CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id e336
authors Achten, H., Roelen, W., Boekholt, J.-Th., Turksma, A. and Jessurun, J.
year 1999
title Virtual Reality in the Design Studio: The Eindhoven Perspective
source Architectural Computing from Turing to 2000 [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-5-7] Liverpool (UK) 15-17 September 1999, pp. 169-177
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1999.169
summary Since 1991 Virtual Reality has been used in student projects in the Building Information Technology group. It started as an experimental tool to assess the impact of VR technology in design, using the environment of the associated Calibre Institute. The technology was further developed in Calibre to become an important presentation tool for assessing design variants and final design solutions. However, it was only sporadically used in student projects. A major shift occurred in 1997 with a number of student projects in which various computer technologies including VR were used in the whole of the design process. In 1998, the new Design Systems group started a design studio with the explicit aim to integrate VR in the whole design process. The teaching effort was combined with the research program that investigates VR as a design support environment. This has lead to increasing number of innovative student projects. The paper describes the context and history of VR in Eindhoven and presents the current set-UP of the studio. It discusses the impact of the technology on the design process and outlines pedagogical issues in the studio work.
keywords Virtual Reality, Design Studio, Student Projects
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id 75a8
authors Achten, Henri H.
year 1997
title Generic representations : an approach for modelling procedural and declarative knowledge of building types in architectural design
source Eindhoven University of Technology
summary The building type is a knowledge structure that is recognised as an important element in the architectural design process. For an architect, the type provides information about norms, layout, appearance, etc. of the kind of building that is being designed. Questions that seem unresolved about (computational) approaches to building types are the relationship between the many kinds of instances that are generally recognised as belonging to a particular building type, the way a type can deal with varying briefs (or with mixed use), and how a type can accommodate different sites. Approaches that aim to model building types as data structures of interrelated variables (so-called ‘prototypes’) face problems clarifying these questions. The research work at hand proposes to investigate the role of knowledge associated with building types in the design process. Knowledge of the building type must be represented during the design process. Therefore, it is necessary to find a representation which supports design decisions, supports the changes and transformations of the design during the design process, encompasses knowledge of the design task, and which relates to the way architects design. It is proposed in the research work that graphic representations can be used as a medium to encode knowledge of the building type. This is possible if they consistently encode the things they represent; if their knowledge content can be derived, and if they are versatile enough to support a design process of a building belonging to a type. A graphic representation consists of graphic entities such as vertices, lines, planes, shapes, symbols, etc. Establishing a graphic representation implies making design decisions with respect to these entities. Therefore it is necessary to identify the elements of the graphic representation that play a role in decision making. An approach based on the concept of ‘graphic units’ is developed. A graphic unit is a particular set of graphic entities that has some constant meaning. Examples are: zone, circulation scheme, axial system, and contour. Each graphic unit implies a particular kind of design decision (e.g. functional areas, system of circulation, spatial organisation, and layout of the building). By differentiating between appearance and meaning, it is possible to define the graphic unit relatively shape-independent. If a number of graphic representations have the same graphic units, they deal with the same kind of design decisions. Graphic representations that have such a specifically defined knowledge content are called ‘generic representations.’ An analysis of over 220 graphic representations in the literature on architecture results in 24 graphic units and 50 generic representations. For each generic representation the design decisions are identified. These decisions are informed by the nature of the design task at hand. If the design task is a building belonging to a building type, then knowledge of the building type is required. In a single generic representation knowledge of norms, rules, and principles associated with the building type are used. Therefore, a single generic representation encodes declarative knowledge of the building type. A sequence of generic representations encodes a series of design decisions which are informed by the design task. If the design task is a building type, then procedural knowledge of the building type is used. By means of the graphic unit and generic representation, it is possible to identify a number of relations that determine sequences of generic representations. These relations are: additional graphic units, themes of generic representations, and successive graphic units. Additional graphic units defines subsequent generic representations by adding a new graphic unit. Themes of generic representations defines groups of generic representations that deal with the same kind of design decisions. Successive graphic units defines preconditions for subsequent or previous generic representations. On the basis of themes it is possible to define six general sequences of generic representations. On the basis of additional and successive graphic units it is possible to define sequences of generic representations in themes. On the basis of these sequences, one particular sequence of 23 generic representations is defined. The particular sequence of generic representations structures the decision process of a building type. In order to test this assertion, the particular sequence is applied to the office building type. For each generic representation, it is possible to establish a graphic representation that follows the definition of the graphic units and to apply the required statements from the office building knowledge base. The application results in a sequence of graphic representations that particularises an office building design. Implementation of seven generic representations in a computer aided design system demonstrates the use of generic representations for design support. The set is large enough to provide additional weight to the conclusion that generic representations map declarative and procedural knowledge of the building type.
series thesis:PhD
email
more http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/9703788.pdf
last changed 2003/11/21 15:15

