CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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Hits 1 to 20 of 17659

_id ecaade2021_058
id ecaade2021_058
authors Lindner, Clemens, Langenhan, Christoph, Petzold, Frank, Schneider-Brachert, Wulf, Holzmann, Thomas, Rath, Anca and Widbiller, Matthias
year 2021
title A Software Concept for Assessing the Risk of Infection in Enclosed Spaces - Exemplified by the COVID-19 pandemic
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2021.2.021
source Stojakovic, V and Tepavcevic, B (eds.), Towards a new, configurable architecture - Proceedings of the 39th eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia, 8-10 September 2021, pp. 21-30
summary The COVID-19 pandemic has immense impact on our daily life. Precautions like facemasks and social distancing restrict the economy as well as the social life. The aim of the bachelor project was to support architects by integrating health specifications into a software environment and automatically derive specific design support by analyzing architecture. This interdisciplinary project combined architectural and medical expertise to determine the risk of SARS-CoV-2-infection in enclosed spaces by a software approach on basis of parameters provided by the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry (Mainz, Germany) and the Association of German Engineers. Subsequently, calculated risks were evaluated by hygiene experts and summarized in a traffic light scheme, which is clearly intelligible and thus allows simple use. Furthermore, the software concept provides instructions for action for architects and specialists in the field of infection control and suggests architectural tools to minimize the risk of infection. The developed concept can be applied to an existing building and contribute to the planning of new buildings.
keywords Building Information Modelling; Parametric Design; Design Support; COVID-19
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id acadia06_190
id acadia06_190
authors Lindquist, Mark
year 2006
title Web Based Collaboration (for Free) Using Wikis in Design Studios
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2006.190
source Synthetic Landscapes [Proceedings of the 25th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer-Aided Design in Architecture] pp. 190-199
summary This paper presents a case study of the use of Wikis by students in a landscape architecture design studio to evaluate the suitability of Wikis for enhancing student collaboration in the site analysis and preliminary design stage of a project. It was anticipated that using Wikis to facilitate collaboration would provide alternatives to conventional peer to peer collaboration. In addition, Wikis could enhance feedback between the course coordinator and students. The Wiki was used to collect, compile and present data for the purpose of a precedent study of cultural and physical analysis of a site in New Zealand, for which the technology proved successful. The Wiki was less successful in contributing to the collaborative preliminary design of the project. The following discussion and presentation will include the evaluation of online Wiki services, the process used in the design studio, strengths and weaknesses observed, and opportunities for future research.
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ec37
authors Lindsey, Bruce and Rosenblatt, Paul
year 1993
title Cutting Up Time: Craft and Technology in the Niches Project
source CAAD Futures ‘93 [Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-444-89922-7] (Pittsburgh / USA), 1993, pp. 523-541
summary In this paper, which will cite as illustrations some of the documents that have resulted in the completion of the Carnegie Mellon University College of Fine Arts Niches, we will discuss the interdependent relationship between craft and technology in architectural computer modeling practice. We will suggest that practical uses of the computer demand the counterbalancing intimacy of craft in the design studio. Our goal in the Niches Project was to couple direct tactile experience, historical knowledge, and the precise operations afforded by computers.
keywords Trends in Practice, CAD, CAD/CAM, Stonecarving, Architectural Design, Technology, Craft
series CAAD Futures
last changed 1999/04/07 12:03

