Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	2f5f
id	2f5f
authors	Gero, J. S.
year	1996
title	Design tools that learn: A possible CAD future
source	B. Kumar (ed.), Information Processing in Civil and Structural Design, Civil-Comp Press, Edinburgh, pp. 17-22
summary	This paper describes the concept of tools that learn. these are design support tools that acquire problem-specific knowledge as they are used to solve a problem. This knoweldge is then reused in the solution of similar problems. The effect of this is that the tool is more efficient. An example is presetned to demonstrate the idea.
keywords	tools, learning, emergence, knowledge
series	other
type	normal paper
email
more	http://www.arch.usyd.edu.au/~john/
last changed	2006/05/27 18:14

_id	0a80
authors	Gero, J.S.
year	1996
title	Creativity, emergence and evolution in design: concepts and framework
source	Knowledge-Based Systems 9(7): 435-448
summary	This paper commences by outlining notions of creativity before examining the role of emergence in creative design. Various process models of emergence are presented; these are based on notions of additive and substitutive variables resulting in additive and substitutive schemas. Frameworks for both representation and process for a computational model of creative design are presented. The representational framework is based on design prototypes whilst the process framework is based on an evolutionary model. The computational model brings both representation and process together.
series	other
email
last changed	2003/04/06 07:32

_id	7886
authors	Rosenman, M.A. and Gero, J.S.
year	1996
title	Modelling multiple views of design objects in a collaborative CAD environment
source	Computer-Aided Design, Vol. 28 (3) (1996) pp. 193-205
summary	Collaboration between designers in different disciplines is an increasingly important aspect in complex design situations, as exemplified in the AEC domain. CAD systems are essential for handling this complexitybut current CAD modelling technology is directed towards the production of a single product model. In the AEC environment, many disciplines are involved, each with its own concept of the design object. Eachsuch concept must be accommodated in any representation. This paper presents the ideas behind the representation of multiple concepts from an underlying description of a design such that the inter- andintra-discipline views of that design can be formed dynamically. These ideas are based on different functional contexts. Functional subsystems are introduced as an adjunct to design prototypes. An example showshow these functional subsystems are related to the design elements and how they allow for the formation of the various concepts. Thus the representation of the functional properties of design objects is theunderlying basis for the formation of different concepts.
keywords	Conceptual Modelling, Multiple Abstraction Representation, CAD Modelling, Collaborative Design, Functional Representation
series	journal paper
email
last changed	2003/05/15 21:33

_id	149d
authors	Rosenman, M.A.
year	1996
title	The generation of form using an evolutionary approach
source	J.S. Gero and F. Sudweeks (eds), Artificial Intelligence in Design Ì96, 643-662
summary	Design is a purposeful knowledge-based human activity whose aim is to create form which, when realized, satisfies the given intended purposes.1 Design may be categorized as routine or non-routine with the latter further categorized as innovative or creative. The lesser the knowledge about existing relationships between the requirements and the form to satisfy those requirements, the more a design problem tends towards creative design. Thus, for non-routine design, a knowledge-lean methodology is necessary. Natural evolution has produced a large variety of forms well-suited to their environment suggesting that the use of an evolutionary approach could provide meaningful design solutions in a non-routine design environment. This work investigates the possibilities of using an evolutionary approach based on a genotype which represents design grammar rules for instructions on locating appropriate building blocks. A decomposition/aggregation hierarchical organization of the design object is used to overcome combinatorial problems and to maximize parallelism in implementation.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	4040
authors	Smith, I., Stalker, R. and Lottaz, C.
year	1996
title	Creating design objects from cases for interactive spatial composition
source	Artificial Intelligence in Design ‚96, eds. J. S. Gero and F. Sudweeks, 97 - 116. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic
summary	This paper describes IDIOM, a system for composing layouts using cases. Layouts are interactively composed by users rather than automatically generated as has been proposed by previous research. The design is incrementally parameterized as cases are added and therefore, case adaptation, user interpretation and model activation can occur at any stage. IDIOM supports designers through reducing constraint complexity and through managing design preferences, thereby restraining proposed solutions and further adaptation within globally feasible design spaces. Improvements to the algorithm over previous implementations have increased reliability. In general, designers, who currently carry out spatial composition tasks using standard drawing tools, have reacted favourably to the system, providing useful feedback for further work.
