Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	ga0226
id	ga0226
authors	Liu, X., Frazer, Jh. and Tang, M.X.
year	2002
title	A generative design system based on evolutionary and mathematical functions
source	International Conference on Generative Art
summary	Previous work by Professor John Frazer on Evolutionary Architecture provides a basis for the development of a system evolving architectural envelopes in a generic and abstract manner. Recent research by the authors has focused on the implementation of a virtual environment for the automatic generation and exploration of complex forms and architectural envelopes based on solid modelling techniques and the integration of evolutionary algorithms, enhanced computational and mathematical models. Abstract data types are introduced for genotypes in a genetic algorithm order to develop complex models using generative and evolutionary computing techniques. Multi-objective optimisation techniques are employed for defining the fitness function in the evaluation process.
series	other
email
more	http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed	2003/08/07 17:25

_id	caadria2022_464
id	caadria2022_464
authors	Liu, Xinyu and van Ameijde, Jeroen
year	2022
title	Data-driven Research on Street Environmental Qualities and Vitality Using GIS Mapping and Machine Learning, a Case Study of Ma On Shan, Hong Kong
source	Jeroen van Ameijde, Nicole Gardner, Kyung Hoon Hyun, Dan Luo, Urvi Sheth (eds.), POST-CARBON - Proceedings of the 27th CAADRIA Conference, Sydney, 9-15 April 2022, pp. 485-494
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2022.1.485
summary	In a post-carbon framework, data-driven methods can be used to assess the environmental quality and sustainability of urban streetscape. Streets are an important part of people's daily lives and provide places for social interaction. Therefore, in this study, the relationship between street quality and street vibrancy is measured using the new town of Ma On Shan, Hong Kong as a study area. Firstly, machine learning was used to identify the physical features of streets through geographic information collection and streetscape image acquisition. Secondly, previous measurement algorithms are combined to calculate the greenness, walkability, safety, imageability, enclosure, and complexity of streets. Thirdly, secondary calculations and visualisations were carried out on a Geographic Information System (GIS) platform to observe the current distribution of street qualities. Finally, the relationship between street quality and vibrancy was analysed using SPSS statistical analysis software. The results show that walkability has a positive effect on street vitality, whereas safety and complexity have a negative effect on street vitality. This study demonstrates how the quantitative assessment of urban street environments can be used as a reference for building a green, low-carbon, healthy, and walkable city.
keywords	Street Quality, Geographic Information Systems, Machine Learning, Image Segmentation, SDG 11
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/07/22 07:34

_id	ecaade2022_42
id	ecaade2022_42
authors	Liu, Xuehan, Wang, Likai and Ji, Guohua
year	2022
title	Optimization Approaches in Performance-Based Architectural Design - A comparison study
source	Pak, B, Wurzer, G and Stouffs, R (eds.), Co-creating the Future: Inclusion in and through Design - Proceedings of the 40th Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2022) - Volume 1, Ghent, 13-16 September 2022, pp. 599–608
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2022.1.599
summary	Over the past decade, computational design optimization has been increasingly applied to the studies related to early-stage architectural design exploration and information extraction, in which various optimization approaches have been adopted such as single- objective optimization (SOO) and multi-objective optimization (MOO). Despite this, the impact of optimization approaches on information extraction has been relatively under- researched. In this regard, this paper presents a comparison study of different optimization approaches, with a special focus on search efficiency and information extraction. In the comparison study, we investigate the impact of different optimization approaches on information extraction and design cognition and finally, discuss the utility of these approaches to architectural design ideation and synthesis.
keywords	Computational Design, Design Optimization, Design Exploration, Performance-based Design, Early-stage Architectural Design
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2024/04/22 07:10

_id	e8aa
authors	Liu, Y., Tsou, J. and Hou, J. (Eds.)
year	1997
title	CAADRIA ‘97 [Conference Proceedings]
source	Proceedings of the Second Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 957-575-057-8 / Taiwan 17-19 April 1997, 498 p.
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.1997.x.o3m
series	CAADRIA
email
more	http://www.iaa.nctu.edu.tw/~caadria97/
last changed	2022/06/07 07:49