_id eea1
authors Achten, Henri
year 1997
title Generic Representations - Typical Design without the Use of Types
source CAAD Futures 1997 [Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-7923-4726-9] München (Germany), 4-6 August 1997, pp. 117-133
summary The building type is a (knowledge) structure that is both recognised as a constitutive cognitive element of human thought and as a constitutive computational element in CAAD systems. Questions that seem unresolved up to now about computational approaches to building types are the relationship between the various instances that are generally recognised as belonging to a particular building type, the way a type can deal with varying briefs (or with mixed functional use), and how a type can accommodate different sites. Approaches that aim to model building types as data structures of interrelated variables (so-called 'prototypes') face problems clarifying these questions. It is proposed in this research not to focus on a definition of 'type,' but rather to investigate the role of knowledge connected to building types in the design process. The basic proposition is that the graphic representations used to represent the state of the design object throughout the design process can be used as a medium to encode knowledge of the building type. This proposition claims that graphic representations consistently encode the things they represent, that it is possible to derive the knowledge content of graphic representations, and that there is enough diversity within graphic representations to support a design process of a building belonging to a type. In order to substantiate these claims, it is necessary to analyse graphic representations. In the research work, an approach based on the notion of 'graphic units' is developed. The graphic unit is defined and the analysis of graphic representations on the basis of the graphic unit is demonstrated. This analysis brings forward the knowledge content of single graphic representations. Such knowledge content is declarative knowledge. The graphic unit also provides the means to articulate the transition from one graphic representation to another graphic representation. Such transitions encode procedural knowledge. The principles of a sequence of generic representations are discussed and it is demonstrated how a particular type - the office building type - is implemented in the theoretical work. Computational work on implementation part of a sequence of generic representations of the office building type is discussed. The paper ends with a summary and future work.
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2003/11/21 15:15

_id 2dc0
authors Arkin, H. and Paciuk, M.
year 1997
title Evaluating intelligent buildings according to level of service systems integration
source Automation in Construction 6 (5-6) (1997) pp. 471-479
summary The intelligent building is supposed to provide the environment and means for an optimal utilization of the building, according to its designation. This extended function of a building can be achieved only by means of an extensive use of building service systems, such as HVAC; electric power; communication; safety and security; transportation; sanitation, etc. Building intelligence is not related to the sophistication of service systems in a building, but rather to the integration among the various service systems, and between the systems and the building structure. Systems' integration can be accomplished through teamwork planning of the building, starting at the initial design stages of the building. This paper examines some existing buildings claimed to be "intelligent", according to their level of systems' integration.
series journal paper
more http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed 2003/05/15 21:22

_id d97a
authors Arkin, H.
year 1997
title Introduction
source Automation in Construction 6 (5-6) (1997) pp. 379-380
summary The term ‚Intelligenz Vuilding‘ is not any longer a mere slogan used by smart salesmen of commercial and / or office buildings. During recent years it has come to describe a broad engineering concept for building design, construcions and operation, the realization of which challenges architects and engineers involved in the various aspects of building industry. The concept empasizes a multidisciplinary effort to integrate and potimize the building strctures, systems , services and management in order to create a productive and responsive environment for teh building occupant, in a cost-effective manner.
series journal paper
more http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed 2003/05/15 21:22

_id ce11
authors Bradford, J., Wong, W.S. and Tang, H.F.
year 1997
title Bridging Virtual Reality to Internet for Architecture
source Challenges of the Future [15th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-3-0] Vienna (Austria) 17-20 September 1997
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1997.x.m9r
summary This paper presents a virtual reality interface tool which allows a user to perform the following action :

1.Import design from other CAD tools.

