Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	7d26
authors	Pearson, D.G., Alexander, C. and Webster, Robin
year	2001
title	Working Memory and Expertise Differences in Design.
source	J. S. Gero, B. Tversky and T. Purcell (eds), 2001, Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design, II - Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition, University of Sydney, Australia
summary	The Creative Synthesis task devised by Finke and Slayton(1988) has been widely used as an experimental measure of mentalsynthesis, but previous studies have often failed to demonstrate anysignificant benefits of external support on participants’ performance.This paper discusses a study that examined novice and expert drawers’performance of synthesis using a modified stimuli set that was designedto increase the load on visuo-spatial working memory. The resultsshowed a significant increase in Transformational Complexity(Anderson & Hesltrup, 1993) of patterns produced by the expert groupwhile using sketching. It is argued that experts are more effective atusing sketching interactively to increase complexity, while novices relymore on using it as a simple memory aid.
series	other
email
more	http://www.arch.usyd.edu.au/kcdc/conferences/vr01/
last changed	2003/05/02 11:14

_id	0b24
authors	Chilton, J.C., Wester, T. and Yu, J.
year	1993
title	Exploring Structural Morphology Using CAD
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1993.x.d1k
source	[eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Eindhoven (The Netherlands) 11-13 November 1993
summary	Often in the design process the student's imagination is restricted by their inability to visualise, model or accurately sketch ideas for innovative structural systems. By using CAD as a design tool it is possible to explore the morphology of complex structures and to be able to produce perspective drawings of them with relative ease. Within AutoCAD there is a small library of standard three-dimensional objects and surfaces that can be called upon to generate more complex forms. However, to further facilitate the architectural design process, an extended library of innovative structural forms would allow the professional designer, or student, greater design freedom and any increase in the palette of structural forms available should stimulate creativity. As practical examples, the paper describes how students have been encouraged to experiment with the use of structures which can only be physically modelled with difficulty and which are also difficult to represent on the two- dimensional surface of the drawing board unless the geometry has previously been determined by the methods described. These are (i) Reciprocal Frame three-dimensional beam grillage structures and (ii) plate domes created from lattice structures by point-to- plane duality. The problem, of representation of these structures has been overcome, in the first case, by generating AutoLISP procedures to draw the complex three-dimensional geometrical form automatically in AutoCAD and, in the second case, by the development of the computer program CADual.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	e994
id	e994
authors	Gero, J. S.
year	1993
title	The role of visual emergence in collaborative design
source	Computational Support for Distributed Collaborative Design, Key Centre of Design Computing, University of Sydney, pp. 103-115
summary	There are two fundamental approaches to the use of computers to support collaborative design: (i) to use the computer as a device which increases the efficiency of what designers could do previously, and (ii) to use the computer as an active device which allows designers to do what they could not readily do previously. // This paper is concerned with the latter approach by introducing the concept of visual or graphical emergence as one form of collaboration at a distance that can not readily be carried out without the aid of the computer.
series	other
type	normal paper
email
more	http://www.arch.usyd.edu.au/~john/
last changed	2006/05/27 18:21