_id	5df9
authors	Liu, Y.-T., Chang, Y.-Y. and Wong, C.-H.
year	2001
title	Someone Somewhere Some Time in the Middle of Nowhere: Some Observations of Spatial Sense Formation in the Internet
source	Architectural Information Management [19th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-8-1] Helsinki (Finland) 29-31 August 2001, pp. 37-41
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2001.037
summary	Following a previous study which investigated the verbal and visual elements of cyberspace, this study examines the relationship different academic training and the perceptions of the verbal and visual elements found in the previous study. The results of this study seems to indicate that the perception of the verbal elements is not relative to the subject’s academic training while the perception of the visual elements is.
keywords	Keywords. Theory Of Space, Virtual Reality, Virtual Space, Web-Based Design, Visual Perception
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	87e3
authors	Liu, Y.-T., Shih, S.-C., Yeh, Y.-C. and Lee, H.-L.
year	2001
title	Design Production and Appreciation with Computer and Internet - Evolving Phenomena of Design Review in CAD Studio and Internet-based Competition
source	Architectural Information Management [19th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-8-1] Helsinki (Finland) 29-31 August 2001, pp. 382-387
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2001.382
summary	This study intends to investigate some evolving phenomena of the interaction between design production and appreciation in the environment of computer and Internet. The result of this study indicates that the interaction between design production and appreciation during the review processes could differ significantly. The design production and appreciation seem to be more linear in CAD studio whereas more cyclic in the Internet environment.
keywords	CAD Studio, Internet-Based Competition, Design Review
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	caadria2020_064
id	caadria2020_064
authors	Liu, Yige, Chai, Hua and Yuan*, Philip F.
year	2020
title	Knitted Composites Tower - Design Research for Knitted Fabric Reinforced Composites Based on Advanced Knitting Technology
source	D. Holzer, W. Nakapan, A. Globa, I. Koh (eds.), RE: Anthropocene, Design in the Age of Humans - Proceedings of the 25th CAADRIA Conference - Volume 1, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 5-6 August 2020, pp. 55-64
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2020.1.055
summary	Faced with growing urbanization demands of developing countries and global shortages of construction materials, this research looks for an innovative light-weight high-performance material system for architectural applications. The knitted composites tower is a 7.2-meter, 260-kilogram and self-supported prototype that uses 2mm thick knitted fabric reinforced composites. The result is lightweight and strong. It demonstrates the design potentials of knitted fabric reinforced composites. This article takes knitted composites tower as an example to illustrate a design method for knitted fabric reinforced composites. The design method covers three aspects of structural form selection, structure arrangement, and microscopic configuration. At last, the complete fabrication and construction process will be discussed with a full-scale physical prototype.
keywords	Knitting; Composites; Architectural Design
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	ecaade2024_322
id	ecaade2024_322
authors	Liu, Yijiang; Guan, Xiangyu; Liu, Lun; Wang, Hui
year	2024
title	Mindscape: Research of high-information density street environments based on electroencephalogram recording and virtual reality head-mounted simulation
source	Kontovourkis, O, Phocas, MC and Wurzer, G (eds.), Data-Driven Intelligence - Proceedings of the 42nd Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2024), Nicosia, 11-13 September 2024, Volume 1, pp. 663–672
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2024.1.663
summary	This study aims to investigate, through neuroscientific methods, the effects of particular architectural elements on pedestrian spatial cognition and experience in the analysis and design of walking street spaces. More precisely, this paper will describe the impact of the density variation of storefront signs on the brainwaves of passersby in East Asian city walking streets, providing strategies and guidelines for urban development and renewal. Firstly, the paper summarizes the research method through the review of research questions and related literature; secondly, the paper establishes experiments via this path, analyzing results and indicators through data processing; finally, suggestions for future pedestrian street design are proposed based on research and analysis results.
keywords	Urban Studies, Neuroscience, EEG, Street Information Density
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2024/11/17 22:05

