CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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Hits 1 to 20 of 16177

_id sigradi2012_258
id sigradi2012_258
authors Matamala, Oliver Sáez
year 2012
title Tecnología digital proyectual y didáctica relacional, para la producción artística visual contemporánea [Digital technology in design and relational teaching, for contemporary visual art production]
source SIGraDi 2012 [Proceedings of the 16th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] Brasil - Fortaleza 13-16 November 2012, pp. 677-680
summary Oriented toward developing a seminar for the Department of Plastic Arts University of Concepcion Chile, This production model was designed in the MA in Project Teaching School of Architecture Construction and Design, University of Biobío, Chile. The School of Art at the University of Concepción proposed in his origins to keep the tradition of the graph and the Chilean recorded, because is in that line where begins to develop the curriculum modification toward digital openness and incorporating technology tools for the professional artist formation. The main motivation of this coalition is to detect and generate visual art discourses through multidisciplinary strategies for the production of works that incorporate processes and technological tools to generate digital art spaces and territories exploratory different to the traditional model of museum work.
keywords Production; digital technology; multi-disciplinary; Relational; simulation
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:55

_id 8658
authors Matas, Bellot
year 1991
title BECOC : A Knowledge Bank and its Use in Construction and CAD Systems
source The Computer Integrated Future, CIB W78 Seminar. September, 1991. Unnumbered : ill. include some bibliographical references
summary The Development of the BECOC prototype (Structured Knowledge Bank for Construction Elements) was undertaken in order to test the integration of Data and Knowledge using the SITEC model (Construction Technology Information System). After the graphical definition of a building exterior, the assignment of the construction solutions is dynamically controlled using the Knowledge Bank for real time decision making. To represent the knowledge that acts on the data the knowledge bank consists of an Object Oriented Data Base and a Rule System, developed using the NEXPERT/OBJECT package. In this manner it is possible to establish relationships among properties, concepts, restrictions in values, structural relations and the control of standards compliance, which in this case has been limited to thermal, acoustic and weight requirements. The system helps the user to make decisions and it analyzes the context in order to make the deductions needed to maintain internal data consistency. The positive results of this work indicate the way for further developments, and demonstrate that expert systems and traditional technologies coupled together can be effective and give the desired answers in monitoring design in the everyday problems in construction technology
keywords construction, expert systems, knowledge base, design, building, envelope, applications, integration, architecture
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