2.Assemble an architecture structure from a library of pre-built blocks and geometry primitives dynamically created by user.

3.Export the design interactively in VRML format back to the library for Internet browsing.

The geometry primitives include polygon, sphere, cone, cylinder and cube. The pre-built blocks consist of fundamental architecture models which have been categorized with architectural related style, physical properties and environmental attributes. Upon a user’s request, the tool or the composer, has the ability to communicate with the library which indeed is a back-end distributed client-server database engine. The user may specify any combination of properties and attributes in the composer which will instantly bring up all matching 3-dimensional objects through the database engine. The database is designed in relational model and comes from the work of another research group.

keywords Virtual Reality, Architecture Models, Relational Database, Client-Server
series eCAADe
email
more http://info.tuwien.ac.at/ecaade/proc/bradford/bradford.htm
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id c5a0
authors Bradford, J., Wong, W.S., Tang, A.H.F. and Yeung, C.S.K.
year 1997
title A Virtual Reality Building Block Composer for Architecture
source CAADRIA ‘97 [Proceedings of the Second Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 957-575-057-8] Taiwan 17-19 April 1997, pp. 51-59
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.1997.051
summary Design is a complex and time consuming process. One way to simplify the design process is to use pre-build blocks for commonly known parts instead of creating them again with CAD. To give the designer an immediate 3D view of the design, designing in virtual reality is a good choice. This paper presents a virtual reality interface tool which allows a user to assemble an architecture structure from a library of pre-built blocks. The library is a distributed client-server database.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:54

_id 0024
authors Breen, J. and Dijk, T. van
year 1997
title Modelling for eye level composition; design media experiments in an educational setting.
source Architectural and Urban Simulation Techniques in Research and Education [Proceedings of the 3rd European Architectural Endoscopy Association Conference / ISBN 90-407-1669-2]
summary In order to simulate the visual effects of designs at eye level, it is necessary to construct models from which (sequences of) images can be taken. This holds true for both Optical Endoscopy and Computer Aided Visualisation techniques. In what ways can an eye level approach stimulate spatial awareness and create insights into the workings of a design concept? Can Endoscopic methods be used effectively as a creative environment for design decision-making and teamwork and even to stimulate the generation of new design ideas? How should modelmaking be considered if it is to be of use in an ‘impatient’ design process, and how can students be made aware of the opportunities of both direct eye level observations from design models and of the more sophisticated endoscopic imaging techniques? This paper explores the theme of eye level modelling by focusing on a number of formal exercises and educational experiments carried out by the Delft Media group in recent years. An attempt is made to describe and evaluate these experiences, in order to draw conclusions and to signal possible new opportunities for eye level composition for the benefit of both design education and practice...
keywords Architectural Endoscopy, Endoscopy, Simulation, Visualisation, Visualization, Real Environments
series EAEA
email
more http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/media/eaea/eaea97.html
last changed 2005/09/09 10:43

_id a4ae
authors Breen, J.L.H. and Stellingwerff, M.C.
year 1997
title IMAGING IMAGINATION WORKSHOP
source Architectural and Urban Simulation Techniques in Research and Education [Proceedings of the 3rd European Architectural Endoscopy Association Conference / ISBN 90-407-1669-2]
summary The workshop Imaging Imagination attempted to bring experts from different institutes together within the framework of a creative exercise, which might stimulate comparison of different results and lead to an exchange of ideas. Results: 7 endoscope presentations and 7 computer presentations, result of the Questionnaire, a Discussion and Conclusions. Presented in the conference proceedings and on website: http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/media/eaea/imim/index.html
keywords Architectural Endoscopy, Endoscopy, Simulation, Visualisation, Visualization, Real Environments
series EAEA
type normal paper
email
more http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/media/eaea/imim/index.html
last changed 2005/09/09 10:43