_id	caadria2025_576
id	caadria2025_576
authors	Liu, Yiming, Chen, Sihao and Herr, Christiane M.
year	2025
title	Supporting Local Biodiversity at the Facade Scale: A data-enriched multi-layered CA model to support ecological façade designs
source	Dagmar Reinhardt, Christiane M. Herr, Anastasia Globa, Jielin Chen, Taro ?Narahara, Nicolas Rogeau (eds.), ARCHITECTURAL INFORMATICS - Proceedings of the 30th CAADRIA Conference, Tokyo, 22-29 March 2025, Volume 1, pp. 121–130
summary	High-density built-up areas are associated with natural habitat fragmentation and ecological decline, alongside significant negative impacts on environmental and human health. With existing ecological design strategies focusing on adapting plant characteristics to local environments, the dynamic adaptability of plants is often neglected, and their ecological potential is underutilised. This paper introduces a multi-layered Cellular Automata (CA) method designed to integrate ecological objectives into the façade design of green buildings while considering environmental data and building attributes. This novel data-enriched multi-layered CA framework applies constraints to the system by identifying controllable and uncontrollable factors within the design elements, thereby offering a certain level of control over the inherent unpredictability of CA dynamics. The CA-based model organises built environmental data and building attributes into a multi-layered structure, combining multiple criteria to model plant habitats and ecological performances. Results demonstrate how CA can support the environmental factors to model and evaluate ecologically sensitive built environments at the architectural scale. The CA framework integrates building form with ecological variables but also adapts to dynamically changing environments, contributing a new perspective to the design of sustainable facades to promote ecology and biodiversity at the urban scale.
keywords	Cellular automata, multi-layered modelling, ecological façade design, control strategies, generative architectural design
series	CAADRIA
last changed	2025/03/21 12:03

_id	caadria2023_129
id	caadria2023_129
authors	Liu, Yisi, Webb, Nick and Brown, Andre
year	2023
title	The Re-creation of a Demolished House Based on Collective Memory
source	Immanuel Koh, Dagmar Reinhardt, Mohammed Makki, Mona Khakhar, Nic Bao (eds.), HUMAN-CENTRIC - Proceedings of the 28th CAADRIA Conference, Ahmedabad, 18-24 March 2023, pp. 363–372
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2023.1.363
summary	This paper investigates how the collective memory of an architectural setting can be captured, re-created, and re-experienced. The method uses a workflow to create a Virtual Environment (VE) from diverse sources in an interpretational and iterative process. A case study was implemented to test this workflow, focusing on the re-creation of a now demolished family home based on information from multiple generations of a family. The workflow's main output is a VE in which the family members can re-experience the house and give continuous feedback. The essence of this workflow is the constant negotiation between remembered space in memory and its digital interpretation in the VE. The output was assessed and refined according to the users' feedback, which is used to loop back to specific stages in the workflow. This process revealed undisclosed histories and enhanced our understanding of this demolished site and its wider context. Moreover, the workflow provides a model for studying conceptually recreated spaces based on subjective sources and provides a user-centred experience in the VE.
keywords	Demolished houses, Collective memory, Interpretation, Virtual environment, User-centred
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2023/06/15 23:14