_id ecaade2018_427
id ecaade2018_427
authors Matcha, Heike, Ljubas, Ante and Gueldemet, Harun
year 2018
title Printing a Coffee Bar - An investigation into mid-scale 3D printing
source Kepczynska-Walczak, A, Bialkowski, S (eds.), Computing for a better tomorrow - Proceedings of the 36th eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland, 19-21 September 2018, pp. 59-68
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2018.2.059
summary We present and discuss an exploration of the possibilities and properties of 3D printing with a printing space of 1 cubic meter, and how those can be integrated into architectural education through an experimental design and research course with students of architecture.We expand on issues presented at the eCAADe conference 2017 in Rome [Ref 6] by increasing the complexity and size of our prints, printing not a model to scale, but a full scale funtional prototype of a usable architectural object: A coffee bar.
keywords 3D Printing; Parametric Modelling; Full Scale Project
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ecaade2007_173
id ecaade2007_173
authors Matcha, Heike
year 2007
title Parametric Possibilities: Designing with Parametric Modelling
source Predicting the Future [25th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-6-5] Frankfurt am Main (Germany) 26-29 September 2007, pp. 849-856
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2007.849
summary We describe several projects in our ongoing research and teaching activities in the field of parametric design. The work is based on the premise that using parametric modelling and customized mass production for designing, planning and realisation, the creation of a spatially rich and varied architecture which is specific for individual programs, users and contexts is being made possible. We demonstrate this design approach by explaining three different design methodologies of various projects. The specifics and the experience of the use of various CAD software tools will be described: scriptable CAD programs like VectorWorks and CAD software with integrated parametric modelling like Unigraphics.
keywords Parametric design, generative design, mass customisation, CAAD curriculum, digital aids to design creativity
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ecaade2015_228
id ecaade2015_228
authors Matcha, Heike
year 2015
title Parametrized Systems: Conceiving of Buildings as Assemblies of Varied Parts
source Martens, B, Wurzer, G, Grasl T, Lorenz, WE and Schaffranek, R (eds.), Real Time - Proceedings of the 33rd eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, 16-18 September 2015, pp. 143-148
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2015.2.143
wos WOS:000372316000018
summary We describe and discuss a design and research project that together with students explores the new possibilities current design tools and manufacturing processes give architects to design systems for building components that transcend the limits of fordist serial mass production in favour of post-fordist individualized mass production, most importantly the supersession of a few equal building components for many similar ones. Contrary to many projects with similar content and intent, ours starts not with the digital tools but with production techniques and materials. Constant physical materialization plays the main role, digital tools assist.
series eCAADe
email
more https://mh-engage.ltcc.tuwien.ac.at/engage/ui/watch.html?id=7972f824-6e8d-11e5-b2e1-0b3359ba614e
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ecaade2016_168
id ecaade2016_168
authors Matcha, Heike
year 2016
title From Designing Buildings from Systems to Designing Systems for Buildings
source Herneoja, Aulikki; Toni Österlund and Piia Markkanen (eds.), Complexity & Simplicity - Proceedings of the 34th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, 22-26 August 2016, pp. 237-240
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2016.1.237
wos WOS:000402063700027
summary We study the novel possibilities computer aided design and production open up for the design of building systems. Such systems today can, via individualized mass production, consist of a larger number and more complex parts than previously and therefore be assembled into more complex wholes. This opens up the possibility of designing specialized systems specifically for single buildings. The common order of starting with a building system and designing a building using this system can be reversed to designing a building first and then developing a system specifically for that building. We present and discuss research that incorporates students design projects into research work and fosters links between research and teaching.
keywords Building Systems; Parametric Design; Parametric Modelling; Structuralist Architecture
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ecaade2010_222
id ecaade2010_222
authors Matcha, Heike; Ljubas, Ante
year 2010
title Parametric Origami: Adaptable temporary buildings
source FUTURE CITIES [28th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-9-6] ETH Zurich (Switzerland) 15-18 September 2010, pp.243-251
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2010.243
wos WOS:000340629400026
summary We employ the possibilities of parametric modeling software andcustomized mass production machinery to develop a design for adaptablemultifunctional temporary medium size buildings made from recyclable lightweight materials and built a prototype from cardboard. We developed agrasshopper script that controls the geometry of a self-supporting arc made from a folded plane. The project is conducted as an experimental design-and-build university course that familiarizes students with parametric thinking and designing and with carrying out a project from initial concepts through tobuilding a 1:1 prototype. This project is part of an ongoing series of investigative design & build courses integrating current design possibilities and construction methods.
keywords Parametric design; Grasshopper script; Temporary low-cost buildings; Student design build projects; CAAM methods
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ecaade2009_158
id ecaade2009_158
authors Matcha, Heike; Quasten, Gero
year 2009
title A Parametric-Typological Tool: More Diversity for Mass Produced Single Family Homes Through Parametrized Design and Customized Mass Production
source Computation: The New Realm of Architectural Design [27th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-8-9] Istanbul (Turkey) 16-19 September 2009, pp. 409-416
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2009.409
wos WOS:000334282200049
summary We present a research program in which a plug-in tool for the generation of vertically stacked single family homes is developed and implemented in the software Autodesk Revit Architecture. The parametrized typology will provide for more variety, individuality and appropriateness in the homes themselves and also in the urban structures created by them. CAAM methods furthermore drastically reduce the production costs. The research is government-funded and sponsored by the building and software industry with the aim to both extend the functionality of an existing software package and to build a prototype urban development.
keywords Plug-In Tool, parametrized typology, CAAM methods, design tool development, new design concepts and strategies, mass customization
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ecaade2017_073
id ecaade2017_073
authors Matejovska, Dana, Vinsova, Ivana, Jirat, Michal and Achten, Henri
year 2017
title The uptake of BIM - From BIM teaching to BIM usage in the design studio in the Bachelor studies
source Fioravanti, A, Cursi, S, Elahmar, S, Gargaro, S, Loffreda, G, Novembri, G, Trento, A (eds.), ShoCK! - Sharing Computational Knowledge! - Proceedings of the 35th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy, 20-22 September 2017, pp. 147-152
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2017.1.147
summary This paper is about the uptake of BIM in the design studio in the Bachelor studies. In the current study year at our school we have the first cohort of students that have followed integral education of BIM from the very start of their study programme. We assess the usage of BIM in the final project work. The final data are not in yet, but we can observe a slight increase of the use of BIM in the design studio work.
keywords Building Information Model; Education; BIM Pedagogy
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ecaade2011_160
id ecaade2011_160
authors Matejovská, Dana; Achten, Henri
year 2011
title What is the Goal in Teaching Basic CAD?
source RESPECTING FRAGILE PLACES [29th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-9-4912070-1-3], University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Architecture (Slovenia) 21-24 September 2011, pp.57-62
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2011.057
wos WOS:000335665500005
summary In this paper we report on ongoing monitoring of the entering situation of students at our faculty in terms of their computer and CAD skills. By means of an online enquiry developed by Liverpool and Graz we also investigated the attitudes towards CAD by architects in practice. Based on these findings, we aim to identify what we should teach our students in terms of CAD skills.
keywords Basic skills teaching; post graduation demands; education; situation in practice
series eCAADe
type normal paper
email
last changed 2022/05/01 23:21