_id	ddss9211
id	ddss9211
authors	Gilleard, J. and Olatidoye, O.
year	1993
title	Graphical interfacing to a conceptual model for estimating the cost of residential construction
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture (Proceedings of a conference held in Mierlo, the Netherlands in July 1992), ISBN 0-7923-2444-7
summary	This paper presents a method for determining elemental square foot costs and cost significance for residential construction. Using AutoCAD's icon menu and dialogue box' facilities, a non-expert may graphically select (i) residential configuration; (ii) construction quality level; (iii) geographical location; (iv) square foot area; and finally, (v) add-ons, e.g. porches and decks, basement, heating and cooling equipment, garages and carports etc. in order to determine on-site builder's costs. Subsequent AutoLisp routines facilitate data transfer to a Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet where an elemental cost breakdown for the project may be determined. Finally, using Lotus 1-2-3 macros, computed data is transferred back to AutoCAD, where all cost significant items are graphically highlighted.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	c9cf
authors	Logan, B. and Smithers, T.
year	1993
title	Creativity and design as exploration
source	J.S. Gero and M. L. Maher (eds), Modelling Creativity and Knowledge-Based Creative Design, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, pp. 139-175
summary	This paper considers the problem of creative design, and in particular the role of a priori knowledge or "prototypes" in the design process. A design problem is characterised as one in which both the objectives and the means available for achieving these objectives are (of necessity) initially only poorly defined. Some observations concerning the nature of design process based on this characterisation are presented, and a model of the design process as a knowledge-based exploration task described. The role of prototypes in organising this knowledge is examined, and the widely accepted view that prototypes can form the principle source of knowledge for creativity in design is challenged. In a final section we outline the structural principles of a representation scheme which aims to overcome of these difficulties and describe a design support system which uses this scheme to support the design process.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	1b41
authors	McCartney, J., Hinds, B., Zhang, J. and Hamilton, W.
year	1993
title	Dedicated CAD for Apparel Design III. Case Studies
source	Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction 1993 v.1 p.410-415
summary	The work described here represents an attempt to devise CAD techniques appropriate to the apparel industry. An integrated approach is outlined which provides a greater justification for CAD, other than the ability to produce a single image of a design concept. In addition, high level tools are described which enable 3D design specifications to be evolved without exhaustive dimensional input.
series	other
last changed	2002/07/07 16:01

_id	6637
authors	Ward, D., Brown, A.G.P. and Horton, F.F.
year	1994
title	A Design Assistant for Environmental Optimisation of Buildings
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1994.x.u0s
source	The Virtual Studio [Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Education in Computer Aided Architectural Design / ISBN 0-9523687-0-6] Glasgow (Scotland) 7-10 September 1994, pp. 247
summary	The dual function of the Environmental Design Assistant which we have developed is to act firstly as a teaching aid and secondly as a design aid. In terms of it's role as a design assistant it is similar in nature to the application described by Papamichael, K, in Novitski, B. J. (1993). However, the work described here forms part of an overall strategy to develop a user friendly design assistant across the spectrum of Architectural design disciplines: this is one particular strand of the project. One aim embodied in the development of the environmental design assistant has been the pragmatic one of the production and refining of a tool to perform environmental assessments of buildings in accordance with the British recommendations made in BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Energy Assessment Method). In this respect the assistant allows for the consequences of design decisions to be readily assessed and then for those decisions to be modified. The Assistant has undergone a series of refinements to make it more user-friendly, efficient and appropriate as an Architectural design aid; and this has been the second aim of the project. The project has acted as a vehicle for the application of design principles applied to the presentation, information structuring and navigation associated with Hypermedia and Multimedia products. We are applying the kind of good design principles which have been summarised well by Schulmeister, R. (1994). These principles include Ariadne's Thread (paths for navigation), Lost in Hyperspace (backward navigation), More-than-browsing (interaction) and Tutoring (providing feedback to the user). Adoption of such principles is, we believe, essential in order to realise the potential of Hypermedia tools. The principal development tool for the work has been SuperCard. This has been used in conjunction with a range of other software including ArchiCad and Intellidraw and a range of image grabbing devices.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	8690
authors	Will, B.F., Bradford, J.W. and Ng, F.F.
year	1993
title	Architectural Education Objectives and the Use of Multimedia
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1993.x.g1p
source	[eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Eindhoven (The Netherlands) 11-13 November 1993
summary	The almost universal curriculum format for schools of architecture involves conventional lecturing techniques in the areas of history. structures, construction. building materials, urban planning, contextual studies and of late CAAD. Conventional academic wisdom dictates that the information and techniques gained from these lectures be applied through the design studio where this acquired data is synthesized with design concepts to produce an end product. Conventional lecture styles have usually imparted information through the spoken word emphasized and accompanied by written support through the use of hand-outs, black/white boards, overhead projection and the ubiquitous slides! More adventurous exponents have endeavored to incorporate videos, films and projection of computer generated screens to supplement the basic information transfer. The transmission retention/comprehension rates of concepts, ideas and basic data have depended greatly on the charisma of the individual lecturer, his command of the subject and the students' enthusiasm to partake of the process of information transference. The inherent problems of lectures being a one way action with little, if any, participatory involvement of the students have caused concerned lecturers to resort to seminars, tutorial, tests, exercises and other forced participation modes to involve students in their own education.
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	295d
authors	Amor, R.W., Hosking, J.G. and Mugridge, W.B.
year	1999
title	ICAtect-II: a framework for the integration of building design tools
source	Automation in Construction 8 (3) (1999) pp. 277-289
summary	The development of a system capable of integrating a range of building design tools poses many challenges. Our framework for integrating design tools provides a structured approach, allowing individual parts to be developed independently. In this paper, we describe the overall framework and suggest a method for modeling and implementing each portion of the framework. Furthermore, we illustrate how such a system can integrate several design tools and be realized as a functional design system.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	ba7b
authors	Earl, Chris F.
year	2001
title	Symmetry and Equality of Shapes
source	J. S. Gero, B. Tversky and T. Purcell (eds), 2001, Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design, II - Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition, University of Sydney, Australia
summary	Shapes are equal if the spatial relations between their parts areequal. But spatial relations are equal if shapes characterizing the relationare equal. This recursive nature of shape and shape relations isexamined. A repeated shape has distinct parts each equal and in one of aspecified set of spatial relations to another part. A symmetrical shapehas the same spatial relation to each part of some repeated shape.Repeated shapes are simple examples of generated shapes but can showintricate behaviour and indicate the problems of predicting spatialproperties in generative shapes.
series	other
email
more	http://www.arch.usyd.edu.au/kcdc/conferences/vr01/
last changed	2003/05/02 11:11