_id a8b4
authors Bridges, A.H.
year 1997
title Implications of the Internet for the construction industry
source Automation in Construction 6 (1) (1997) pp. 45-49
summary This paper is an adaptation of a section of the Building IT 2005 multimedia CD-ROM (Building IT 2005, Construction IT Forum, Cambridge, 1995). The paper discusses the implications of network technology for the construction industry. Introductory material about the Internet (and links to interesting resources) is included in the publication cited and a much more extensive guide is available in A.H. Bridges, The Construction Net, E. & FN Spon, London 1996.
series journal paper
more http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed 2003/05/15 21:22

_id a1cc
authors Bridges, Alan H.
year 1997
title Building Systems Integration and the Implications for CAD Education
source Challenges of the Future [15th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-3-0] Vienna (Austria) 17-20 September 1997
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1997.x.g6p
summary The author has been a member of two important U.K. reviews of construction computing (references [1] and [2]). The paper draws on these reports, other U.K. Government Reports and theoretical work on collaborative design undertaken at the University of Strathclyde to present an evaluation of Information Technology use in practice and its implications for education.
keywords Use of computers in British architectural practice, The implications of information technology on the structure and working methods of the UK building industry, Implications for CAD education
series eCAADe
email
more http://info.tuwien.ac.at/ecaade/proc/bridges/bridges.htm
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id e292
authors Charitos, D. and Bridges, A.H.
year 1997
title On Architectural Design of Virtual Environments
source Design Studies, Vol.18, No. 2, 143-154
summary This paper considers the domains of architectural design and film theory for the purpose of informing the design of virtual environments (VEs). It is suggested that these domains may form a background for the consideration of possible metaphors for the design of VEs. Firstly, the paper investigates the relation between architecture and virtual reality technology, through the nature of drawings and virtual environments as means of representing three-dimensional spaces. Then, differences between VEs and physical environments (PEs) are identified for the purpose of understanding the intrinsic nature of VEs, by comparing them to our familiar everyday spatial experience. This step is considered essential in helping us understand how we might be able to develop an architectural conception of designing spaces, in the context of VEs. The paper then presents two directions towards informing VE design by means of theoretical and practical architectural design knowledge. Finally, the use of film-related studies is considered as a means of enhancing our conception of time and movement in VEs.
series journal paper
email
last changed 2003/04/23 15:50

_id 8030
authors Cheng, F.
year 1997
title Visual simulation techniques on environmental cognition systems.
source Architectural and Urban Simulation Techniques in Research and Education [Proceedings of the 3rd European Architectural Endoscopy Association Conference / ISBN 90-407-1669-2]
summary Findings of the simulation experiments using simple (inexpensive) simulation set-ups which were conducted by students of the fourth semester studying the course furniture design. They worked on two different examples with an emphasis on communication and orientation systems. Research findings of lightsimulation experiments at the SI with the emphasis on the miniaturization of simulation objects and optimisation of procedures.
keywords Architectural Endoscopy, Endoscopy, Simulation, Visualisation, Visualization, Real Environments
series EAEA
email
more http://www.bk.tudelft.nl/media/eaea/eaea97.html
last changed 2005/09/09 10:43

