	sigradi2021_144
authors	Kirdar, Gülce and Çagdaº, Gülen
year	2021
title	A Data-Driven Participatory Decision Model Proposal in the Context of Urban Vibrancy
source	Gomez, P and Braida, F (eds.), Designing Possibilities - Proceedings of the XXV International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2021), Online, 8 - 12 November 2021, pp. 175–189
summary	This paper focuses on the vibrancy of urban environments in the context of liveability. The objective is to explore the interrelationships of activity determinants what attracts visitors to support vibrancy decisions. The research questions how to uncover the relationships among vibrancy parameters and how to utilize the relation network for decision support. We utilize Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) for relational analysis and support with expert participation for an efficient decision-making. In this way, we expect to develop a causal by calibrating the data-driven BBN network. The results show that the user density has direct relationship with public open space, place rate, activity diversity, landmarks’ visitation rate cultural attributes, and accessibility; indirect relationship with time diversity, activity diversity and density. The results support the arguments on the importance of activity diversity in space and time, and intense urban pattern within the attractiveness public spaces for urbanity.
keywords	Big data, data-driven analysis, urban livability, participatory approach, design decision making.
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2022/05/23 12:10

_id	479b
authors	Kirkby, S. D., Flint, R. Jacobs, S.R., Saunderson, C. and Bamford, E.
year	1996
title	Interactive Urban Planning: The Adelaide Model Case Study
source	AURISA '96: Australasian Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, Hobart, Australia, 25-29 November, Australasian Urban and Regional Information Systems Association, pp. 235-240
summary	Contributed by Susan Pietsch (spietsch@arch.adelaide.edu.au)
keywords	3D City Modeling, Development Control, Design Control
series	other
last changed	2001/06/04 20:38

_id	d52c
authors	Kirkby, S. D., Jacobs, S.R. and Flint, R.
year	1996
title	Using 3D GIS to Model Urban Planning Scenarios for the City of Adelaide
source	Revitalising Town and City Centres, 8th International Malls Conference, Adelaide, Australia, 16-17 September, pp. 1-2
summary	Contributed by Susan Pietsch (spietsch@arch.adelaide.edu.au)
keywords	3D City Modeling, Development Control, Design Control
series	other
last changed	2001/06/04 20:38

_id	3cd6
authors	Kirkby, S. D., Pollitt, S.E.P., Eklund, P.W., Coulson, T. and Ratcliffe, S.
year	1996
title	An Interactive 3D GIS Urban Planning Model
source	28th International Geographical Congress, The Hague, 4-10 August, pp. 4-10
summary	Contributed by Susan Pietsch (spietsch@arch.adelaide.edu.au)
keywords	3D City Modeling, Development Control, Design Control
series	other
last changed	2001/06/04 20:38

_id	acadia20_84
id	acadia20_84
authors	Kirova, Nikol; Markopoulou, Areti
year	2020
title	Pedestrian Flow: Monitoring and Prediction
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2020.1.084
source	ACADIA 2020: Distributed Proximities / Volume I: Technical Papers [Proceedings of the 40th Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-578-95213-0]. Online and Global. 24-30 October 2020. edited by B. Slocum, V. Ago, S. Doyle, A. Marcus, M. Yablonina, and M. del Campo. 84-93.
summary	The worldwide lockdowns during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic had an immense effect on the public space. The events brought up an opportunity to redesign mobility plans, streets, and sidewalks, making cities more resilient and adaptable. This paper builds on previous research of the authors that focused on the development of a graphene-based sensing material system applied to a smart pavement and utilized to obtain pedestrian spatiotemporal data. The necessary steps for gradual integration of the material system within the urban fabric are introduced as milestones toward predictive modeling and dynamic mobility reconfiguration. Based on the capacity of the smart pavement, the current research presents how data acquired through an agent-based pedestrian simulation is used to gain insight into mobility patterns. A range of maps representing pedestrian density, flow, and distancing are generated to visualize the simulated behavioral patterns. The methodology is used to identify areas with high density and, thus, high risk of transmitting airborne diseases. The insights gained are used to identify streets where additional space for pedestrians is needed to allow safe use of the public space. It is proposed that this is done by creating a dynamic mobility plan where temporal pedestrianization takes place at certain times of the day with minimal disruption of road traffic. Although this paper focuses mainly on the agent-based pedestrian simulation, the method can be used with real-time data acquired by the sensing material system for informed decision-making following otherwise-unpredictable pedestrian behavior. Finally, the simulated data is used within a predictive modeling framework to identify further steps for each agent; this is used as a proof-of-concept through which more insights can be gained with additional exploration.
series	ACADIA
type	paper
email
last changed	2023/10/22 12:06