_id	caadria2025_322
id	caadria2025_322
authors	Liu, Yixuan, Sun, Jiapan, Li, Yu and Fan, Bingbing
year	2025
title	Cyclic Aggregation: Enhancing temporary timber structures with adaptable assembly system and rein-forced recycled composite materials plate
source	Dagmar Reinhardt, Christiane M. Herr, Anastasia Globa, Jielin Chen, Taro ?Narahara, Nicolas Rogeau (eds.), ARCHITECTURAL INFORMATICS - Proceedings of the 30th CAADRIA Conference, Tokyo, 22-29 March 2025, Volume 3, pp. 447–456
summary	This study introduces a novel adaptable assembly system reinforced with recycled composite materials to enhance the sustainability of temporary timber structures. The research focuses on maximizing wood waste utilization by repurposing CNC cut waste panels, bonding bark cores with natural rubber adhesives, and transforming wood chips and ash into wood plastic composite (WPC) materials. These WPC components are further strengthened and aesthetically enhanced through robotic 3D printing. An adaptive assembly and disassembly mechanism was developed, allowing for structural variations and extended plate lifespan. Replaceable connectors were incorporated to prevent joint wear, improving durability and reusability. The system’s efficiency was demonstrated by using a single batch of plates to construct three distinct projects, showcasing its versatility and adaptability in diverse contexts. Results indicate that this innovative approach significantly reduces lifecycle carbon emissions while optimizing resource utilization. This research provides a sustainable and flexible solution for modern timber construction, aligning with circular economy principles and advancing environmental responsibility in the building industry.
keywords	Adaptable Assembly System, Recycled Composite Materials Plate, Wood Plastic Composite (WPC), Robotic 3D Printing, CNC Cut Waste Panels, Lifecycle Carbon Emissions, Sustainable Construction
series	CAADRIA
last changed	2025/03/21 12:09

_id	sigradi2023_189
id	sigradi2023_189
authors	Liu, Yiyun, Dai, Sida, Kleiss, Michael, Alani, Mostafa and Pebryani, Nyoman
year	2023
title	Manufacturing Methodology for Precast Concrete Tiles with Morphing Shapes
source	García Amen, F, Goni Fitipaldo, A L and Armagno Gentile, Á (eds.), Accelerated Landscapes - Proceedings of the XXVII International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2023), Punta del Este, Maldonado, Uruguay, 29 November - 1 December 2023, pp. 67–78
summary	This study presents a novel, sustainable method for producing diverse concrete tiles with a reusable mould, addressing the waste issue associated with traditional tile moulds. Our digital manufacturing system, composed of a Rhino Grasshopper-based design system and an electric actuator-based kinetic mechanism, simplifies the construction process and lowers costs. The effectiveness of this method is showcased through six case studies, demonstrating its adaptability in diverse morphing tile designs, including the reinterpretation of traditional Islamic pattern. This approach opens new possibilities for the cost-effective, sustainable, and versatile use of concrete tiles in architecture.
keywords	Additive Manufacturing, Concrete, Actuated Mould, Morph, Tessellation Tile
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2024/03/08 14:06

_id	caadria2025_155
id	caadria2025_155
authors	Liu, Yizhuo and Hua, Hao
year	2025
title	Between Material and Structure: Recursive optimization algorithm for 3D-printed hierarchical truss
source	Dagmar Reinhardt, Christiane M. Herr, Anastasia Globa, Jielin Chen, Taro ?Narahara, Nicolas Rogeau (eds.), ARCHITECTURAL INFORMATICS - Proceedings of the 30th CAADRIA Conference, Tokyo, 22-29 March 2025, Volume 3, pp. 337–346
summary	The design space for hierarchical structures used to be limited by traditional manufacturing technology and modular thinking in industry, until additive manufacturing (AM) facilitated the mass customization of complex components. Taking advantage of AM, this research develops a computational design method for hierarchical truss structures across multiple scales, ranging from building scale to manufacturing resolution. The truss structure, as a discrete assembly of two-force bars connected by 08641080
keywords	Truss, Buckling, Hierarchical Structure, Multiscale Topology Optimization, Metal 3D printing
series	CAADRIA
last changed	2025/03/21 12:09