_id d869
authors Chu, C.-C., Dani, T.H. and Gadh, R.
year 1997
title Multi-sensory user interface for a virtual-reality-based computer-aided design system
source Computer-Aided Design, Vol. 29 (10) (1997) pp. 709-725
summary The generation of geometric shapes called `geometric concept designs' via the multi-sensory user interface of a virtual reality (VR) based system motivates the currentresearch. In this new VR-based system, geometric designs can be more effectively inputted into the computer in a physically intuitive way. The interaction mechanism issimilar to the way in which industrial designers sit and discuss concept design shapes across a table from each other, prior to making a final decision about the productdetails. By using different sensory modalities, such as voice, hand motions and gestures, product designers can convey design ideas through the VR-basedcomputer-aided design (CAD) system. In this scenario, the multi-sensory interface between human and computer plays a central role with respect to usability, usefulnessand accuracy. The current paper focuses on determining the requirements for the multi-sensory user interface and assessing the applications of different input and outputmechanisms in the virtual environment (VE). In order to evaluate this multi-sensory user interface, this paper formulates the typical activities in product shape design intoa set of requirements for the VR-CAD system. On the basis of these requirements, we interviewed typical CAD users about the effectiveness of using different sensoryinput and output interaction mechanisms such as visual, auditory and tactile. According to the results of these investigations, a nodal network of design activity thatdefines the multi-sensory user interface of the VR-CAD system is determined in the current research. The VR-CAD system is still being developed. However, voicecommand input, hand motion input, three-dimensional visual output and auditory output have been successfully integrated into the current system. Moreover, severalmechanical parts have been successfully created through the VR interface. Once designers use the VR-CAD system that we are currently developing, the interfacerequirements determined in the current paper may be verified or refined. The objectives of the current research are to expand the frontiers of product design and establisha new paradigm for the VR-based conceptual shape design system.
keywords Virtual Reality, Multi-Sensory User Interface, Conceptual Shape Design, Sensory Interaction Mechanism
series journal paper
last changed 2003/05/15 21:33

_id fa1d
authors Colley, Tim
year 1997
title Visualizing Information: Internet Guidelines for Distributing Architectural Research
source Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
summary A web site was designed and constructed for the Research + Demonstration Facility (RDF) as a masters thesis project to help educators teach future architects more interactively by using the dynamic medium of the Internet. Students and faculty will learn about evolving architectural research and technology as well as potential consequences of design decisions. Educators will be able to conduct online research, or tele-experiments, in the classroom thus allowing students to learn, in near real-time, the outcome or progress of research on and off campus. This project presents some of the possibilities of how the Internet can enhance re-search information delivery to students and faculty of architecture.
keywords Architectural Research; Internet Guidelines; Web Site Documentation
series thesis:MSc
email
more http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-92397-115337/
last changed 2004/06/02 19:12

_id 123c
authors Coomans, M.K.D. and Timmermans, H.J.P.
year 1997
title Towards a Taxonomy of Virtual Reality User Interfaces
source Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Visualisation (IV97), pp. 17-29
summary Virtual reality based user interfaces (VRUIs) are expected to bring about a revolution in computing. VR can potentially communicate large amounts of data in an easily understandable format. VR looks very promising, but it is still a very new interface technology for which very little application oriented knowledge is available. As a basis for such a future VRUI design theory, a taxonomy of VRUIs is required. A general model of human computer communication is formulated. This model constitutes a frame for the integration of partial taxonomies of human computer interaction that are found in the literature. The whole model constitutes a general user interface taxonomy. The field of VRUIs is described and delimited with respect to this taxonomy.
series other
last changed 2003/04/23 15:50

_id b8a4
authors Dani, Tushar H and Gadh, Rajit
year 1997
title Creation of concept shape designs via a virtual reality interface
source Computer-Aided Design, Vol. 29 (8) (1997) pp. 555-563
summary This paper describes an approach for creating concept shape designs in a virtual reality environment--COVIRDS (COnceptual VIRtual Design System. Conceptdesign refers to the ab initio design of a product or part. In concept design, the product details such as shape features and exact dimensions are not rigidly definedand the designer has some freedom in determining the shape and dimensions of the product. Current CAD require the designer to specify shape and dimensions tocreate CAD models of products even though these are probably not necessary at the concept development stage. COVIRDS overcomes these drawbacks by providing abi-modal voice and hand-tracking based user interface to the VR-based CAD modeling environment. This interface allows rapid concept design creation withoutrequiring time consuming shape description and the tedious specifications of exact dimensions.
keywords Concept Shape Design, Virtual Reality Interfaces, Geometric Modeling
series journal paper
last changed 2003/05/15 21:33

