Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	ijac202321202
id	ijac202321202
authors	Koehler, Daniel
year	2023
title	More than anything: Advocating for synthetic architectures within large-scale language-image models
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing 2023, Vol. 21 - no. 2, 242–255
summary	Large-scale language-image (LLI) models have the potential to open new forms of critical practice through architectural research. Their success enables designers to research within discourses that are profoundly connected to the built environment but did not previously have the resources to engage in spatial research. Although LLI models do not generate coherent building ensembles, they offer an esthetic experience of an AI infused design practice. This paper contextualizes diffusion models architecturally. Through a comparison of approaches to diffusion models in architecture, this paper outlines data-centric methods that allow architects to design critically using computation. The design of text-driven latent spaces extends the histories of typological design to synthetic environments including non-building data into an architectural space. More than synthesizing quantic ratios in various arrangements, the architect contributes by assessing new categorical differences into generated work. The architects’ creativity can elevate LLI models with a synthetic architecture, nonexistent in the data sets the models learned from.
keywords	diffusion models, large-scale language-image models, data-centric, access to data, discrete computation, critical computational practice, synthetic architecture
series	journal
last changed	2024/04/17 14:30

_id	acadia23_v2_508
id	acadia23_v2_508
authors	Koehler, Daniel; liu, Zidong
year	2023
title	Exploring Building Typologies and their Socioeconomic Contexts: Compositional Insights from Large-Scale-Text-to-Image Models
source	ACADIA 2023: Habits of the Anthropocene: Scarcity and Abundance in a Post-Material Economy [Volume 2: Proceedings of the 43rd Annual Conference for the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 979-8-9891764-0-3]. Denver. 26-28 October 2023. edited by A. Crawford, N. Diniz, R. Beckett, J. Vanucchi, M. Swackhamer 508-517.
summary	This study utilizes large-scale-text-to-image (LLI) models to investigate possibilities to describe building types data-centric. With the introduction of ""data-centric typologies"" we hope to challenge traditional architectural classification systems, while reviving type as an architectural strategy to link socio-economic contexts to the physical form of a place. By examining artificial intelligence (AI)-generated images of various city buildings, the research explores compositional characteristics, realism, and model limitations. We generated and segmented a synthetic dataset of 15,000 images into individual building segments, conducting a statistical analysis of compositional features across 500 cities. Despite dataset biases and limitations, our results indicate that synthetic databases provide a deeper analytical basis than traditional methods. The generated dataset alone paints forensic landscapes of locales that are not typically showcased. Particularly from a pedagogical perspective, data-centric investigations can serve as a valuable tool for illustrating the diversity of cities and living modes. The findings show that socio-economic attributes, like quality of life, are more closely tied to neighborhoods or projects than entire cities. Consequently, architectural typologies are most effective at a human-ori- ented scale, interfacing city with architecture.
series	ACADIA
type	paper
email
last changed	2024/12/20 09:13

_id	koehler02_paper_eaea2007
id	koehler02_paper_eaea2007
authors	Koehler, Dennis
year	2008
title	Artificial Light in Urban Space
source	Proceedings of the 8th European Architectural Endoscopy Association Conference
summary	Visual impression of city form is related to its morphology of buildings and its spatial constellations. They present themselves in different lighting conditions. According to the daytime and seasonal impression, building elements run across in a different but constantly visible way. When night-time comes along the whole system is busy, indifferent and out of control. It is unsteadily illuminated rather in accordance to its purpose than to the structure of building or space.