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	4b55
authors	Af Klercker, J. , Ekholm, A. and Fridqvist, S. (Ed.)
year	1996
title	Education for Practice [Conference Proceedings]
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1996
source	14th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-2-2 / Lund (Sweden) 12-14 September 1996, 425 p.
summary	There are many of us trying to make place for CAAD in a natural way in the Curriculum of the Architect school. We would like to make CAAD useful to the students already during their studies. Even if we have the support of our collegues for running courses there is very often no space in the timetable. And even if we have all the entusiasm of our students it is hard to practice your CAAD knowledge on projects where it is not asked for. The education of architects in the use of computers has lead me to try to find "the roots of education of architects" in general. A collegue of mine in a bookshelf of course litterature in Informatics found and put into my hands "Educating the reflective practitioner" by Donald Schön. It lead to an interesting process of personal reflection and discussion within our CAAD team. We think by the way that the theme of the conference points to the heart of the message in Donald Schöns book and we are inviting him as a key note speaker at the Conference.
series	eCAADe
type	normal paper
email
more	http://www.caad.lth.se/ECAADE/
last changed	2022/06/07 07:49

_id	8a25
authors	Alshawi, M. and Underwood, J.
year	1996
title	Applying object-oriented analysis to the integration of design and construction
source	Automation in Construction 5 (2) (1996) pp. 105-121
summary	This paper implements an Object Oriented Analysis technique to model information related to design and construction. In a previous study, an approach to integrate design and construction processes based upon information analysis and modelling has been proposed. By breaking down the project's vast information into groups of related information, construction related problems have been identified and then traced back too their relevant design processes. This paper models this process using a relatively young and new method of analysis rather than a traditional structured approach. An Object-Oriented Analysis (OOA) method has been applied to model the information in terms of the fundamental ideas that underlie object-oriented technology i.e. object types and classes, methods, requests, encapsulation and inheritance. Proceeding through the five major activities of Coad and Yourdon's OOA method, a complete OOA model has been developed with potential to improve the construction related problems.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	ddssup9602
id	ddssup9602
authors	Arentze, T.A., Borgers, A.W.J. and Harry J.P.
year	1996
title	A knowledge-based model for developing location strategies in a DSS for retail planning
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Third Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part two: Urban Planning Proceedings (Spa, Belgium), August 18-21, 1996
summary	Most DSS for retail planning are based on impact assessment models to support the evaluation of plan scenario's. This paper introduces a complementary knowledge-based model to support also the earlier stage of formulating plan scenario's. An analysis of the retail planning problem reveals the main lines of the strategies adopted by most Dutch planners and retailers to achieve their goals. A basic strategy that seems to be appropriate in most problem contexts is formulated in the form of a set of decision tables. Each decision table or system of decision tables specifies for a problem area decision rules to identify and analyse problems and to formulate possible actions. The model is implemented in a DSS where it is used in combination with quantitative impact assessment models. A case study in the area of daily good facilities demonstrates the approach. The major conclusion is that the knowledge-based approach and in particular the decision table technique provides interesting possibilities to implement planning task structures in a DSS environment.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	82ff
authors	Bhavnani, S.K., Flemming, U., Forsythe, D.E., Garrett, J.H., Shaw, D.S. and Tsai, A.