_id caadria2024_304
id caadria2024_304
authors Ling, Ban Liang and Tunçer, Bige
year 2024
title Extracting Actionable Information from the Site Context Using A Phenotype-Based Strategy
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2024.1.323
source Nicole Gardner, Christiane M. Herr, Likai Wang, Hirano Toshiki, Sumbul Ahmad Khan (eds.), ACCELERATED DESIGN - Proceedings of the 29th CAADRIA Conference, Singapore, 20-26 April 2024, Volume 1, pp. 323–332
summary As more computational design tools are developed, solution generation has been accelerated to provide real time feedback. However, a human designer is still required to translate generated data into actionable information. This is especially so for diverse design scenarios, where the data structure differs, and the computer is unable to draw conclusions across both scenarios. The site context is one key parameter that contributes towards the difference in scenarios. In short, how can an algorithm extract design-related information from diverse scenarios? To address this issue, a phenotype-based strategy is proposed as a representation method, and it re-parameterises diverse site conditions by focusing on their geometrical properties. Instead of parameterising the site context, street-view images are captured, and Gabor filters extract relevant geometrical properties, such that site conditions with different compositions, forms, and density can be organised. This method quantifies compositional and density-based properties of the surrounding building blocks, thereby enabling the computer to digest generated information and provide design suggestions. A new sample site is then used to demonstrate a query of the phenotype space, where suggestions about solar radiation performance is feedback to a human designer.
keywords Context representation, performance-based generative design
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2024/11/17 22:05

_id caadria2023_210
id caadria2023_210
authors Linker, Gitit, Gillis, Elisheva, Freedman, Danny, Segal, Adi, Zermati, Noa, Naim, Or, Partook, Rebecca Hila and Nathansohn, Nof
year 2023
title Designed to Grow: 3D Printing of Seeds
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2023.2.211
source Immanuel Koh, Dagmar Reinhardt, Mohammed Makki, Mona Khakhar, Nic Bao (eds.), HUMAN-CENTRIC - Proceedings of the 28th CAADRIA Conference, Ahmedabad, 18-24 March 2023, pp. 211–220
summary The prevalent use of inorganic, non-local materials in construction and design in the age of ecological crisis, calls for experiments with new, more sustainable components. In this research, we suggest re-thinking the incorporation of flora in design, by developing a new material for additive manufacturing (AM), that utilizes the constructive potential in the root entanglement of germinating seeds. The material which is comprised of a hydrogel and seeds is used to create 3D printed objects. These transform over time and the material receives new properties and qualities. The seeds develop into plants which finally wither, the plants roots intertwine and strengthen the structure of the designed shape as the sustaining hydrogel disintegrates. The object is comprised of organic biodegradable components only, that can be prepared for AM in simple processes. By doing so, the result is an accessible method of creating plant based and digitally designed objects. Our research challenges the conventional approach for integrating nature into the built environment. While flora is most commonly subsequently added as an external addition to the designed object, in this work, seeding is an integral part of the fabrication process. This allows us to introduce a new workflow for ecological design and fabrication.
keywords Material Development, 3D printing, 3D Bioprinting, Digital Fabrication, Sustainable Design, Post Printing Transformation
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2023/06/15 23:14

_id a33e
authors Linn, Gudrun
year 1991
title BATHROOM DESIGN AND FUNCTION ANALYSIS - BRIEF REPORTS FROM TWO RESEARCH PROJECTS
source Proceedings of the 3rd European Full-Scale Modelling Conference / ISBN 91-7740044-5 / Lund (Sweden) 13-16 September 1990, pp. 38-39
summary The problem behind this research project was the fact that Swedish standard bathrooms were (and most of them still are) difficult to clean, because of the building design. This has consequences not only for the inhabitants but also for the home helpers who assist old and disabled people in their own dwellings. The most difficult-to-clean spaces in a dwelling are the bathroom and the toilet-room. These spaces also are the most dirtied. In Sweden there of ten is a toilet in the bathroom. The aim of the project was to find out what or how much of physical agility a Swedish standard bathroom demands from the person who carries out the cleaning of it.
keywords Full-scale Modeling, Model Simulation, Real Environments
series other
type normal paper
more http://info.tuwien.ac.at/efa
last changed 2004/05/04 15:18