_id	75a9
authors	Epstein, Susan L.
year	2001
title	Toward Autonomous Layout Design / An AI Approach
source	J. S. Gero, B. Tversky and T. Purcell (eds), 2001, Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design, II - Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition, University of Sydney, Australia
summary	5{esign poses challenging problems for the traditionalAI problem-solving paradigm, but surmountable ones. Two systemsfor autonomous two-dimensional layout design are described, withparticular attention to the ways in which they devise solutions. Humanexpertise inspired and informed both systems. Their pragmatic approachesoffer important lessons for design problem solving
series	other
email
more	http://www.arch.usyd.edu.au/kcdc/conferences/vr01/
last changed	2003/05/02 11:13

_id	e4a7
authors	Espina B., Jane J.
year	2001
title	La tecnologia digital en las edificaciones arquitectonicas de la modernidad [The Digital Tecnology In Modern Architectural Constructions]
source	2da Conferencia Venezolana sobre Aplicación de Computadores en Arquitectura, Maracaibo (Venezuela) december 2001, pp. 136-145
summary	This paper gives an overview of the experience developed by Computer Graphics II course of department of Communication in School of Architecture and Design of University of Zulia which was initiated since 1999.The work describes the methodology used by two groups of objectives: general of the course and those generated by experiences in two levels: one as analysis instruments and the other one during process of design. Course is looking for trainning in CAD system uses by 3D representation of modern buildings, so at the end of the experience students were succeed : 1) analysis of projects of modern architecture, 2) quick visualization and efficient volumetric representation, 3) make a digital format library of differents buildings of the city and 4) comprehension and historic knowledge of city. CAD systems used for representation of 2d and 3D drawings offer to architects tools as color, textures, shadows, plus generation of different points of view as isometrics, perspectives and realistic representations. The digital format of the selected buildings gives to drafts an additional value.
keywords	Modern Architecture; Three-Dimensional; Realistic Representation; CAD Systems; Digital Format
series	other
email
last changed	2003/02/14 08:29