year	1996
title	CAD usage in an architectural office: from observations to active assistance
source	Automation in Construction 5 (3) (1996) pp. 243-255
summary	The functionality and resources provided by CAD systems have been increasing rapidly, but productivity growth expected from their use has been difficult to achieve. Although many surveys describe this productivity puzzle, few studies have been conducted on actual CAD users to understand its causes. In an effort to arrive at such an understanding, the first author visited a federal architectural office and observed CAD users in their natural setting. This paper describes preliminary results obtained from the study, which used ethnographic techniques developed by cultural anthropologists. The study revealed that users had leveled-off in their learning and experimentation and were using the CAD system in suboptimal ways. By asking why users were not using many resources available to them to improve performance, the observer uncovered issues of communication and management that needed to be addressed. Based on this understanding, the authors provide explicit recommendations to CAD users and vendors. In addition, they hypothesize that users might benefit from a system that provides active assistance, that is, intervenes spontaneously with advice, assistance, and relevant information while the user interacts with the CAD system. They conclude with some issues revealed by the study that should be considered when developing such active assistance.
series	journal paper
email
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	9530
authors	Broadhurst, S.J., Cockerham, G., Taylor, N. and Pridmore, T.
year	1996
title	Automatic task modelling for sewer studies
source	Automation in Construction 5 (1) (1996) pp. 61-71
summary	Research into the development of robotic modules is discussed in the context of cost-effective, small bore, non-man entry (NME) sewer renovation. Following an introduction to the engineering problem or task and the respective task-associated sensing system, interest is centred upon suitably robust task kinematics and control, where predictive modelling is implemented employing the GRASP robotic simulation software package. The physical prototype and its accompanying environment are discussed and general conclusions drawn.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	8e02
authors	Brown, A.G.P. and Coenen, F.P.
year	2000
title	Spatial reasoning: improving computational efficiency
source	Automation in Construction 9 (4) (2000) pp. 361-367
summary	When spatial data is analysed the result is often very computer intensive: even by the standards of contemporary technologies, the machine power needed is great and the processing times significant. This is particularly so in 3-D and 4-D scenarios. What we describe here is a technique, which tackles this and associated problems. The technique is founded in the idea of quad-tesseral addressing; a technique, which was originally applied to the analysis of atomic structures. It is based on ideas concerning Hierarchical clustering developed in the 1960s and 1970s to improve data access time [G.M. Morton, A computer oriented geodetic database and a new technique on file sequencing, IBM Canada, 1996.], and on atomic isohedral (same shape) tiling strategies developed in the 1970s and 1980s concerned with group theory [B. Grunbaum, G.C. Shephard, Tilings and Patterns, Freeman, New York, 1987.]. The technique was first suggested as a suitable representation for GIS in the early 1980s when the two strands were brought together and a tesseral arithmetic applied [F.C. Holdroyd, The Geometry of Tiling Hierarchies, Ars Combanitoria 16B (1983) 211–244.; S.B.M. Bell, B.M. Diaz, F.C. Holroyd, M.J.J. Jackson, Spatially referenced methods of processing raster and vector data, Image and Vision Computing 1 (4) (1983) 211–220.; Diaz, S.B.M. Bell, Spatial Data Processing Using Tesseral Methods, Natural Environment Research Council, Swindon, 1986.]. Here, we describe how that technique can equally be applied to the analysis of environmental interaction with built forms. The way in which the technique deals with the problems described is first to linearise the three-dimensional (3-D) space being investigated. Then, the reasoning applied to that space is applied within the same environment as the definition of the problem data. We show, with an illustrative example, how the technique can be applied. The problem then remains of how to visualise the results of the analysis so undertaken. We show how this has been accomplished so that the 3-D space and the results are represented in a way which facilitates rapid interpretation of the analysis, which has been carried out.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	caadria2007_659
id	caadria2007_659
authors	Chen, Zi-Ru
year	2007
title	The Combination of Design Media and Design Creativity _ Conventional and Digital Media
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2007.x.w5x
source	CAADRIA 2007 [Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia] Nanjing (China) 19-21 April 2007