_id 0ddb
authors Linzer, H., Schmidinger, E., Voigt, A. and Walchhofer, H.P.
year 1995
title Computer Integrated Building-up Planning (CIBP)
source CAD Space [Proceedings of the III International Conference Computer in Architectural Design] Bialystock 27-29 April 1995, pp. 259-265
summary Building-up planning holds a prominent position within the planning- and realization process due to its closeness to the constructional-spatial translation. Based on spatial analysis, spatial characteristics and the elaboration of marginal conditions of spatial development within the framework of building-up planning, building volumina, building density, manner of building-up and storeyheights amongst others are to be defined and analyzed as to their spatial impact prior to their realization. The present project has presented possibilities for improvement of planning quality as well as of optimizing clearness and comprehension of the legally binding marginal conditions of building-up planning. Based on the wording of the Austrian Law governing Area Planning building-up planning constitutes an integral part of Urban and Regional planning. Building-up planning is the planning instrument considered right next to putting into reality the effects of which becoming immediately visible in the constructional transfer of frame conditions of spatial development. As a legal instrument it is - due to its overpacked nature - complicated in its practical application and disposes of only a small degree of flexibility concerning its consequences. Thus, a major goal of the research project aims at the development of a building-up plan of a prohibitory - (mandatory) plan acting as an instrument for designing public space.
series plCAD
email
last changed 2003/05/17 10:01

_id 2fc4
authors Linzer, H., Martens, B. and Voigt, A.
year 1994
title The Integration of Virtual and Full-Scale Modelling
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1994.147
source The Virtual Studio [Proceedings of the 12th European Conference on Education in Computer Aided Architectural Design / ISBN 0-9523687-0-6] Glasgow (Scotland) 7-10 September 1994, pp. 147-151
summary Practically every design- and planning activity aims at its ultimate realization in the built environment. Any respective decisions are generally taken on the basis of substitutes of the original. Yet, the true spatial dimensions and proportions can be conceived on a 1:1 scale "without any mental detour". Moreover, the interaction of light, colour and material is best represented in the 1:1 model. One of the main reasons why physical 1:1 models are rarely constructed is certainly the unbalanced economic relation between expenditure and resulting use. Therefore, representation by means of less expensive virtual models has taken a preeminent position. However, a balanced combination of physical and virtual models in full-scale according to area- and problem-type, degree of details and scale is likely to become increasingly important in the future. It is not the aim of Simulation Aided Architectural Design (SAAD) and Simulation Aided City Development (SACD) to do completely away with existing working procedures and planning techniques, but to act supplements promoting the integration of traditional and new simulation techniques by an-ticipating "realities" aimed at the best-suited design of a common living space. Furthermore, the generation of visions and utopian schemes may add to an enhancement as far as spatial development and design are regarded within the issue of falsification and verification of spatial developments.
series eCAADe
email
more http://info.tuwien.ac.at/ecaade/
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ecaadesigradi2019_152
id ecaadesigradi2019_152
authors Liotta, Salvator-John A.
year 2019
title Contemporary Architecture between Research and Practice - Experimentations in Digital Wood
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2019.1.595
source Sousa, JP, Xavier, JP and Castro Henriques, G (eds.), Architecture in the Age of the 4th Industrial Revolution - Proceedings of the 37th eCAADe and 23rd SIGraDi Conference - Volume 1, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, 11-13 September 2019, pp. 595-604
summary This paper is a take on contemporary works in wood designed with parametric softwares and seen from an academic and professional point of view. The knowledge about digital wood developed through Digital Fabrication Laboratories has proved to be effective but with certain limitations when used for real constructions. In fact, translating the freedom of building temporary architectures -which is usually one of the "learn by doing" activities of design studio or workshops- into wood architecture that respect all the constraints of real construction is a challenge. This paper shows several experiences where innovative ideas developed through research have been applied to temporary pavilions and real constructions in Japan, Italy and France.
keywords Parametric design and fabrication strategies; Pedagogy and Practice; CNC and Woodworking Technology; Wood complex surface
series eCAADeSIGraDi
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id 181b
authors Liou, Shuenn-Ren
year 1992
title A computer-based framework for analyzing and deriving the morphological structure of architectural designs
source University of Michigan
summary An approach to the acquisition and utilization of knowledge about the morphological structure of notable orthogonal building plans and other two-dimensional compositions is formulated and tested. This approach consists of two levels of abstraction within which the analysis and comparison of existing designs and the derivation of new designs can be undertaken systematically and efficiently. Specifically, the morphological structure of orthogonal building plans and other two-dimensional compositions is conceived as a language defined by shape grammar and architectural grammar corresponding to the geometric and spatial structures of the compositions. Lines constitute the shape grammar and walls and columns the architectural grammar. A computer program named ANADER is designed and implemented using the C++ object-oriented language to describe feasible compositions. It is argued that the gap between morphological analysis and synthesis is bridged partially because the proposed framework facilitates systematic comparisons of the morphological structures of two-dimensional orthogonal compositions and provides insight into the form-making process used to derive them. As an analytical system, the framework contributes to the generation of new and the assessment of existing morphological knowledge. Specifically, it is demonstrated that it is feasible to specify an existing architectural design by a set of universal rule schemata and the sequence of their application. As a generative system, the framework allows many of the tasks involved in the derivation of two-dimensional orthogonal compositions to be carried out. As well, it promotes the use of analytical results. In conclusion, it is argued that the proposed computer-based framework will provide the research and the educator with increasing opportunities for addressing persistent architectural questions in new ways. Of particular interest to this author are questions concerning the decision-making activities involved in form- and space-making as well as the description, classification, and derivation of architecutural form and space. It is suggested that, at least in reference to the cases examined, but probably also in reference to many other morphological classes, these and other related questions can be addressed systematically, efficiently, and fruitfully by using the proposed framework.  
series thesis:PhD
last changed 2003/02/12 22:37

