Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	sigradi2020_855
id	sigradi2020_855
authors	Salinas Arriagada, Alexis; García Alvarado, Rodrigo; Carrasco Perez, Patricio
year	2020
title	Bio-mimetic design for architecture built by 3D robotic printing
source	SIGraDi 2020 [Proceedings of the 24th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISSN: 2318-6968] Online Conference 18 - 20 November 2020, pp. 855-862
summary	This work presents a parametric development for Architecture by 3D printing, through robotic arms. It addresses a bio-mimetic design approach based on morphological features of animal beings, and develops a spectrum of design possibilities for vertical pieces. The measurements arising from the process extrusion and the possibilities of eccentricity of the manufacturing cord are exposed. As well as variables for design, like the own gravitational restrictions and vertical growth, both in morphological and constructive logic, as a search for relationships closer to the natural world. Suggesting that the new deposition construction systems call for an architecture based on biological principles.
keywords	Architecture, Parametric Design, Bio-mimetic, Robotics, 3D-Printed Construction
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2021/07/16 11:53

_id	b975
authors	Salisbury, M., Anderson, S., Barzel, R. and Salesin, D.
year	1994
title	Interactive pen-and-ink illustration
source	Computer Graphics SIGGRAPH 1994 Proceedings, pages 101-108, July 1994
summary	The goal of interactive pen-and-ink illustration is to be able to generate attractive and effective illustrations as easily as possible. We do this by having the computer perform the tedious work required to generate the many pen strokes in illustrations, while giving the user higher-level control over the darkness and textures used.
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/04/23 15:14

_id	sigradi2011_144
id	sigradi2011_144
authors	Salive Puyana, Maria Clara; Parra Agudelo, Leonardo
year	2011
title	Devenir en la Red: Reflexiones en torno a la experiencia estética hipertextual móvil [Dévenir the Web: Considerations encircling the mobile and hypertextual aesthetic experience]
source	SIGraDi 2011 [Proceedings of the 15th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Argentina - Santa Fe 16-18 November 2011, pp. 313-316
summary	How to stop and look inside the hectic rhythm of a number of stimulus superimposed by modern major cities? Where is the aesthetic experience going when the passer-by wanders the web, and the problems of the voyage and body are to be devised again, within the contemporary society? This paper stems from these and other questions, regarding the transformation of the aesthetic experience by new media, that makes impervious the direct experience of the other, and the city; but at the same time unlocks a democratic identity construction opportunity, through a new perceptive and cognitive space, framed within the possibilities offered by a disembodied voyage.
keywords	Dispositivos móviles; experiencia estética; hipertextualidad; desterritorialización
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:59