_id	acadia23_v2_130
id	acadia23_v2_130
authors	Kirova, Nikol; Markopoulou, Areti; Bury, Jane; Latifi, Mehrnoush
year	2023
title	Grading CharCrete: Embodied carbon optimization of load-bearing walls
source	ACADIA 2023: Habits of the Anthropocene: Scarcity and Abundance in a Post-Material Economy [Volume 2: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference for the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 979-8-9891764-0-3]. Denver. 26-28 October 2023. edited by A. Crawford, N. Diniz, R. Beckett, J. Vanucchi, M. Swackhamer 130-139.
summary	This paper presents a computational method for designing architectural elements using functionally graded (FG) cementitious materials to reduce embodied carbon and mass. Functionally graded materials (FGM), commonly found in nature, have a graded variation in their composition or properties, which can be tailored to specific structural requirements. The research utilizes three grades CharCrete (biochar-cementitious mortar) developed by the author as part of more extensive research on the applications of biochar, a type of carbon-sequestering material derived from biomass. Finite element method (FEM) is used to optimize the distribution of three grades according to structural requirements. By maximizing the quantity of biochar in the CharCrete mate- rial system, the method aims to minimize embodied carbon and mass while maintaining structural integrity. The method is implemented using FEM within the Grasshopper envi- ronment with the Karamba3D plug-in and demonstrated through a design case study on load-bearing walls, comparing homogeneous and FG material allocation. The results indicate that the proposed computational method effectively guides achieving a net-negative carbon footprint, while ensuring structural performance, and suggests that a heterogeneous material allocation with two grades of CharCrete is a sufficient carbon offsetting strategy. This approach showcases a promising pathway for the architectural industry to contribute to sustainable construction practices and mitigate environmental impact through the implementation of functionally graded cementitious materials.
series	ACADIA
type	paper
email
last changed	2024/12/20 09:12

_id	4eb7
authors	Kirsch, Uri
year	1982
title	Optimal Design of Continuous Prestressed Concrete Structures
source	25 p. : il. tables Pittsburgh, PA: Design Research Center, CMU, December, 1982. DRC-12-11-82. includes bibliography: p. 20-21
summary	Optimal design of continuous prestressed systems is stated in a nonlinear programming form. The design variables are the concrete dimensions, tendon coordinates, and prestressing force. The constraints are related to various behavior and design requirements and the objective function represents the overall cost. Some simplified models, intended to improve the solution efficiency, are presented. These include: explicit formulations of the general problem and the problem of minimizing the concrete dimensions; linear programming formulation of the tendon configuration and prestressing force optimization; and direct determination of the prestressing force for given concrete dimensions and tendon coordinates. Some examples illustrate the various problem formulations and solution methodology
keywords	engineering, structures, optimization, linear programming
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:08

_id	c6e3
authors	Kirsch, Uri
year	1982
title	Approximation Concepts for Optimum Structural Design
source	25 p. Pittsburgh, PA: Design Research Center, CMU, December, 1982. DRC-12-12-82. includes bibliography
summary	When elastic behavior is assumed, the optimum structural design problem is stated in an implicit nonlinear programming form. Approximate behavior models are introduced to obtain explicit constraint functions, essential in many practical design problems. For the displacement analysis formulation, some possible explicit approximations of the nodal displacements in terms of the design variables are reviewed. It is shown that any approximation of the displacements will lead to a solution which does not necessarily satisfy equilibrium. Methods for solving the approximate problem are discussed. Using the force analysis formulation, it is shown that explicit approximations of the redundant forces will lead to solutions which do not necessarily satisfy compatibility. Some simplified models of the explicit problem are presented and solution methods are discussed
keywords	structures, design, engineering, optimization, civil engineering, approximation
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:08

_id	2005_091
id	2005_091
authors	Kirschner, Ursula and Kirschner, Nauka
year	2005
title	E-learning in Creative Planning Processes
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2005.091
source	Digital Design: The Quest for New Paradigms [23nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-3-2] Lisbon (Portugal) 21-24 September 2005, pp. 91-97
summary	This conference paper examines experimental design exercises on a simulated model in relation to designing on a physical model. In the initial design phases, the process of designing on both a haptic and digital model is analysed with regard to the didactic objectives. In this context, only form-related aesthetic aspects are discussed. The starting point is the didactic necessity of imparting to students the process of designing on spatial models. Reduced to form determination, the question examined is for which aspects of design theory the potentials of real and virtual models, as well as of the interaction of both types, can be exploited.
keywords	Design methods; Digital and Physical Models; 3D-Digizer; Design Education
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:52

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