summary	Creativity is always interested in many fields, in particular, creativity and design creativity have many interpretations (Boden, 1991; Gero and Maher, 1992, 1993; Kim, 1990; Sternberg, 1988; Weisberg, 1986). In early conceptual design process, designers used large number of sketches and drawings (Purcell and Gero, 1998). The sketch can inspire the designer to increase the creativity of the designer’s creations(Schenk, 1991; Goldschmidt, 1994; Suwa and Tversky, 1997). The freehand sketches by conventional media have been believed to play important roles in processes of the creative design thinking(Goldschmidt, 1991; Schon and Wiggins, 1992; Goel, 1995; Suwa et al., 2000; Verstijnen et al., 1998; Elsas van and Vergeest, 1998). Recently, there are many researches on inspiration of the design creativity by digital media(Liu, 2001; Sasada, 1999). The digital media have been used to apply the creative activities and that caused the occurrenssce of unexpected discovery in early design processes(Gero and Maher, 1993; Mitchell, 1993; Schmitt, 1994; Gero, 1996, 2000; Coyne and Subrahmanian, 1993; Boden, 1998; Huang, 2001; Chen, 2001; Manolya et al. 1998; Verstijinen et al., 1998; Lynn, 2001). In addition, there are many applications by combination of conventional and digital media in the sketches conceptual process. However, previous works only discussed that the individual media were related to the design creativity. The cognitive research about the application of conceptual sketches design by integrating both conventional and digital media simultaneously is absent.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	9a0d
authors	Debevec, P.E., Taylor, C.J. and Malik, J.
year	1996
title	Modeling and rendering architecture from photographs: a hybrid geometry- and image-based approach
source	SIGGRAPH'96, New Orleans, Louisiana
summary	We present a new approach for modeling and rendering existing architectural scenes from a sparse set of still photographs. Our modeling approach, which combines both geometry-based and imagebased techniques, has two components. The first component is a photogrammetricmodelingmethodwhich facilitates the recovery of the basic geometry of the photographed scene. Our photogrammetric modeling approach is effective, convenient, and robust because it exploits the constraints that are characteristic of architectural scenes. The second component is a model-based stereo algorithm, which recovers how the real scene deviates from the basic model. By making use of the model, our stereo technique robustly recovers accurate depth from widely-spaced image pairs. Consequently, our approach canmodel large architectural environmentswith far fewer photographs than current image-based modeling approaches. For producing renderings, we present view-dependent texture mapping, a method of compositing multiple views of a scene that better simulates geometric detail on basic models. Our approach can be used to recover models for use in either geometry-based or image-based rendering systems. We present results that demonstrate our approach's ability to create realistic renderings of architectural scenes from viewpoints far from the original photographs.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	4171
authors	Gero, John S. and Maher, Mary Lou
year	1996
title	Current CAAD Research at the Key Centre of Design Computing University of Sydney
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.1996.035
source	CAADRIA ‘96 [Proceedings of The First Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 9627-75-703-9] Hong Kong (Hong Kong) 25-27 April 1996, pp. 35-52
summary	Designing is one of the most significant of human acts. It is one of the bases for change in our society. However, designers are amongst the least recongised for society’s change agents. Surprisingly, given that designing has been occurring for many millennia, our understanding of the processes of designing is remarkably limited. Part of our understanding of designing comes not only from studying human designers as they design but from postulating design methods which describe some aspect of the design process without claiming to model the processes used by human designers. The early approaches to design methods were prescriptive when applied to human designers. More recently, design methods have been formalised not as humano-centred processes but as processes capable of computer implementation. Amongst the goals of these endeavours are to develop a better understanding of the processes of designing, to develop methods which can be computerised and to aid human designers through the introduction of novel methods which have no human counterpart. Much of this research is driven by the fact that human designs are very often incomplete, inadequate or just plainly poorly conceived for the task they are meant to address.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	b04c
authors	Goerger, S., Darken, R., Boyd, M., Gagnon, T., Liles, S., Sullivan, J. and Lawson, J.