_id	caadria2024_33
id	caadria2024_33
authors	Liu, Yongkang and Wang, Yi
year	2024
title	Survey of Built Environment in the Era of UAV: From Aerial Photogrammetry to Point Cloud Classification
source	Nicole Gardner, Christiane M. Herr, Likai Wang, Hirano Toshiki, Sumbul Ahmad Khan (eds.), ACCELERATED DESIGN - Proceedings of the 29th CAADRIA Conference, Singapore, 20-26 April 2024, Volume 2, pp. 149–158
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2024.2.149
summary	In order to further discover the potentials of UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) for built environment research, this article involves in drone aerial survey and its post-processing, with a special focus on point cloud classification. By operating UAV flying over villages at foot of Mount Tai, capturing images of the villages as first-hand materials, and conducting research with the help of 3D model reconstruction software, deep learning implements, GIS environment, the findings of research response the questions of the relationship between flight altitude, working efficiency, and 3D reconstruction quality, and how to utilize the deep learning tools for certain building classification. The solution to the second problem, also the most noteworthy contribution of this article, is achieved by training a customized point cloud classification model. This model can be used to identify point clouds of specific types of buildings, which is an advancement compared to the basic Automated Classification in ArcGIS Pro. The quality of point cloud recognition is also better than the latter. Potential application of this research could be reflected in the statistical work for certain types of buildings. In other words, this study plays an intermediary role between UAV-aided image gathering to further spatial statistical research.
keywords	UAV-aided Survey, Aerial Photogrammetry, Customized Point Cloud Classification, Deep Learning
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2024/11/17 22:05

_id	6097
authors	Liu, Yu Tung
year	1996
title	Connectionist CAAD for Restructuring Shapes in Terms of Emergent Subshapes
source	CAADRIA ‘96 [Proceedings of The First Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 9627-75-703-9] Hong Kong (Hong Kong) 25-27 April 1996, pp. 173-190
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.1996.173
summary	Designers naturally restructure shapes in terms of emergent subshapes in the process of design. According to the result of a psychological experiment about how experienced and non-experienced designers see shapes, only experienced designers can encode implicit subshapes emerged from the primary shapes. Many symbolic approaches have been considered in addressing this focused problem. On the other hand, the issue is also encountered by connectionist networks, also called parallel distributed models or neural networks. Recognizing both explicit and implicit emergent subshapes has been explored using connectionist networks associated with appropriate mechanisms of visual attention, namely recurrent attention and searchlight attention in combination. The distinction between symbolic and connectionist computations of shapes is discussed.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	caadria2025_161
id	caadria2025_161
authors	Liu, Yu, Huang, ChenYu, Qu, Rong and Yao, JiaWei
year	2025
title	PIGAN: Physically Informed Generative Adversarial Networks for Urban Wind Environment Prediction
source	Dagmar Reinhardt, Christiane M. Herr, Anastasia Globa, Jielin Chen, Taro ?Narahara, Nicolas Rogeau (eds.), ARCHITECTURAL INFORMATICS - Proceedings of the 30th CAADRIA Conference, Tokyo, 22-29 March 2025, Volume 4, pp. 111–120
summary	The impact of urban block morphology on outdoor environments is significant. However, performance-based design often relies on time-consuming numerical simulations, which limit rapid feedback and real-time optimization during the early stages of design. Neural network models have accelerated this process, particularly through image-to-image mapping models, but they lack 3D generalizability and interpretability. Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) incorporate the residuals of equations using automatic differentiation to ensure the outputs comply with physical laws. Although PINNs show excellent performance in terms of simulation speed and accuracy in specific scenarios, they still face challenges in generalizing physical fields to diverse urban block morphologies. To address these issues, this paper proposes a wind environment prediction method based on physics-informed neural embeddings within image models. Experiments and data sensitivity tests on datasets of varying complexity demonstrate that introducing physical constraints enhances the accuracy and interpretability of image-processing models (CGAN) for 3D directional predictions and improves robustness under sharply changing boundary conditions and sparse data.
keywords	Data-driven models, Image-to-image mapping models, Physical Information Embedding, Physics-informed models, Wind Environment Simulation, Building Neighborhoods, 3D Spatial Generalization
series	CAADRIA
last changed	2025/03/21 12:09