keywords	perception, space, artificial light
series	EAEA
email
more	http://info.tuwien.ac.at/eaea
last changed	2008/04/29 20:46

_id	ecaade2008_181
id	ecaade2008_181
authors	Koehler, Tanja; Dieckmann, Andreas; Russell , Peter
year	2008
title	An Evaluation of Contemporary Game Engines
source	Architecture in Computro [26th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-7-2] Antwerpen (Belgium) 17-20 September 2008, pp. 743-750
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2008.743
summary	The paper deals with a close examination of several contemporary game engines regarding their usability for architectural visualisation that was conducted by third to fifth year students in a seminar context. The study examines the technology of these game engines with the main focus on graphic quality and adaptability to architectural purpose. The evaluation included not only the workflow of importing the 3D model into the engine but also general handling of the software and its user interface. The documentation of the test process and the evaluation of the various engines have been documented in a wiki compiled and written by the students. The information therein and the cost-benefit analyses provided for every engine should assist future users to quickly find the most suitable game engine for their specific purposes.
keywords	game engine, visualization, virtual reality, real-time graphic, 3d model
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	f59d
authors	Koelbl, R., Bruntsch, St. and Knoflacher, H.
year	2003
title	Perspective Vienna – A Comparison of Planning Scenarios and Real Development
source	CORP 2003, Vienna University of Technology, 25.2.-28.2.2003 [Proceedings on CD-Rom]
summary	With the suspension of national boarders in unions of nations, cities and their regions gain in significance for the economic, social and cultural development. This is particularly valid for Vienna, which lies close to the eastern boarder of the European Union, which should fall with the enlargement of EU in the near future. Of prominent importance is therefore to obtain a comprehensive understanding between proposed and defined aims for an urban development, the related measures and their extent ofimplementations and their actual or real effects. This paper attempts to give a strategic analysis of the Viennese urban and traffic development programs, from 1962, 1972, 1984 and 1994, on the one hand, and the data analysis of the statistical year books beginning from 1960 until 2000, on the other. The results show that adjustments have been made not only in response to certain trends, but also to a change of philosophy of urban development. It can be seen that certain assumptions of, for example, economic and transport measures can have the opposite outcome in relation to the intended objectives. Hence, one main question remains to beanswered: How should Vienna deal with the challenges ahead, to secure and foster a sustainable development under such circumstances on a long-term basis. In this respect, some measures are given, which should make it possible to overcome successfully these challenges.
series	other
email
last changed	2003/03/11 20:39

_id	ecaadesigradi2019_060
id	ecaadesigradi2019_060
authors	Koenig, Reinhard and Schneider, Sven
year	2019
title	Evaluation of systems for video-based online teaching - Create your own MOOC or SPOC
source	Sousa, JP, Xavier, JP and Castro Henriques, G (eds.), Architecture in the Age of the 4th Industrial Revolution - Proceedings of the 37th eCAADe and 23rd SIGraDi Conference - Volume 1, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal, 11-13 September 2019, pp. 109-116
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2019.1.109
summary	There are a lot of discussions about digitalizing university teaching and opening it to civil society. In this context, we investigate the current options for setting up and distributing video-based online courses. First, we make a review of a subjectively selected set of existing platforms and technologies for video-based online courses. Next, we discuss the needs of futures online teaching concepts and the corresponding challenges of digitalization for university teaching. We summarize essential aspects of the considered platforms, technologies, and today's examples in tables. The main result is an overview of systems that can be used to start your online teaching initiative with a small budget.
keywords	Online learning; video-based courses; MOOC; SPOC
series	eCAADeSIGraDi
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	ecaade2016_119
id	ecaade2016_119
authors	Koenig, Reinhard and Varoudis, Tasos
year	2016
title	Spatial Optimisations - Merging depthmapX, spatial graph networks and evolutionary design in Grasshopper
source	Herneoja, Aulikki; Toni Österlund and Piia Markkanen (eds.), Complexity & Simplicity - Proceedings of the 34th eCAADe Conference - Volume 2, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland, 22-26 August 2016, pp. 249-254
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2016.2.249
wos	WOS:000402064400024
summary	In the Space Syntax community, the standard tool for computing all kinds of spatial graph network measures is depthmapX (Varoudis, 2012). The process of evaluating many design variants of networks is relatively complicated, since they need to be drawn in a separated CAD system, exported and imported in depthmapX via dxf file format. This procedure disables a continuous integration into a design process. Furthermore, the standalone character of depthmapX makes it impossible to use its network centrality calculation for optimization processes. To overcome this limitations, we present in this paper the first steps of experimenting with a Grasshopper component (Varoudis, 2016) that can access the functions of depthmapX and integrate them into Grasshopper/Rhino3D. Here the component is implemented in a way that it can be used directly for an evolutionary algorithm (EA) implemented in a Python scripting component in Grasshopper.