_id	db00
authors	Espina, Jane J.B.
year	2002
title	Base de datos de la arquitectura moderna de la ciudad de Maracaibo 1920-1990 [Database of the Modern Architecture of the City of Maracaibo 1920-1990]
source	SIGraDi 2002 - [Proceedings of the 6th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Caracas (Venezuela) 27-29 november 2002, pp. 133-139
summary	Bases de datos, Sistemas y Redes 134The purpose of this report is to present the achievements obtained in the use of the technologies of information andcommunication in the architecture, by means of the construction of a database to register the information on the modernarchitecture of the city of Maracaibo from 1920 until 1990, in reference to the constructions located in 5 of Julio, Sectorand to the most outstanding planners for its work, by means of the representation of the same ones in digital format.The objective of this investigation it was to elaborate a database for the registration of the information on the modernarchitecture in the period 1920-1990 of Maracaibo, by means of the design of an automated tool to organize the it datesrelated with the buildings, parcels and planners of the city. The investigation was carried out considering three methodologicalmoments: a) Gathering and classification of the information of the buildings and planners of the modern architectureto elaborate the databases, b) Design of the databases for the organization of the information and c) Design ofthe consultations, information, reports and the beginning menu. For the prosecution of the data files were generated inprograms attended by such computer as: AutoCAD R14 and 2000, Microsoft Word, Microsoft PowerPoint and MicrosoftAccess 2000, CorelDRAW V9.0 and Corel PHOTOPAINT V9.0.The investigation is related with the work developed in the class of Graphic Calculation II, belonging to the Departmentof Communication of the School of Architecture of the Faculty of Architecture and Design of The University of the Zulia(FADLUZ), carried out from the year 1999, using part of the obtained information of the works of the students generatedby means of the CAD systems for the representation in three dimensions of constructions with historical relevance in themodern architecture of Maracaibo, which are classified in the work of The Other City, generating different types ofisometric views, perspectives, representations photorealistics, plants and facades, among others.In what concerns to the thematic of this investigation, previous antecedents are ignored in our environment, and beingthe first time that incorporates the digital graph applied to the work carried out by the architects of “The Other City, thegenesis of the oil city of Maracaibo” carried out in the year 1994; of there the value of this research the field of thearchitecture and computer science. To point out that databases exist in the architecture field fits and of the design, alsoweb sites with information has more than enough architects and architecture works (Montagu, 1999).In The University of the Zulia, specifically in the Faculty of Architecture and Design, they have been carried out twoworks related with the thematic one of database, specifically in the years 1995 and 1996, in the first one a system wasdesigned to visualize, to classify and to analyze from the architectural point of view some historical buildings of Maracaiboand in the second an automated system of documental information was generated on the goods properties built insidethe urban area of Maracaibo. In the world environment it stands out the first database developed in Argentina, it is the database of the Modern andContemporary Architecture “Datarq 2000” elaborated by the Prof. Arturo Montagú of the University of Buenos Aires. The general objective of this work it was the use of new technologies for the prosecution in Architecture and Design (MONTAGU, Ob.cit). In the database, he intends to incorporate a complementary methodology and alternative of use of the informationthat habitually is used in the teaching of the architecture. When concluding this investigation, it was achieved: 1) analysis of projects of modern architecture, of which some form part of the historical patrimony of Maracaibo; 2) organized registrations of type text: historical, formal, space and technical data, and graph: you plant, facades, perspectives, pictures, among other, of the Moments of the Architecture of the Modernity in the city, general data and more excellent characteristics of the constructions, and general data of the Planners with their more important works, besides information on the parcels where the constructions are located, 3)construction in digital format and development of representations photorealistics of architecture projects already built. It is excellent to highlight the importance in the use of the Technologies of Information and Communication in this investigation, since it will allow to incorporate to the means digital part of the information of the modern architecturalconstructions that characterized the city of Maracaibo at the end of the XX century, and that in the last decades they have suffered changes, some of them have disappeared, destroying leaves of the modern historical patrimony of the city; therefore, the necessity arises of to register and to systematize in digital format the graphic information of those constructions. Also, to demonstrate the importance of the use of the computer and of the computer science in the representation and compression of the buildings of the modern architecture, to inclination texts, images, mapping, models in 3D and information organized in databases, and the relevance of the work from the pedagogic point of view,since it will be able to be used in the dictation of computer science classes and history in the teaching of the University studies of third level, allowing the learning with the use in new ways of transmission of the knowledge starting from the visual information on the part of the students in the elaboration of models in three dimensions or electronic scalemodels, also of the modern architecture and in a future to serve as support material for virtual recoveries of some buildings that at the present time they don’t exist or they are almost destroyed. In synthesis, the investigation will allow to know and to register the architecture of Maracaibo in this last decade, which arises under the parameters of the modernity and that through its organization and visualization in digital format, it will allow to the students, professors and interested in knowing it in a quicker and more efficient way, constituting a contribution to theteaching in the history area and calculation. Also, it can be of a lot of utility for the development of future investigation projects related with the thematic one and restoration of buildings of the modernity in Maracaibo.
keywords	database, digital format, modern architecture, model, mapping
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:51