_id	ecaade2020_165
id	ecaade2020_165
authors	Salland, Ida Neel, Pajuste, Mihkel and Hansen, Ellen Kathrine
year	2020
title	Sunlight Qualities in Dwellings - A new computational analysis tool
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2020.1.333
source	Werner, L and Koering, D (eds.), Anthropologic: Architecture and Fabrication in the cognitive age - Proceedings of the 38th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany, 16-18 September 2020, pp. 333-342
summary	"Architectural harmony with natural systems - including natural light - is essential to the wellbeing of building occupants" (Shrum, 2017). A preliminary study of existing daylight recommendations in standards and sustainability certificates, applied in Denmark, revealed a neglectance of the importance of receiving direct sunlight in dwellings. The qualities of sunlight were defined through a modest qualitative analysis, resulting in five parameters: Sunlight Hours, Winter Sun, Morning Sun, Golden Hours and Magic Moments. These were defined as specific time periods supported by research on the visual and non-visual effects on well-being. The parameters were subsequently translated into a parametric analysis tool, using design application Rhinoceros 3D and elaborating on a new usage of the design software Ladybug Tools. This analysis tool is predicted to be of high use to identify problematic apartments in the architectural design phase, to compare different design proposals and to meet the individual needs of new occupants.
keywords	Nordic daylighting; sunlight in dwellings; sunlight qualities; parametric design; daylight design
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	ecaadesigradi2019_530
id	ecaadesigradi2019_530
authors	Salsi, Matteo and Erioli, Alessio
year	2019
title	Foam Making Sense - behavioral additive deposition and stigmergic agency for integrated surface tectonics
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2019.2.531
source	Sousa, JP, Xavier, JP and Castro Henriques, G (eds.), Architecture in the Age of the 4th Industrial Revolution - Proceedings of the 37th eCAADe and 23rd SIGraDi Conference - Volume 2, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, 11-13 September 2019, pp. 531-540
summary	This thesis research deals with the architectural project from an interdisciplinary point of view, integrating biomimetics, additive fabrication, computer vision, and robotics. The work focuses on the feedback interaction loop among robotic additive fabrication, a stigmergic agent-based system and the self-organizing properties of the material. The aim is to explore the morphological, constructive and expressive potentials generated by the mutual influence of computational design, construction behavioral rules, and physical material behavior (whose complexity exceeds current simulation capacity).The proposed approach leads to the creation of surface-based tectonics, enhanced with a fiberglass-coated dendritic ridge formation that integrates functional, ornamental and structural performances. The process can be extended to larger architectural scales with the creation of bespoke EPS molds via robotic hot wire cutting; the presented case study leverages the aforementioned process on ruled surfaces for the generation of translucent delimiters, used to create heterogeneous spatial organization.
keywords	behavioral fabrication; stigmergy; agent-based system; robotic hot-wire-cutting; additive fabrication; sensors
series	eCAADeSIGraDi
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	ecaade2024_278
id	ecaade2024_278
authors	Salzberger, Max; Scheeder, Tobias; Waters, Jan Jurek; Hemmerling, Marco
year	2024
title	Timber Joinery Database - Documenting and designing traditional and contemporary wood-wood connections in a teaching environment utilizing an online OER platform
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2024.2.713
source	Kontovourkis, O, Phocas, MC and Wurzer, G (eds.), Data-Driven Intelligence - Proceedings of the 42nd Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2024), Nicosia, 11-13 September 2024, Volume 2, pp. 713–722
summary	The rapid advancements in technology call for a new approach to disseminating knowledge, emphasizing inclusivity, open accessibility, and collaborative intelligence. This shift towards an inclusive, open-source community facilitates global online connections that enhance the exchange of techniques and knowledge, further enabled by digital planning tools integrating design and execution seamlessly. Such advancements have revived interest in timber joints, combining traditional craftsmanship with digital design and manufacturing innovations. The Timber Joinery Database was established to preserve and expand this heritage by creating an open-source online platform for documenting both traditional and innovative timber joints. The development of the database included the structuring, design and technical conception as well as the integration of the first entries for evaluation. This work allows for the continuous implementation of joint analyses, developments and physical models production, bridging traditional craftsmanship with modern manufacturing methods. As the database evolves, it is enriched with more parameters and a parametric framework to cater to user-specific customization needs, ensuring the project's relevance and application in current and future timber joinery practices. This initiative represents a blend of tradition and innovation, leveraging digital tools and open-source principles to advance the field of timber joinery
keywords	OER-resources, wood-wood connections, digital design and manufacturing
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2024/11/17 22:05

_id	ca2e
authors	Samareh, Behnam and Terzidis, Kostas
year	2002
title	Extreme Spatial Experience: Altering the Perception of Space
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2002.137
source	Thresholds - Design, Research, Education and Practice, in the Space Between the Physical and the Virtual [Proceedings of the 2002 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-11-X] Pomona (California) 24-27 October 2002, pp. 137-144
summary	This paper focuses on the development of a method for promoting alternative perceptions ofarchitectural space by exploring different ways of introducing computers in the space/occupant dynamic.
series	ACADIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	cdrf2023_395
id	cdrf2023_395
authors	Samim Mehdizadeh, Oliver Tessmann
year	2023
title	Animate Concrete: Materialization of Concrete Element Kinetic Assemblies
doi	https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-8405-3_33
source	Proceedings of the 2023 DigitalFUTURES The 5st International Conference on Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication (CDRF 2023)
summary	Animate Concrete informs building elements for motion and future reuse. This paper gives technical insight into strategies to reconfigure building systems with lightweight and movable concrete elements. Animate Concrete asks, what if architecture becomes an ever-changing system built with lightweight but heavy-looking elements that can move, assemble and disassemble through a gentle human touch? This vision allows for a versatile space, adaptation, and reconfigurability. Animate Concrete furthermore seeks to provide novel strategies to minimize material consumption for building elements by rotoforming thereby significantly reducing the weight of robotically precast concrete elements.
series	cdrf
email
last changed	2024/05/29 14:04