_id ecaade2007_105
id ecaade2007_105
authors Matejovská, Dana; Achten, Henri
year 2007
title CAAD Restarted
source Predicting the Future [25th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-6-5] Frankfurt am Main (Germany) 26-29 September 2007, pp. 409-414
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2007.409
summary In our faculty a new CAAD group has been started recently after a period of virtual non-existence of CAAD education. The responsibility of the group is twofold: to provide students with a basic competence in CAAD, and to develop a high standard of experimental studio work combined with research. In our philosophy, we aim to reach the first goal by giving a wide offer of basic skills teaching in many different CAAD softwares. Building on that, we offer more specialised classes for advanced modelling and integrate skills with design work in the design studio. Due to limited means, and a small staff, we develop this program step by step. Our preliminary scope therefore, is very modest, and mostly limited to the first years of CAAD education in the Bachelor studies. In this paper we summarise our goals and preliminary results. We monitor the progression of our educational program with an enquiry that was distributed among 200 students. In that way we can assess student response to our efforts. We report on the findings from the enquiry and formulate improvements and possible directions for our teaching.
keywords CAAD education, pedagogy
series eCAADe
type normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ecaade2008_203
id ecaade2008_203
authors Matejovská, Dana; Achten, Henri
year 2008
title Five Experiments to Elicit CAAD Work Strategies of Students in Three Levels of Education
source Architecture in Computro [26th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-7-2] Antwerpen (Belgium) 17-20 September 2008, pp. 877-886
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2008.877
summary In order to understand the learning needs of our students, we have defined a series of five small experiments. In each experiment, a subject has to perform a limited task using a CAD system. The experiments are undertaken by subjects from three different groups: pre-university school goers, first year students of architecture, and advanced students of architecture. By comparing the differences between the groups we can identify the following aspects: (1) start level of students, (2) starting work strategies, (3) development of work strategies, and (4) deficiences in work strategies. On this basis, we can develop more specific teaching material that will be better suited to the needs of the students. In this paper we report on the experimental setup, research methodology, and preliminary results.
keywords Learning strategies, experimental research
series eCAADe
type normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id sigradi2023_209
id sigradi2023_209
authors Mateus, Daniel, Henriques, Gonçalo Castro, Nepomuceno, Taiane Melo and Moro, Ana Clara
year 2023
title Carioca modern façades: improving the performance of existing Brazilian modern buildings through their shading systems, the Bristol case study
source García Amen, F, Goni Fitipaldo, A L and Armagno Gentile, Á (eds.), Accelerated Landscapes - Proceedings of the XXVII International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2023), Punta del Este, Maldonado, Uruguay, 29 November - 1 December 2023, pp. 461–472
summary In the 1940s, modern Rio de Janeiro architects developed passive systems to improve buildings performance, without resorting to air conditioning systems. This article continues a research that studies the performance of a set of eight buildings, from the Carioca School, investigating in a prospective sense, how to improve their performance through computational methods. The authors select a new case study from these buildings, the Bristol building, and analyse the building performance, regarding insolation and illuminance, using the software Ladybug and Honeybee. Based on the simulation data, they use combinatorial modelling to change the position of each of the shading type’s modules, of the Bristol west façade to improve performance. Results suggest that is possible to improve the building performance, and the modern buildings legacy, using computational methods to improve and reduce energy consumption, encouraging natural systems and diminishing the need for artificial air conditioning systems.
keywords Generative design, Shading performance, Insolation and illuminance analysis, Combinatorial modelling, Carioca modern façades
series SIGraDi
email
last changed 2024/03/08 14:07