year	1996
title	Spatial Knowledge Acquisition from Maps and Virtual Environments in Complex Architectural Space
source	Proc. 16 th Applied Behavioral Sciences Symposium, 22-23 April, U.S. Airforce Academy, Colorado Springs, CO., 1996, 6-10
summary	It has often been suggested that due to its inherent spatial nature, a virtual environment (VE) might be a powerful tool for spatial knowledge acquisition of a real environment, as opposed to the use of maps or some other two-dimensional, symbolic medium. While interesting from a psychological point of view, a study of the use of a VE in lieu of a map seems nonsensical from a practical point of view. Why would the use of a VE preclude the use of a map? The more interesting investigation would be of the value added of the VE when used with a map. If the VE could be shown to substantially improve navigation performance, then there might be a case for its use as a training tool. If not, then we have to assume that maps continue to be the best spatial knowledge acquisition tool available. An experiment was conducted at the Naval Postgraduate School to determine if the use of an interactive, three-dimensional virtual environment would enhance spatial knowledge acquisition of a complex architectural space when used in conjunction with floor plan diagrams. There has been significant interest in this research area of late. Witmer, Bailey, and Knerr (1995) showed that a VE was useful in acquiring route knowledge of a complex building. Route knowledge is defined as the procedural knowledge required to successfully traverse paths between distant locations (Golledge, 1991). Configurational (or survey) knowledge is the highest level of spatial knowledge and represents a map-like internal encoding of the environment (Thorndyke, 1980). The Witmer study could not confirm if configurational knowledge was being acquired. Also, no comparison was made to a map-only condition, which we felt is the most obvious alternative. Comparisons were made only to a real world condition and a symbolic condition where the route is presented verbally.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	ddss2008-02
id	ddss2008-02
authors	Gonçalves Barros, Ana Paula Borba; Valério Augusto Soares de Medeiros, Paulo Cesar Marques da Silva and Frederico de Holanda
year	2008
title	Road hierarchy and speed limits in Brasília/Brazil
source	H.J.P. Timmermans, B. de Vries (eds.) 2008, Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, ISBN 978-90-6814-173-3, University of Technology Eindhoven, published on CD
summary	This paper aims at exploring the theory of the Social Logic of Space or Space Syntax as a strategy to define parameters of road hierarchy and, if this use is found possible, to establish maximum speeds allowed in the transportation system of Brasília, the capital city of Brazil. Space Syntax – a theory developed by Hillier and Hanson (1984) – incorporates the space topological relationships, considering the city shape and its influence in the distribution of movements within the space. The theory’s axiality method – used in this study – analyses the accessibility to the street network relationships, by means of the system’s integration, one of its explicative variables in terms of copresence, or potential co-existence between the through-passing movements of people and vehicles (Hillier, 1996). One of the most used concepts of Space Syntax in the integration, which represents the potential flow generation in the road axes and is the focus of this paper. It is believed there is a strong correlation between urban space-form configuration and the way flows and movements are distributed in the city, considering nodes articulations and the topological location of segments and streets in the grid (Holanda, 2002; Medeiros, 2006). For urban transportation studies, traffic-related problems are often investigated and simulated by assignment models – well-established in traffic studies. Space Syntax, on the other hand, is a tool with few applications in transport (Barros, 2006; Barros et al, 2007), an area where configurational models are considered to present inconsistencies when used in transportation (cf. Cybis et al, 1996). Although this is true in some cases, it should not be generalized. Therefore, in order to simulate and evaluate Space Syntax for the traffic approach, the city of Brasília was used as a case study. The reason for the choice was the fact the capital of Brazil is a masterpiece of modern urban design and presents a unique urban layout based on an axial grid system considering several express and arterial long roads, each one with 3 to 6 lanes,
keywords	Space syntax, road hierarchy
series	DDSS
last changed	2008/09/01 17:06

_id	ddssup9608
id	ddssup9608
authors	Gupta, M.K., Groves M. and Moran, J.D.