_id	4a5f
authors	Liu, Yu-Tung
year	1993
title	Recognizing Emergent Subshapes in Design Problem Solving: A Connectionist Investigation
source	Education and Practice: The Critical Interface [ACADIA Conference Proceedings / ISBN 1-880250-02-0] Texas (Texas / USA) 1993, pp. 131-139
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1993.131
summary	Human problem-solving behavior has been modelled as a search through the space as defined as problem states, within which earlier states move to subsequent ones by applying rules in the human mind until the goal state is found. This cognitive model of problem-solving has been broadly accepted and has become dominant in both cognitive psychology and artificial intelligence (AI). In the field of computeraided architectural design (CAAD), search models are also widely used for solving design problems, although various foci of design knowledge are differently represented by shape grammars, graphs, and knowledge-based systems using predicate logic for different purports. In design search, design evolves from one state to another by exhaustively or heuristically applying proper rules. Each rule application involves, first, pattern-matching the antecedent of a rule to the current state and, second, transforming the matched portion of that state into the consequence of the rule. However pattern-matching techniques of current CAAD systems are still limited. In current CAAD systems, only those two squares can be dealt with by patternmatching for further development. However, a human designer can effortlessly recognize not only those two but other emergent subshapes, for example a smaller square in the middle where the two squares overlap and two L-shapes in the corners. Therefore a human designer can thoroughly deliberate all these alternatives before making a decision. In other words, human designer is capable of restructuring shapes in terms of emergent subshapes in any step of designing.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	e17e
authors	Liu, Yu-Tung
year	1998
title	A Dual Generate-and-Test Model for Design Creativity
source	CAADRIA ‘98 [Proceedings of The Third Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 4-907662-009] Osaka (Japan) 22-24 April 1998, pp. 395-404
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.1998.395
summary	This paper proposes a broader framework for understanding creativity by distinguishing different levels of creativity, namely personal and social/cultural creativity, and their interaction. Within this framework, the possible role that the computer can play could be further explored by analyzing the procedure of rule formation and the phenomena of seeing emergent subshapes.
keywords	Model of Design Creativity, Problem-Solving, Generate-and-Test Paradigm, Search Model, Social/Cultural Paradigm
series	CAADRIA
email
more	http://www.caadria.org
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	e546
authors	Liu, Yu-Tung
year	2000
title	The Evolving Concept of Space: From Hsinchu Museum of Arts to the Digital City Art Center
source	ACADIA Quarterly, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 9-11
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2000.009.2
summary	From a functional point of view, a museum of arts is a space used for collecting works of art. This is, however, a spatial concept held prior to the 20th century: the center of focus in spatial design is the collections (focusing on “objects” as opposed to “users”). In the 20th century, the museum has evolved into a space for the interactivity between the viewers and the objects, with the concept of design shifting to that of placing equal emphasis on both the user and the object?at times the role of the user is even given greater emphasis in the design process without a conscious intent on the part of the designer. The coming century is one that we believe will be confronted with incredible waves caused by the impact of computers, the ultimate machines of digitization. At this junction, we often say that we are going to have new ways of thinking, new cities and new concepts of space. However, what should these new things be?
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	cf2003_k_003
id	cf2003_k_003
authors	LIU, Yu-Tung
year	2003
title	Digital Architecture: Theory, Media and Design
source	Digital Design - Research and Practice [Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 1-4020-1210-1] Tainan (Taiwan) 13–15 October 2003, pp. 9-18
summary	Computers, the new digital media, liberate the duality of concepts of space in human civilization. The construction and simulation powers of digital media trigger all kinds of unlimited imagination. The new space of this kind may be called digital space or virtual space. This new space is between mental and physical spaces because it provides designers with not only unlimited imaginality of mental space but also live-inside perception of physical space. A new concept of space of mankind is thus generated.
keywords	cognition, computing, digital design media
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/09/22 12:21

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