_id sigradi2021_90
id sigradi2021_90
authors Mateus, Daniel, Pinto Duarte, José and Romao, Luís
year 2021
title Energy-Based Design: A Digital Design System for the Design of Energy-Harvesting Building Envelopes
source Gomez, P and Braida, F (eds.), Designing Possibilities - Proceedings of the XXV International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2021), Online, 8 - 12 November 2021, pp. 831–842
summary The goal of the research described in this paper is to address climate change by promoting the production of renewable energy in building envelopes, which are exposed to solar radiation. It proposes an energy-based design paradigm, where energy processes shape the building form, and a digital design system for building envelopes that considers the trajectory of sunrays. The goal is to create envelopes that are efficient in harvesting solar energy, enabling them to produce the electricity that buildings consume. To operationalize the proposed digital design system, a building envelope grammar is developed and implemented in a software called LIDIA to be used by architects in design process to generate solutions with improved energy production performance. The efficiency of the resulting solutions, the effectiveness of LIDIA and, therefore, the validity of the proposed paradigm, is demonstrated with the design of envelope solutions for single family houses.
keywords Energy-based design, Architecture-Building envelopes system, Buildings envelope grammar, Shape grammar, LIDIA software.
series SIGraDi
email
last changed 2022/05/23 12:11

_id sigradi2022_62
id sigradi2022_62
authors Mateus, Daniel; Henriques, Gonçalo Castro; Eskinazi, Mara; Menna, Ronaldo Lee; Nepomuceno, Taiane Melo
year 2022
title Carioca modern facades: expanding passive shading systems through computational methods
source Herrera, PC, Dreifuss-Serrano, C, Gómez, P, Arris-Calderon, LF, Critical Appropriations - Proceedings of the XXVI Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2022), Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, 7-11 November 2022 , pp. 127–138
summary In the 1940s, modern Rio de Janeiro architects developed passive systems to improve buildings performance, without resorting to air conditioning systems. This research studies the performance of a set of eight buildings, from the Carioca School, investigating in a prospective sense how to improve their performance through computational methods. The authors modelled the eight buildings and analysed as a case study the Nova Cintra building performance, regarding insolation and illuminance, using the environmental software Ladybug and Honeybee. Based on the simulation data, they used combinatorial modeling to change the position of each of the three shading type’s modules of the north facade of Nova Cintra, to improve their overall performance. Results confirm that is possible to continue to improve the buildings performance, as already accomplished by the modern buildings, using computational methods to improve, reducing also energy consumption through natural systems and diminishing the need for artificial air conditioning systems.
keywords Generative Design, Shading performance, Insolation and illuminance analysis, Combinatorial modeling, Carioca modern facades
series SIGraDi
email
last changed 2023/05/16 16:55

_id ecaade2015_181
id ecaade2015_181
authors Mateus, Daniel; Sousa, Maurício, Klerk, Ruide, Gama, Sandra, Jorge, Joaquim and Duarte, José Pinto
year 2015
title From ______ to _____: Going Back to the Classical Roots of Architecture using Virtual Reality
source Martens, B, Wurzer, G, Grasl T, Lorenz, WE and Schaffranek, R (eds.), Real Time - Proceedings of the 33rd eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, 16-18 September 2015, pp. 107-116
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2015.1.107
wos WOS:000372317300012
summary In Classical Greece the design and construction of buildings were interconnected, forming a single activity. With the development of knowledge and technology, this process has fragmented, giving rise to different activities, performed by various professionals, such as the architect, the engineer and the builder, leading to problems related with information exchange between them. With the research projects Tecton and Technos, we intend to reunite these activities again, seeking to simplify the building production process. In Tecton, we propose an Immersive Virtual Reality Environment to sketch and model objects in an interactive way, using hand gestures and body postures, enabling architects to change between the viewpoint of the creator and that of the user, thereby designing buildings while experiencing them at full-scale at the same time. In the future Technos project, our vision is develop detailed 3D virtual models to serve both as supporting elements for the digital fabrication of building parts and as communications elements for the assembly and construction of buildings.
series eCAADe
email
more https://mh-engage.ltcc.tuwien.ac.at/engage/ui/watch.html?id=6aac3ae4-702c-11e5-8c5e-c358c81571a7
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id ecaade2013_147
id ecaade2013_147
authors Mateus, Luís and Ferreira, Victor
year 2013
title 3D Digitization in Architecture Curriculum
source Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 445-452
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.445
wos WOS:000340643600045
summary In this paper we describe an experience undertaken in the Faculty of Architecture of Technical University of Lisbon, concerning the introduction of a 3D Digitization course in the frame of the PhD doctorate program in Architecture and in the frame of the Master’s programs in Architecture, Urbanism and Design.We start by describing the theoretical and instrumental frameworks proposed. Then we describe and discuss a set of two exercises developed during one semester, giving examples of the work produced by the students. Finally we end with some considerations to be taken into account in future editions of the course.
keywords 3D digitization; architectural recording; laser scanning; digital photogrammetry; teaching and learning.
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id ecaade2014_130
id ecaade2014_130
authors Matevz Juvancic and Tadeja Zupancic
year 2014
title The fusion of clever urban initiatives and digital applications - Teaching architects and urban designers how to make apps for the public involvement
source Thompson, Emine Mine (ed.), Fusion - Proceedings of the 32nd eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Department of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, UK, 10-12 September 2014, pp. 99-108
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2014.1.099
wos WOS:000361384700009
summary Smart cities demand digitally smart designers. Teaching architects and urban designers how to combine clever initiatives and tailored digital applications to their advantage when trying to involve members of the public is one of the important aspects of contemporary designer education. The paper demonstrates an example of such an effort, highlights the reasoning behind teaching and methods used, follows the learning path of students (and teachers) and analyses the process, illustrating it with student work, offering architectural, pedagogical and reflective implications for the purposes of similar introductions of topics in architectural and urban design curricula.
keywords Digital applications; apps; urban initiatives; non-experts; public participation
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