_id 00d5
authors Liou, ShuennRen and Chyn, TaRen
year 2000
title Constructing Geometric Regularity underlying Building Facades
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2000.313
source Promise and Reality: State of the Art versus State of Practice in Computing for the Design and Planning Process [18th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-6-5] Weimar (Germany) 22-24 June 2000, pp. 313-315
summary Geometric regularity constitutes a basis for designers to initiate the formulation of building shapes and urban forms. For example, Le Corbusier considers the regulating line "an inevitable element of architecture" and uses it as a "means" for understanding and creating good designs. Thomas Beeby argues that the acquisition of knowledge on geometric construction plays a crucial role in the education of architecture design. This paper illustrates a computational approach to constructing the regularity of architectural geometry. The formal structure underlying a single façade and continuous façades are examined.
keywords Geometric Regularity, Building Facades, Cluster Analysis, CAAD
series eCAADe
email
more http://www.uni-weimar.de/ecaade/
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id 67c9
authors Lipski, Witold Jr. and Preparata, Franco P.
year 1980
title Finding the Contour of a Union of Iso-Oriented Rectangles
source Journal of Algorithms. Academic Press Inc., January, 1980. pp. 235-246 : some ill. a short bibliography
summary In this paper the following geometric problem is considered. Let R1,...,Rm be rectangles on the plane with sides parallel to the coordinate axes. An algorithm is described for finding the contour of F = R1, U...U Rm, in O(m log m+p log(2m2/p)) time, where p is the number of edges in the contour. This is O(m2) in the general case, and o(m log m) when F is without holes (then p < 8m - 4); both of these performances are optimal
keywords rectangles, geometry, computational geometry, algorithms
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 10:24

_id 8bea
authors Lipson, H. and Shpitalni, M.
year 1996
title Optimization-based reconstruction of a 3D object from a single freehand line drawing
source Computer-Aided Design, Vol. 28 (8) (1996) pp. 651-663
summary This paper describes an optimization-based algorithm for reconstructing a 3D model from a single, inaccurate, 2D edge-vertex graph. The graph, which serves as input for the reconstruction process, is obtained froman inaccurate freehand sketch of a 3D wireframe object. Compared with traditional reconstruction methods based on line labelling, the proposed approach is more tolerant of faults in handling both inaccurate vertexpositioning and sketches with missing entities. Furthermore, the proposed reconstruction method supports a wide scope of general (manifold and non-manifold) objects containing flat and cylindrical faces. Sketchesof wireframe models usually include enough information to reconstruct the complete body. The optimization algorithm is discussed, and examples from a working implementation are given.
keywords Drawing To Model, Optimization, Robustness
series journal paper
last changed 2003/05/15 21:33