_id	caadria2019_171
id	caadria2019_171
authors	Sammer, Maria, LeitÃ£o, AntÃ³nio and Caetano, InÃªs
year	2019
title	From Visual Input to Visual Output in Textual Programming
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2019.1.645
source	M. Haeusler, M. A. Schnabel, T. Fukuda (eds.), Intelligent & Informed - Proceedings of the 24th CAADRIA Conference - Volume 1, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand, 15-18 April 2019, pp. 645-654
summary	Algorithmic Design is an approach that uses algorithms to generate designs. These algorithms are built using either a Visual Programming Language (VPL) or a Textual Programming Language (TPL). In architecture, there is a clear propensity to the use of VPLs, e.g., Grasshopper or Dynamo, over the use of TPLs, e.g., Python or AutoLisp. In addition to all the user-friendly and interactive features that make VPLs more appealing to architects, most of them already integrate components for textual programming. In contrast, TPLs have not been as successful in incorporating visual features. Given the user-friendliness of VPLs and the relevance of TPLs for large-scale and complex designs, we discuss Visual Input Mechanisms (VIMs) in the context of TPLs. In this paper, we extend previous research in this area by exploring and implementing the most valuable VIMs in a TPL adapted for architectural design.
keywords	Algorithmic Design; Metaprogramming; Textual Programming Languages; Visual Input Mechanisms
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	sigradi2003_130
id	sigradi2003_130
authors	Sampaio Nardelli, Eduardo
year	2003
title	Exclusão digital: o desafio da cidadania na era da tecnologia da informação (Digital exclusion: the challenge of the citizenship in the information technology era)
source	SIGraDi 2003 - [Proceedings of the 7th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Rosario Argentina 5-7 november 2003
summary	Digital exclusion is the technical name for the abyss which separates people who have access to IT Information Technology resources from the others who don't have this access. A strong reality in taking-off countries, as Brazil is, which exists in parallel of the social exclusion. This work explains about the scenery of this reality and the attempts to solve this problem and, reflecting about the result of past policies against poorness and starvation in Brazil, finishes talking about the special role that must be played by the basic schools in order to eradicate the digital exclusion in the country.
keywords	Information Technology, citizenship, social, computing, education
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:59

_id	5bc1
authors	Sampaio Nardelli, Eduardo
year	2000
title	O Uso do Computador como Ferramenta de Ensino de Projeto de Arquitetura (The Use of Computers as a Tool for Architectural Design Teaching)
source	SIGraDi’2000 - Construindo (n)o espacio digital (constructing the digital Space) [4th SIGRADI Conference Proceedings / ISBN 85-88027-02-X] Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) 25-28 september 2000, pp. 355-357
summary	The focus of this research is to demonstrate the possibilities of the use of computers on teaching Architectural Project. As faculty member at Mackenzie University we relate our experience, where we utilized scale models for the development of proposals, where it was assumed that the media used for expression of the concepts proposed by students interferes on the final result. Facing this assumption, we imagine that a Bricolage Studio could strongly improve the design classes. Considering the operational difficulties of this idea, we suggest that computer could be an alternative if used in the conceptual stage. So, we would have a Digital Bricolage Studio, where students could experience different visualization and simulation resources which stimulate their creative processes. We tried this experience with students of Faculdade de Belas Artes de S.Paulo and concluded that computer resources are also a way to understand and interpretate the spirit of our time.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:59

_id	sigradi2007_af105
id	sigradi2007_af105
authors	Sampaio Nardelli, Eduardo
year	2007
title	Blobies Buildings and Matias representation [“Blobies Buildings” e a Representação do Matias]
source	SIGraDi 2007 - [Proceedings of the 11th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] México D.F. - México 23-25 October 2007, pp. 428-431
summary	This paper covers an emerging trend in the current architecture practice, so called “Digital Design”, based on a new methodology with an unique theoretical framework, supported by new technologies and able to produce a new class of objects with a high level of complexity asking if this new trend is a legitimate manifestation of the “zeitgeist” able to face other demands which can also be defined as part of the spirit of that age like social exclusion, environmental problems, etc, specially connected with the reality of taking off countries like Brazil, or if it is not more than a sort of transitory fashion of a spectacular architecture.
keywords	Architecture; design; digital technology; theory; education
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:59

_id	ecaade2011_009
id	ecaade2011_009
authors	Sampaio, Alcínia Z.; Gomes, Ana R.; Gomes, Augusto M.
year	2011
title	Maintenance and Inspection of Façades of Building Supported on Virtual Reality Technology
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2011.332
source	RESPECTING FRAGILE PLACES [29th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-9-4912070-1-3], University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Architecture (Slovenia) 21-24 September 2011, pp.332-338
summary	A Virtual Reality model was created in order to help in the maintenance of exterior closures of walls in a building. It allows the visual and interactive transmission of information related to the physical behavior of the elements, defined as a function of the time variable. To this end, the basic knowledge of material most often used in façades, anomaly surveillance, techniques of rehabilitation, and inspection planning were studied. This information was included in a data base that supports the periodic inspection needed in a program of preventive maintenance. The results are obtained interactively and visualized in the virtual environment itself. This work brings an innovative contribution to the field of maintenance supported by emergent technology.
wos	WOS:000335665500038
keywords	Virtual Reality; Maintenance; Interaction human-machine
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/05/01 23:21