_id acadia23_v2_294
id acadia23_v2_294
authors Matharu, Sumer; Crawford, Joe; Ohakim, Ugonna
year 2023
title Techno Relics: A Framework for Computation, Materiality, and Fabrication in the Anthropocene
source ACADIA 2023: Habits of the Anthropocene: Scarcity and Abundance in a Post-Material Economy [Volume 2: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference for the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 979-8-9860805-9-8]. Denver. 26-28 October 2023. edited by A. Crawford, N. Diniz, R. Beckett, J. Vanucchi, M. Swackhamer 294-303.
summary This paper explores the potential of material, computation, and fabrication methodologies broadly engaging a critical understanding of the human epoch, also known as the anthro- pocene era, and its impact on Earth’s geology. Man-made materials have arguably become ubiquitous and a massively distributed part of the environment, while also placing an involuntary burden on local ecologies. Nature has taken its course and swallowed these synthetic materials to create new compositions of complex conglomerations, thereby blur- ring the boundaries between the agency of man, nature, and technology (Corcoran et al. 2014). The discipline of architecture, too, must reconsider its own boundaries, and evolve to design and fabricate with these techno relics, defined here as a remnant of the techno- logical impact on our planet. In order to understand how these techno relics can be used by designers, this paper pres- ents a general framework for the research, discovery, and validation of computational and fabrication processes. This is done through the examination of the background research in using aluminum waste by leveraging pre-existing digital and physical processes. Furthermore, the paper situates the background work within the broader context of how these techno relics can be mined, or collected. This is done through the examination of a case study that follows plastic waste in the Pacific Northwest through an Indigenous lens, providing possible architectural solutions that are relevant to the building typology in the remote communities most affected.
series ACADIA
type paper
email
last changed 2024/04/17 13:59

_id acadia10_73
id acadia10_73
authors Mathew, Anijo Punnen
year 2010
title Just in Place Learning: A Novel Framework for Employing Information in “Place” for Urban Learning Environments
source ACADIA 10: LIFE in:formation, On Responsive Information and Variations in Architecture [Proceedings of the 30th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-1-4507-3471-4] New York 21-24 October, 2010), pp. 73-80
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2010.073
summary Nineteenth century models of education and learning which dictate that information is passed on from teacher to apprentice :abstract in a closed classroom environment seem archaic to us, especially since so much of our experiences are constructed in the outside world. Advances in ubiquitous and calm computing; social and immersive media; and urban locative technologies now allow for embedding complex information into physical environments and thus open up possibilities for teachers to set up carefully tagged student engagements in the real world—in “places” where real scientific phenomena are happening and technological artifacts can be engaged with. However these models are seldom successful because they are employed without an understanding of changing paradigms of learning. In this paper, we look at several new developments in learning models and use them to develop Just in Place learning, a novel framework which harnesses embodiment, place, and the potential of new locative technologies to augment traditional practice-based learning. Just in Place learning provides new potential for teachers and students to engage with information in “place,” exploit the urban environment as the new classroom, and the built environment as a portal for situated learning.
keywords Urban computing, interactive environments, education, digital media learning
series ACADIA
type normal paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:58

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