_id sigradi2007_af84
id sigradi2007_af84
authors Lira Veras Xavier de Andrade, Max; Alaí Mille da Silva Brito; Calil Vidal; José Adenilton Santos Andrade; José Cristiano da Costa Silva; Josival Corrêa de Araújo Júnior; Rodrigo Oliveira Nobre
year 2007
title Comparative analyses of use of different digital media in architectural design process [Análise Comparativa do Uso de Diversas Mídias Digitais no Desenvolvimento do Projeto Arquitetônico]
source SIGraDi 2007 - [Proceedings of the 11th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] México D.F. - México 23-25 October 2007, pp. 177-181
summary This paper discusses a class experience that investigates the design process using different digital media. The objective is comparing the advantages e disadvantages in different architectural design stage of three different computer graphics software: Sketch up, AutoCAD e ArchiCAD. At first an initial design process of three groups of individuals is carried out. In the next step, specialization on computer graphics software, time spent in design, graphics quality, design quality and the level of computer graphics tools thought as aids to architectural design are investigated. The results indicate the importance to choose different computer graphics to different design problem.
keywords BIM; computer graphics; design process; design; design methodology
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:55

_id 5060
authors Lira, Roberto O. and Vidal, Claudia G.
year 2001
title APLICACIÓN DE HERRAMIENTAS DE GRAFICA DIGITAL AL DESARROLLO URBANO REGIONAL: EXPERIENCIA DEL LABORATORIO DE ESTUDIOS URBANOS (Application of Digital Graphic Tools in the Development of Regional Urbanism: The Experience of the Laboratory of Urban Studies)
source SIGraDi biobio2001 - [Proceedings of the 5th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics / ISBN 956-7813-12-4] Concepcion (Chile) 21-23 november 2001, pp. 325-327
summary Today it is known that the knowledge and the territory administration requires a modern systems of calculation that spatially order and processes this information. For this, the Laboratory of Urban Studies (LUS), is dedicated to the study of the space distribution phenomenon, by means of computational graph technology. The present work has the objective to present the LUS experience in the application of two tools of digital graph to the urban regional development: using the Systems of Geographical Information (SGI) in the integral evaluation of natural risks in the city of Concepción and the application of Animation 3D in the design of “Avenida Los Plátanos” in the University of Bío-Bío.
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:55

_id aba4
authors Lischinski, D. Tampieri, F. and Greenberg, D.P.
year 1992
title Discontinuity Meshing for Accurate Radiosity
source IEEE Computer Graphics & Applications, November 1992, pp.25-38
summary We discuss the problem of accurately computing the illumination of a diffuse polyhedral environment due to an area light source. We show how umbra and penumbra boundaries and other illumination details correspond to discontinuities in the radiance function and its derivatives. The shape, location, and order of these discontinuities is determined by the geometry of the light sources and obstacles in the environment. We describe an object-space algorithm that accurately reproduces the radiance across a surface by constructing a discontinuity mesh that explicitly represents various discontinuities in the radiance function as boundaries between mesh elements. A piecewise quadratic interpolant is used to approximate the radiance function, preserving the discontinuities associated with the edges in the mesh. This algorithm can be used in the framework of a progressive refinement radiosity system to solve the diffuse global illumination problem. Results produced by the new method are compared with ones obtained using a standard radiosity system.
series journal paper
last changed 2003/04/23 15:50

_id c65f
authors Littlefair, P.J.
year 1991
title Site Layout Planning for Daylight and Sunlight
source Building Research Establishment Report
summary This guide gives advice on site layout planning to achieve good sunlight and daylight within buildings and adjacent open spaces such as gardens. It includes methods that allow for the calculation of sunlight or daylight levels at 4 different latitudes within the UK and for different times of the year. An additional section discusses the subject of site layout and design for obtaining maximum solar energy. This guide supersedes the original Department of the Environment document Sunlight and Daylight. BRE 209 has sections for the following:- * Light from the Sky. * New development. * Existing Buildings. * Adjoining development land. * Sunlighting. * New development. * Existing Buildings. * Gardens & open spaces. * Passive solar design. * Other issues. * View. * Privacy. * Security. * Access. * Enclosure. * Microclimate. * Solar dazzle. * Appendix A. Indicators to calculate access to sunlight, skylight and solar radiation. * Appendix B. A waldram diagram to calculate vertical sky component. * Appendix C. Interior daylighting recommendations. * Appendix D. Plotting the no-sky line. * Appendix E. Rights to light. * Appendix F. Setting alternative target values for skylight access. * Appendix G. Calculation of sun on the ground. * Appendix H. Definitions.
series report
last changed 2003/04/23 15:14