keywords	Space Syntax; Evolutionary Algorithm; Grasshopper; Python; DepthmapX; Optimization
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	ecaade2018_w04
id	ecaade2018_w04
authors	Koenig, Reinhard, Beilik, Martin, Knecht, Katja, Abdulmawla, Abdulmalik and Fuchkina, Ekaterina
year	2018
title	New Methods for Urban Analysis and Simulation with Grasshopper - Using DeCodingSpaces-Toolbox
source	Kepczynska-Walczak, A, Bialkowski, S (eds.), Computing for a better tomorrow - Proceedings of the 36th eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland, 19-21 September 2018, pp. 65-68
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2018.1.065
summary	This workshop presents a collection of methods that supports the creation of urban masterplans. These methods are also used for evaluating the performance of the generated plans using advanced performance analysis tools as well as design exploration tools. During a one-day-workshop, the participants will practice using these tools in three parts; Street Network Generation, Synthesis of urban morphology, and Design-Space-Exploration. All the tools are integrated in one library called DeCodingSpaces-Toolbox for the parametric modelling environment Grasshopper.
keywords	Urban Generation and Analysis; Urban Simulation; Design Space Exploration
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	ecaade2015_336
id	ecaade2015_336
authors	Koenig, Reinhard
year	2015
title	CPlan - An Open Source Library for Computational Analysis and Synthesis
source	Martens, B, Wurzer, G, Grasl T, Lorenz, WE and Schaffranek, R (eds.), Real Time - Proceedings of the 33rd eCAADe Conference - Volume 1, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria, 16-18 September 2015, pp. 245-250
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2015.1.245
wos	WOS:000372317300026
summary	Some caad packages offer additional support for the optimization of spatial configurations, but the possibilities for applying optimization are usually limited either by the complexity of the data model or by the constraints of the underlying caad system. Since we missed a system that allows to experiment with optimization techniques for the synthesis of spatial configurations, we developed a collection of methods over the past years. This collection is now combined in the presented open source library for computational planning synthesis, called CPlan. The aim of the library is to provide an easy to use programming framework with a flat learning curve for people with basic programming knowledge. It offers an extensible structure that allows to add new customized parts for various purposes. In this paper the existing functionality of the CPlan library is described.
series	eCAADe
email
more	https://mh-engage.ltcc.tuwien.ac.at/engage/ui/watch.html?id=ebe47ae4-702d-11e5-b15e-17078d1d5730
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	cf2017_110
id	cf2017_110
authors	Koenig, Reinhard; Miao, Yufan; Knecht, Katja; Bus, Peter; Mei-Chih, Chang
year	2017
title	Interactive Urban Synthesis: Computational Methods for Fast Prototyping of Urban Design Proposals
source	Gülen Çagdas, Mine Özkar, Leman F. Gül and Ethem Gürer (Eds.) Future Trajectories of Computation in Design [17th International Conference, CAAD Futures 2017, Proceedings / ISBN 978-975-561-482-3] Istanbul, Turkey, July 12-14, 2017, p. 110.