_id 6112
authors Daru, Roel and Snijder, H.P.S.
year 1997
title GACAAD or AVOCAAD? CAAD and Genetic Algorithms for an Evolutionary Design Paradigm
source AVOCAAD First International Conference [AVOCAAD Conference Proceedings / ISBN 90-76101-01-09] Brussels (Belgium) 10-12 April 1997, pp. 145-161
summary One of the dominant paradigms in architecture is about its creation: it is done by human designers supported by tools like sketching, drawing or modelling and evaluation tools. The Darwinistic paradigm demands a paradigmatic switch from drawing, modelling and evaluation to the breeding of forms with a much more integrated generation and selecting process embedded in the computer machinery. This means a paradigm switch from a designer as the performer of (sketch, draw or modelling) work to a machine driven creation and selection process of forms with the designer as the supervisor, fully entitled to steer the process in some preferred directions. The designer creates by establishing the evolutionary rules and making choices among the architectural creatures emerging in rapid fire modethrough the synthesis performed by the machine. Natural selection is a Metaphor: in fact the designer plays Nature (or God). The creatures allowed to flourish are not adequate according to laws of Nature, but to the judgement of the designer (or to the designing team).
series AVOCAAD
last changed 2005/09/09 10:48

_id af28
authors Dijkstra, J. and Timmermans, H.J.P.
year 1997
title The Application of Conjoint Measurement as a Dynamic Decision Making Tool in a Virtual Reality Environment
source CAAD Futures 1997 [Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-7923-4726-9] München (Germany), 4-6 August 1997, pp. 757-770
summary This paper describes an innovative aspect of an ongoing research project to develop a virtual reality based conjoint analysis system. Conjoint analysis involves the use of designed hypothetical choice situations to measure subjects' preferences and predict their choice in new situations. Conjoint experiments involve the design and analysis of hypothetical decision tasks. Hypothetical alternatives, called product profiles, are generated and presented to subjects. A virtual reality presentation format has been used to represent these profiles. A profile consists of a virtual environment model and dynamic virtual objects representing the attributes with their respective levels. Conventional conjoint choice models are traditionally based on preference or choice data, not on dynamic decision making aspects. The status of this new approach will be described.
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 1999/04/06 09:19

_id 0627
authors Dijkstra, J. and Timmermans, H.J.P.
year 1997
title Exploring the Possibilities of Conjoint Measurement as a Decision-Making Tool for Virtual Wayfinding Environments
source CAADRIA ‘97 [Proceedings of the Second Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 957-575-057-8] Taiwan 17-19 April 1997, pp. 61-71
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.1997.061
summary Virtual reality systems may have a lot to offer in architecture and urban planning when visual and active environments may have a dramatic impact on individual preferences and choice behaviour. Conjoint analysis involves the use of designed hypothetical choice situations to measure individuals’ preferences and predict their choice in new situations. Conjoint experiments involve the design and analysis of hypothetical decision tasks. Alternatives are described by their main features, called attributes. Multiple hypothetical alternatives, called product profiles, are generated and presented to respondents, who are requested to express their degree of preference for these profiles or choose between these profiles. Conjoint experiments have become a popular tool to model individual preferences and decision-making in a variety of research areas. Most studies of conjoint analysis have involved a verbal description of product profiles, although some studies have used a pictorial presentation of production profiles. Virtual reality systems offer the potential of moving the response format beyond these traditional response modes. This paper describes a particular aspect of an ongoing research project which aims to develop a virtual reality based system for conjoint analysis. The principles underlying the system will be illustrated by a simple example of wayfinding in a virtual environment.
series CAADRIA
last changed 2022/06/07 07:55

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