_id	4a53
authors	Faltings, Boi
year	2001
title	Qualitative Spatial Reasoning Based on Algebraic Topology
source	J. S. Gero, B. Tversky and T. Purcell (eds), 2001, Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design, II - Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition, University of Sydney, Australia
summary	Several formalisms have been proposed for qualitativereasoning about regions and their topological relations in space. Theseformalisms, based on pairwise relations, do not allow sufficientlypowerful inferences to be used for spatial reasoning tasks such asplanning a collision-free path. In this paper, I show how consideringrelations between region triples, much more powerful reasoningtechniques become possible. I show in particular that in twodimensions, purely topological reasoning is sufficient to compute aminimal place graph which represents all minimal and maximal regioncombinations, as well as all minimal paths between them. I illustratehow this could be applied to motion planning, showing that in spite ofits qualitative nature, the formalism is powerful enough to solveproblems of practical interest.
series	other
email
more	http://www.arch.usyd.edu.au/kcdc/conferences/vr01/
last changed	2003/05/02 11:14

_id	3847
authors	Gattis, Merideth
year	2001
title	Space as a Basis for Reasoning
source	J. S. Gero, B. Tversky and T. Purcell (eds), 2001, Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design, II - Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition, University of Sydney, Australia
summary	We use space as a basis for reasoning whenever we use aspatial representation of a nonspatial concept to make decisions orinferences. From a psychological perspective, our tendency to create andreason fluidly from spatial models is somewhat surprising, becauseusing a spatial model to reason involves creating correspondencesbetween two semantically unrelated concepts: space, and something thatisn’t space, whether that be time, performance, or the desirability of anew job. Our proficiency in using space as a basis for reasoning reliesour abilities to detect similarities in the structures of very differentconcepts. In this paper I discuss two types of similarities between spaceand nonspatial concepts and describe how those similarities influencereasoning from spatial representations.
series	other
email
more	http://www.arch.usyd.edu.au/kcdc/conferences/vr01/
last changed	2003/05/02 11:16

_id	ef84
authors	Gero, John S. and Kazakov, Vladimir
year	2001
title	Entropic-Based Similarity and Complexity Measures of 2D Archtectural Drawings
source	J. S. Gero, B. Tversky and T. Purcell (eds), 2001, Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design, II - Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition, University of Sydney, Australia
summary	In this paper we construct an information-theoretic model ofarchitectural drawings. This model is then used to quantify and measurethe complexities and similarities of drawings. The approach is appliedwithin a linear qualitative shape representation but can be generalized toother types of representation. The descriptive and analytic power of theproposed methods are demonstrated by studying the time evolution ofthe architectural plans produced by Aalto and Kahn and by comparingthem to each other.
series	other
email
more	http://www.arch.usyd.edu.au/kcdc/conferences/vr01/
last changed	2003/05/02 11:13