year	1996
title	An EMIC approach to design: Methodology for creating supportive environments for young children
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Third Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part two: Urban Planning Proceedings (Spa, Belgium), August 18-21, 1996
summary	The responsibility of the designer is to understand the unique perspective of the users, in order to create functional and efficient environments. The task of creating supportive environments often becomes more difficult when there is discrepancy between the perspective of the designer and that of the user, which is the case when designing spaces for children. The interaction of children with their environment has been identified as the basis of their development Most of the previous research has focused on the perspectives that adults have of spaces for children (etic), rather than an understanding of the child's view as the primary user of the playspace (emic). Children's perceptions are influenced by their physical and cognitive perspectives thus posing a unique challenge for designers. The objective of this study was to learn about the perception and perspective of four-and five-year-olds of their favorite playspaces. The children needed to identify their favorite spaces and also be able to verbalize the activities and meanings associated with these spaces. To avoid adult bias at the onset, the idea of utilizing a Polaroid Captiva camera was formulated, facilitating an extremely short latency period between the child taking the pictures and the opportunity to talk about their favorite playspace. The process was extremely successful, and provides first hand insight into children's perception of their built environment Photographs taken by the young children include many spaces not designed for play. The emerging themes are a source of invaluable information for designers and planners for making informed design decisions and for creating supportive environments.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	f251
authors	Hui-Ping, T., Veeramani, D., Kunigahalli, R. and Russell, J.S.
year	1996
title	OPSALC: A computer-integrated operations planning system for autonomous landfill compaction
source	Automation in Construction 5 (1) (1996) pp. 39-50
summary	Construction workers and operators associated with sanitary waste landfilling operations face significant health risks because of high levels of exposure to harmful solids and gases. Automation of the spreading and compacting processes of a landfilling operation using an autonomous compactor can reduce exposure of workers to the harmful environment, and thereby lead to improved safety of workers. This paper describes a computer-integrated operations planning system that facilitates (1) the design of landfill cells and (2) the generation of area-covering path plans for spreading and compaction processes by the autonomous compactor. The partitioning of a given landfill site into three-dimensional cells is accomplished by a recursive spatial decomposition technique in which the cell sizes are determined using a probabilistic model for waste generation. A recursive sub-division of each cell into monominoes facilitates the system to automatically deal with any differences between the actual amount of waste generated on a particular day and the amount predicted by the probabilistic model. The partitioned configuration of the landfill site is used to generate the path plan for the autonomous compactor using three motion models, namely straight-up, straight-down, and zig-zag. The computer-integrated system is implemented using PHIGS graphics standard and MOTIF toolkit with C-program binding.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	9951
authors	Johnson, R.E. and Clayton, M.J.
year	1998
title	The impact of information technology in design and construction: the owner's perspective
source	Automation in Construction 8 (1) (1998) pp. 3-14
summary	This paper reports on findings of a November 1996 exploratory survey of architecture–engineering clients (Fortune 500 corporate facility managers). This research investigated how the practices of corporate facility managers are being influenced by rapid changes in information technology. The conceptual model that served as a guide for this research hypothesized that information technology acts as both an enabler (that is, information technology provides an effective mechanism for managers to implement desired changes), as well as a source of innovation (that is, new information technology innovations create new facility management opportunities). The underlying assumption of this research is that information technology is evolving from a tool that incrementally improves `back-office' productivity to an essential component of strategic positioning that may alter the basic economics, organizational structure and operational practices of facility management organizations and their interactions with service providers (architects, engineers, and constructors). The paper concludes with a discussion of researchable issues.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	565a
authors	Klos, J., Miller, D. and Wrona, S.
year	1996
title	Role of Information in Architectural Design
source	PWN
summary	Collaborative design is challenging because strong interdependencies between design issues make it difficult to converge on a single design that satisfies these dependencies and is acceptable to all participants. Complex systems research has much to offer to the understanding of these dynamics. This paper describes some insights from the complex systems perspective.
series	other
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

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