summary	In this paper, we present a method for generating fast conceptual urban design prototypes. We synthesize spatial configurations for street networks, parcels and building volumes. Therefore, we address the problem of implementing custom data structures for these configurations and how the generation process can be controlled and parameterized. We exemplify our method by the development of new components for Grasshopper/Rhino3D and their application in the scope of selected case studies. By means of these components, we show use case applications of the synthesis algorithms. In the conclusion, we reflect on the advantages of being able to generate fast urban design prototypes, but we also discuss the disadvantages of the concept and the usage of Grasshopper as a user interface.
keywords	Procedural grammars, Artificial intelligence in design, Urban synthesis, Generative design, Grasshopper plugin, Cognitive design computing
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2017/12/01 14:37

_id	ecaade2010_117
id	ecaade2010_117
authors	Koenig, Reinhard; Thurow, Torsten; Braunes, Jo_rg; Tonn, Christian; Donath, Dirk; Schneider, Sven
year	2010
title	FREAC: A Technical Introduction to a Framework for Enhancing Research in Architectural Design and Communication
source	FUTURE CITIES [28th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-9-6] ETH Zurich (Switzerland) 15-18 September 2010, pp.445-451
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2010.445
wos	WOS:000340629400048
summary	This paper describes a framework for a collaborative, dynamically modifiable product model called FREAC built for the purposes of experimental software development. When developing FREAC, we attempted to realise the following properties that are typically lacking in currently available commercial systems: first, a high degree of flexibility so that it is highly adaptable to the needs of different disciplines; second, the ability to seamlessly connect different tools; third, real-time concurrent modelling by different remote partners; fourth, the ability to save a record of the entire modelling process; fifth, dynamic extensibility both for software developers as well as for the end users of the respective tools.
keywords	Software development; Experimental platform; Product model; Digital building model
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	ecaade2013_197
id	ecaade2013_197
authors	Koenig, Reinhard; Treyer, Lukas and Schmitt, Gerhard
year	2013
title	Graphical Smalltalk with My Optimization System for Urban Planning Tasks
source	Stouffs, Rudi and Sariyildiz, Sevil (eds.), Computation and Performance – Proceedings of the 31st eCAADe Conference – Volume 2, Faculty of Architecture, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands, 18-20 September 2013, pp. 195-203
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2013.2.195
wos	WOS:000340643600019
summary	Based on the description of a conceptual framework for the representation of planning problems on various scales, we introduce an evolutionary design optimization system. This system is exemplified by means of the generation of street networks with locally defined properties for centrality. We show three different scenarios for planning requirements and evaluate the resulting structures with respect to the requirements of our framework. Finally the potentials and challenges of the presented approach are discussed in detail.
keywords	Design optimization; interactive planning support system; generative system integration; evolutionary multi-criteria optimization.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	acadia19_332
id	acadia19_332
authors	Koerner, Andreas
year	2019
title	Thermochromic Articulations
source	ACADIA 19:UBIQUITY AND AUTONOMY [Proceedings of the 39th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-578-59179-7] (The University of Texas at Austin School of Architecture, Austin, Texas 21-26 October, 2019) pp. 332- 337
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2019.332
summary	The ongoing research presented in this paper lies on the threshold between computational design and digital fabrication with a strong focus on emergent techniques for environmental design. The main hypothesis is, that with an increasing granularity of thermal comfort - observing a trend towards more heterogeneous indoor microclimates – new design challenges arise. Architectural fabrics will be required to communicate indoor climate conditions to the inhabitants, to maintain high levels of thermal comfort locally but specifically. This research investigates a novel generative design methodology, which links computational fluid dynamics simulations, robotic fabrication and material-inert performances. The resulting environmentally active panels respond to climatic conditions and by this communicate parameters of thermal comfort, such as temperature, airflow, and humidity, to the inhabitants. This paper presents a digital design workflow, a prototype for a thermochromic panel, and speculates on potential development. Communicating invisible parameters of thermal comfort to users is a crucial requirement when designing large continuous indoor volumes, when blurring the dichotomous duality of inside and outside and when designing highly porous architecture.