_id	sigradi2010_403
id	sigradi2010_403
authors	Sampaio, Nardelli Eduardo
year	2010
title	Tecnologia digital avançada na produção de Habitações de Interesse Social_HIS no Brasil [Advanced digital technology in the production of low - income housing in Brazil]
source	SIGraDi 2010_Proceedings of the 14th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, pp. Bogotá, Colombia, November 17-19, 2010, pp. 403-406
summary	This paper presents a framework of digital technology applied to AEC in view of the need to reposition the use of this technology throughout the production chain of the construction industry in Brazil in order to reach the objectives defined by the program of the Brazilian housing construction called “My Home, My Life”.
keywords	housing; digital technology; digital design; BIM; generative architecture
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:59

_id	sigradi2005_350
id	sigradi2005_350
authors	San Martín, Patricia; Sergio Bertozzi
year	2005
title	“Otra Andria” e-learning environment for the architectural designing workshop
source	SIGraDi 2005 - [Proceedings of the 9th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Lima - Peru 21-24 november 2005, vol. 1, pp. 350-354
summary	This work describes results obtained from a test over an experimental prototype “Otra Andria” (OA1) designed by the investigation team of “Obra Abierta: Over the construction of an investigating and learning system in virtual environments”. OA1 is a basic tool. It show us: three simultaneous screens with editing tool bars, an integrated chat for publication and discussion, images and texts, all this in synchronized time. Tools are simultaneously accessible from all boards by the teacher, the students or between pupils. There is a web log, a personal web, and an activities’ organization space for the professors. This experience was helpful to understand the actual needs for virtual environment applications as well as e-learning problems in such cases where the know-how is not available to every attendant to the course. That means we must begin working on hyper-medial language diffusion among all teachers who want to use the ICT in all its actual potentiality. [Full paper in Spanish]
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:59

_id	acadia03_055
id	acadia03_055
authors	Sanabria, Sergio and Puranandi, Murali (et al.)
year	2003
title	The Tower of Babel a transformation of vladimir tatlin’s monument to thethird international as a new headquarters for the united
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2003.x.h2r
source	Connecting >> Crossroads of Digital Discourse [Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture / ISBN 1-880250-12-8] Indianapolis (Indiana) 24-27 October 2003, p. 427
summary	This studio, subsidized by a grant from the Havighurst Center for RussianStudies, focused on a collective investigation of a visionary early sovietproject of 1918-20 by Vladimir Tatlin for a Monument to the ThirdInternational. The twelve students in this studio decided to use Tatlin’sproject as a starting point for a new and greatly expanded headquartersfor the United Nations, to be sited on the Upper Bay of New York City–as aclimactic intermediate between the Varrazano Narrows bridge, the Statueof Liberty, and the profi le of Lower Manhattan. The political aspirationsmetaphorically embodied in this monument seemed appropriate to thelofty goals of the United Nations.
series	ACADIA
last changed	2022/06/07 07:49

_id	caadria2020_313
id	caadria2020_313
authors	Sanatani, Rohit Priyadarshi
year	2020
title	A Machine-Learning driven Design Assistance Framework for the Affective Analysis of Spatial Enclosures
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2020.1.741
source	D. Holzer, W. Nakapan, A. Globa, I. Koh (eds.), RE: Anthropocene, Design in the Age of Humans - Proceedings of the 25th CAADRIA Conference - Volume 1, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 5-6 August 2020, pp. 741-750
summary	There is a growing research direction that adopts an empirical approach to affective response in space, and aims at generating bodies of quantitative data regarding the correlations between spatial features and emotional states. This paper demonstrates a machine-learning driven computational framework that draws upon training data sets to predict the 'affective impact' of designed enclosures. For demonstration, it has been scripted as a Rhinoceros + Grasshopper based design tool that uses existing training data collected by the author. The data comprises of the spatial parameters of Enclosure Volume (V), Length/Width ratio (P) and Window Area/Total Internal Surface Area ratio (D) - and the corresponding emotional parameters of Valence and Arousal. The test values of these parameters are computed by defining the components of the test enclosure (walls, windows, floors and ceilings) in the script. Nonlinear regression components are run on the training datasets and the test input data is used to compute and display the real time predicted affective state on the circumplex model of affect.
keywords	Affective Analysis; Affective Computing; Design Assistance; Machine Learning; Spatial Enclosures
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:56