_id	5607
authors	Goldschmidt, Gabriela
year	2001
title	Is a Figure-Concept Binary Argumentation Pattern Inherent in Visual Design Reasoning?
source	J. S. Gero, B. Tversky and T. Purcell (eds), 2001, Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design, II - Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition, University of Sydney, Australia
summary	This paper is based on the assumption that because designingis aimed at specifying configurations of entities, designers mustmanipulate forms and shapes and they must resort to visual reasoning todo so. Visual reasoning in designing is seen as the interplay betweenfigural and conceptual reasoning, such that the one supports andcontinues the other in order to arrive at a configuration that is valid interms of all the requirements it is to satisfy. We use protocol analysis toexplore the bond between conceptual and figural reasoning at two levelsof cognitive operation – that of the design move and that of theargument that is its building block. We conclude that the two modes ofreasoning are equi-present in designing; they describe a binary systemcharacterized by high frequency shifts between figure and concept.
series	other
email
more	http://www.arch.usyd.edu.au/kcdc/conferences/vr01/
last changed	2003/05/02 11:16

_id	b81b
authors	Gross, Mark D.
year	2001
title	Emergence in a Recognition Based Drawing Interface
source	J. S. Gero, B. Tversky and T. Purcell (eds), 2001, Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design, II - Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition, University of Sydney, Australia
summary	People perceive patterns in representations, patterns that may nothave been initially intended. This phenomenon of emergence is deemed toplay an important role in design. Computer based design assistants canand should support this human perceptual ability, using patternrecognition to anticipate human designers’ perception of emergent shapesand supporting the subsequent manipulation of and reasoning with theseshapes as part of the design. Freehand drawing programs with gesturerecognition are well positioned to implement shape emergence. Supportfor emergent shapes in the Back of an Envelope system is described.
series	other
email
more	http://www.arch.usyd.edu.au/kcdc/conferences/vr01/
last changed	2003/05/02 11:13

_id	c259
authors	Kokotovich, Vasilije and Purcell, Terry
year	2001
title	Ideas - The Embodiment of Ideas, and Drawing: An Experimental Investigation of Inventing
source	J. S. Gero, B. Tversky and T. Purcell (eds), 2001, Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design, II - Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition, University of Sydney, Australia
summary	The term visual reasoning, in cognitive psychology, oftenrefers to the use of visual spatial relations in making inferences aboutcorresponding conceptual relations. The conclusion is that external visualrepresentations have special properties, which can aid reasoning abouthigher order abstract concepts. The design literature is more specific andoften sees visual reasoning as synonymous with drawing, and considersthis a core activity in resolving design problems. The research to bereported examined visual reasoning and design, by investigating the rolethat drawing plays in the practicality and creativity of inventions. Themost striking finding was that using only mental imagery produced morecreative and practical inventions than the use of drawing and that this wasdependant on the area of expertise of the participants. This appears to runcounter to the views found in both the visual reasoning and designliterature regarding the effectiveness of visual representations anddrawing. This has implications for our understanding of both the visualreasoning and design thinking processes.
series	other
email
more	http://www.arch.usyd.edu.au/kcdc/conferences/vr01/
last changed	2003/05/02 11:11

_id	a64e
authors	Liu, Yu-Tung
year	2001
title	Spatial Representation of Design Thinking in Virtual Space
source	J. S. Gero, B. Tversky and T. Purcell (eds), 2001, Visual and Spatial Reasoning in Design, II - Key Centre of Design Computing and Cognition, University of Sydney, Australia
summary	“Space” has long been an important concept in architecture;and architectural spaces and forms have been continuously evolved dueto the appearance of new concepts of space. Since the invention ofInternet, new spaces have been created through the computer. Tounderstand how human beings in the digital age experience these newvirtual spaces, and to discover the implications of the possible newconcepts of space into the physical architectural world, this paperdiscusses the nature of virtual spaces by examining the verbal and visualelements involved in the creation of a sense of virtual spaces. All theverbal and visual elements of virtual spaces discovered through ourexperiments and interviews are presented. It is found that the three coreelements of both verbally and visually constructed virtual spaces are:movements, interactions, and acoustic effects. In addition, a comparisonbetween verbally and visually constructed spaces, and between physicaland virtual spaces are explored. Finally, further studies related to therole of digital media in the construction of a sense of space aresuggested at the end of this paper.
series	other
email
more	http://www.arch.usyd.edu.au/kcdc/conferences/vr01/
last changed	2003/05/02 11:15

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