series	ACADIA
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	acadia14projects_193
id	acadia14projects_193
authors	Koerner, Julia; Boltenstern, Marie; Al-Rawi, Kais
year	2014
title	Cellular Complexity "Evolve"
source	ACADIA 14: Design Agency [Projects of the 34th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 9789126724478]Los Angeles 23-25 October, 2014), pp. 193-196
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2014.193
summary	Cellular Complexity “Evolve” is an installation, which exhibits the potential of cellular geometries at a spatial architectural scale. The complex twisted geometry was generatively designed and digitally fabricated and stands out for cutting edge digital design concept and strategy.
keywords	cellular geometries, biological systems, performative parameters
series	ACADIA
type	Practice Projects
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	4140
authors	Koffman, Elliot B.
year	1981
title	Problem Solving and Structured Programming in PASCAL
source	82 p. in various paging reading Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. Inc., 1981. include index.
summary	-- (Addison-wesley Series in Computer Science and Information Processing). A one semester introductory course in computer programming. Teaches problem solving through the technique of stepwise algorithms development. Most of the features of standard PASCAL are covered in detail. Separate chapters are devoted to a discussion of advanced data structures like files, multidimensional arrays, and lists and trees. There is an appendix that discusses string processing in UCSD PASCAL
keywords	PASCAL, programming, problem solving, education, languages
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	cf2019_022
id	cf2019_022
authors	Koh, Immanuel and Jeffrey Huang
year	2019
title	Citizen Visual Search Engine:Detection and Curation of Urban Objects
source	Ji-Hyun Lee (Eds.) "Hello, Culture!" [18th International Conference, CAAD Futures 2019, Proceedings / ISBN 978-89-89453-05-5] Daejeon, Korea, p. 170
summary	Increasingly, the ubiquity of satellite imagery has made the data analysis and machine learning of large geographical datasets one of the building blocks of visuospatial intelligence. It is the key to discover current (and predict future) cultural, social, financial and political realities. How can we, as designers and researchers, empower citizens to understand and participate in the design of our cities amid this technological shift? As an initial step towards this broader ambition, a series of creative web applications, in the form of visual search engines, has been developed and implemented to data mine large datasets. Using open sourced deep learning and computer vision libraries, these applications facilitate the searching, detecting and curating of urban objects. In turn, the paper proposes and formulates a framework to design truly citizen-centric creative visual search engines -- a contribution to citizen science and citizen journalism in spatial terms.
keywords	Deep Learning, Computer Vision, Satellite Imagery, Citizen Science, Artificial Intelligence
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2019/07/29 14:08

_id	caadria2019_462
id	caadria2019_462
authors	Koh, Immanuel, Amorim, Pedro and Huang, Jeffrey
year	2019
title	Machinic Design Inference: from PokÃ©mon to Architecture - A Probabilistic Machine Learning Model for Generative Design using Game Levels Abstractions
source	M. Haeusler, M. A. Schnabel, T. Fukuda (eds.), Intelligent & Informed - Proceedings of the 24th CAADRIA Conference - Volume 2, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand, 15-18 April 2019, pp. 421-430
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2019.2.421
summary	In this paper, we use a probabilistic machine learning model, trained with a corpus of existing game levels tile-maps, to study the potential of an inference design system for architectural design. Our system is able to extract implicit spatial patterns and generate new spatial configurations with similar semantics of perception and navigation.