_id caadria2009_170
id caadria2009_170
authors Liu Zhi; Jixi Ai and Zheng Wang
year 2009
title Study on Zoning of Urban Morphology based on GIS
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2009.317
source Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / Yunlin (Taiwan) 22-25 April 2009, pp. 317-326
summary The traditional studies of urban morphology mainly focus on material aspects such as urban construction, urban environment. The writers of the paper, however, point out that the nature behind material aspects should be load capacity of urban land-use, which can be reflected through some economic and technological indexes, such as floor area ratio(FAR), building density and building height, and generally they are relative. The paper forms a new morphology zoning method after having studied the relation of the above indexes based on the digital methods of GIS. This rout of thought may have some reference value for controlling the expanse of urban land-use, optimizing the allocation of resources and urban morphology and supervising the implementation of urban planning. In the paper, the author proposed the concept of “zhubei” to describe and evaluate urban morphology. We can further analyze “zhubei” regards urban planning analysis and management, for example, the slope analysis, aspect analysis, view analysis, area and volume analysis etc. Therefore, we can describe current urban morphology and evaluate its rationality by relevant conclusions just like describing vegetation.
keywords urban morphology: zoning: GIS; digital; planning; zhubei
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ef83
authors Liu, A.M.M.
year 1999
title Residential satisfaction in housing estates: a Hong Kong perspective
source Automation in Construction 8 (4) (1999) pp. 511-524
summary Post-occupancy evaluation (POE) has been developed to address the problem of acquiring feedback from the occupants who are, arguably, in the best position to provide information for a future design database. This paper presents a study of the factors (on both physical and social levels), which influence residential satisfaction of a sample of occupants in a chosen residential area in Hong Kong; factor analysis and multiple regression were carried out on the data. A comparison is also made of the perceived factors of dissatisfaction amongst the public and private housing occupants. It is suggested that a wider systematic coverage of the subject through investigative and diagnostic POE should be carried out in Hong Kong.
series journal paper
more http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed 2003/05/15 21:22

_id caadria2020_023
id caadria2020_023
authors Liu, Chenjun
year 2020
title Double Loops Parametric Design of Surface Steel Structure Based on Performance and Fabrication
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2020.1.023
source D. Holzer, W. Nakapan, A. Globa, I. Koh (eds.), RE: Anthropocene, Design in the Age of Humans - Proceedings of the 25th CAADRIA Conference - Volume 1, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, 5-6 August 2020, pp. 23-33
summary In intelligent epoch, automatic parameter design systems reduce the requirements of the skills needed to create objects. The creator only needs to select the most perceptual primitive form to automatically generate the data system that iterates to the most efficient solution. In this paper, a method of combining performance driven optimization with parametric design is proposed. The iterative evolution is under the control of performance loop and fabrication loop, which makes all the data provided by parametric design in a practical project available for exploring structural analysis and digital prefabrication. Related to the case of surface steel structure, parametric optimization is not limited to a set of shape types or design problems, it would be based on the generality and built-in characteristics of parametric modelling environment in the most convenient and flexible way. (Rolvink et al. 2010)And the given parameters would be fed back on geometric structure, performance indicators, and design variables, so that designers can easily and effectively coordinate and try different solutions. The system transforms the generated data into machine language so that the process including design, analysis, manufacturing, and construction can maintain the orthogonal persistence of the data.
keywords parametric design; component prefabrication; curved steel structure; performance driven
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

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