_id	ecaade2022_264
id	ecaade2022_264
authors	Sanatani, Rohit Priyadarshi
year	2022
title	Democratizing Urban Data - A smartphone-based framework for rapid cataloging of geolocated street-level imagery and visual content analysis
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2022.1.511
source	Pak, B, Wurzer, G and Stouffs, R (eds.), Co-creating the Future: Inclusion in and through Design - Proceedings of the 40th Conference on Education and Research in Computer Aided Architectural Design in Europe (eCAADe 2022) - Volume 1, Ghent, 13-16 September 2022, pp. 511–516
summary	The commercial availability of high-resolution street view imagery, most notably Google Street View, has led to its widespread use in urban analytics research over the past couple of years. Recent developments in computer vision, most notably semantic segmentation and object detection, have made it possible to extract and map the visual features of streetscapes (such as buildings, automobiles, green cover, pedestrians etc.) using geo-located street level photographs. However, the absence of such detailed imagery in many parts of the world stands as a significant deterrent to these research methodologies. A majority of countries in Africa, the Middle East, as well as some parts of Asia currently have limited coverage by street view image providers. The cost component and equipment involved in manual data collection stands as a barrier to accessible urban visual data. This paper demonstrates a quick and inexpensive smartphone-based framework for rapid and inexpensive collection and cataloging of geolocated street-level imagery. The user walks/drives down the streets to be mapped with a smartphone, as a first-person egocentric hyper-lapse video is recorded with a fixed frame interval, along with location information for the path taken. The video frames are then automatically extracted, geo-referenced and stored in a readily retrievable format. This data can then easily be used for urban feature extraction through computer vision workflows. For demonstration, imagery has been cataloged for a ~1.5 sq.km urban area in New Delhi, and then processed through a semantic segmentation workflow for visual feature mapping. It is hoped that this framework plays a role in democratizing access to street level data for students and researchers regardless of national boundaries.
keywords	Street View Imagery, Democratizing Data, Hyperlapse Photography, Smartphone, Urban Analytics
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2024/04/22 07:10

_id	sigradi2022_253
id	sigradi2022_253
authors	Sanatani, Rohit Priyadarshi; Nagakura, Takehiko; Tsai, Daniel
year	2022
title	The Tourist’s Image of the City: A comparative analysis of visual features and textual themes of interest across three metropolises
source	Herrera, PC, Dreifuss-Serrano, C, Gómez, P, Arris-Calderon, LF, Critical Appropriations - Proceedings of the XXVI Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2022), Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, 7-11 November 2022 , pp. 89–100
summary	Tourist attractions play a major role in shaping ‘mental images’ of cities. The growing availability of urban big-data in recent years has opened up novel lines of inquiry into the nuances of urban imageability and sentiment. Drawing upon crowdsourced hybrid data in the form of both textual descriptions as well as photographs for 750 tourist attractions across Boston, Singapore and Sydney, this work compares the predominant themes of discussion and visual features of interest that shape tourist sentiment towards these cities. The study collects over 3500 user reviews and uses Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) for the extraction of high-level topics of discussion. Object detection is also run on over 6000 photographs, and unsupervised clustering is carried out on extracted features to identify clusters of visual elements which capture tourist attention. The findings reinforce the popular identity of Boston as a city steeped in history, while strong perceptions of nature and greenery emerge from Singapore. Tourist interest in Sydney is dominated by specific anchors such as the Sydney Harbor Bridge.
keywords	Data Analytics, Urban Tourism, Topic Modeling, Sentiment Analysis, Unsupervised Clustering, Big Data
series	SIGraDi
email
last changed	2023/05/16 16:55

_id	sigradi2011_140
id	sigradi2011_140
authors	Sanchez Cavazos, Maria E.; Sifuentes Solis, Marco A.
year	2011
title	Percepción y Manipulación del Espacio en Proyectos Arquitectónicos dentro de una Sociedad Compleja [Perception and Manipulation of the Space in Architectonic Projects within a Complex Society]
source	SIGraDi 2011 [Proceedings of the 15th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Argentina - Santa Fe 16-18 November 2011, pp. 223-226
summary	This research consisted on determining, analyzing and evaluating the factors that impact the ability to perceive and manipulate the architectonic space with the use of digital tools for Architectonic Design Workshop students at the U.A.A. The purpose of the research was to validate the model (MUHDyA) (CP+CM) (Sánchez, 2010), which presents a proposal about the use of digital and analogical tools in the acquisition of perceptive and manipulative skills (specific architectonic skill indicated by Tuning Latin America); considering that, the formation by skills is the answer of the architecture schools towards a complex society. Palabras calve
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:59

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