keywords	Machine Learning; Artificial Intelligence; Generative Design
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	caadria2017_086
id	caadria2017_086
authors	Koh, Immanuel, Keel, Paul and Huang, Jeffrey
year	2017
title	Decoding Parametric Design Data - Towards a Heterogeneous Design Search Space Remix
source	P. Janssen, P. Loh, A. Raonic, M. A. Schnabel (eds.), Protocols, Flows, and Glitches - Proceedings of the 22nd CAADRIA Conference, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China, 5-8 April 2017, pp. 117-126
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2017.117
summary	Designers or Non-Designers are not able to effectively access, view, search, discover, collect, reuse, remix and share parametric design data (PDD) for either professional or educational purposes. PDD here refers to the meta-data of 3D models generated by visual dataflow modelling software packages used in CAD/CAM industry. This ineffectiveness is a direct consequence of the deliberately proprietary nature of most PDD file formats and the restricted use within their respective desktop-based software environments. This paper presents an initial software prototype capable of automating the process of decoding a commonly used PDD file format and then re-encoding it with new set of metrics to facilitate multiple PDD searchability, comparability and interoperability, via an integrated web interface querying a design data repository. All PDDs are conceptualized as genealogies of numerical or geometric transformations and explicitly encoded with a graph-based data structure. The goal is to eventually learn from its own big data and begin to artificially generate novel PDDs heterogeneously.
keywords	Design Decoder; Design Space Exploration; Parametric Design; Visual Analytics; Design Data
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	caadria2013_080
id	caadria2013_080
authors	Koh, Immanuel
year	2013
title	Computer Vision and Augmented Reality Technologies in Experimental Architectural Design Education at the AA
source	Open Systems: Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2013) / Singapore 15-18 May 2013, pp. 427-436
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2013.427
wos	WOS:000351496100042
summary	This paper aims to investigate the potential of both open source software and new media (esp. computer vision and augmented reality) as tools for architectural design and education. The examples illustrated in the paper would be drawn mainly from students’ projects done as part of their AA Media Studies Course submission at the AA School of Architecture (AA) during the academic years from 2011/2012 to 2012/2013. The paper outlines the main approaches, which students have chosen to implement, both directly and indirectly, these new media and tools into their studio work at the AA. Section 1 briefly introduces a range of currently available open source computational design toolkits that are deemed useful for quick implementation of computer vision and augmented reality technologies. The related programming languages, softwares and hardwares would also be introduced and described accordingly. Sections 2 and 3 are accompanied with a visual catalogue of students’ projects to better illustrate the diversity in the understanding and implementation of computer vision and augmented reality technologies in architectural design. Section 4 serves to conclude the paper by first discussing briefly the feedback from students at the end of the course before clarifying the context of the research and thus its relation to recent work done by others using similar technologies.
keywords	Computer vision, Augmented reality, Generative design, Interaction design
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	caadria2014_099
id	caadria2014_099
authors	Koh, Immanuel
year	2014
title	Generative-Glass: Prototyping Generative Architectural Systems with Artisan’s Glass-Blowing and Automated Digital Fabrication Techniques
source	Rethinking Comprehensive Design: Speculative Counterculture, Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia (CAADRIA 2014) / Kyoto 14-16 May 2014, pp. 389–398
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2014.389
summary	This paper aims to investigate the ways in which the traditional processes of glassblowing techniques could be incorporated with contemporary generative design processes in the realization of new novel architectural systems. Pedagogical issues on how such prototyping processes could be better integrated within architectural education are also discussed. With the use of algorithmic design methodology to generate/visualize the components assembled in multitudes and digital fabrication machineries to produce the necessary moulds/jigs/tools/connection joints, a series of 5 different glass prototypes have been actualized at the scale of 1:1 or otherwise. The work is the direct outcome of a new programme founded and directed by the author as part of the Architectural Association (AA) School of Architecture‘s Visiting School in 2013. Part 1 briefly introduces the specific agenda and how the corresponding structure of the programme is designed to facilitate the glass research work done concurrently at the digital fabrication laboratory and glassblowing studio. Part 2 would systematically discuss in detail the design of each of the 5 main glass prototypes made, presented alongside photographs and diagrams to illustrate the prototypes’ respective assembly and fabrication logics. Part 3 would evaluate the work done and project plans for the next iteration of the research in 2014.
keywords	Glass; Digital Fabrication; Generative Design; Traditional Crafts
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

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