Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	0fc8
authors	Boutros, N., Sehad, T. and Constans, A.
year	1998
title	Aujourd'hui, entre l'agence et l'école, quelle utilisation des nouvelles technologies de l'information - Histoire d'une méthode
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1998.009
source	Computerised Craftsmanship [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Paris (France) 24-26 September 1998, pp. 9-15
summary	Nous proposons notre future méthodologie pédagogique de l'informatique fondée sur l'expérimentation d'un séminaire de 3ème cycle, aboutissement d'un enseignement qui commence dès la première année d'étude. Cette excursion comme dans un circuit organisé vous emmènera d'une agence d'architectes, aux cours d'informatique graphique de l'école d'architecture. Il y aura ensuite une pause « recherche » sur la méthodologie d'enseignement en exploitant de nombreux outils des nouvelles technologies de l'information - des expérimentations diverses ont eu lieu avec des équipes de recherche de la faculté polytechnique de Turin (Italie) et du centre d'études archéologiques d'Alexandrie (Egypte) - pour enfin arriver à notre destination, l'accès à l'information pour développer un projet architectural, une méthode pour une nouvelle génération.
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.paris-valdemarne.archi.fr/archive/ecaade98/html/41boutros/index.htm
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	0446
authors	Fasse, Isabelle
year	1998
title	La modélisation de projets architecturaux comme support d'analyse d'oeuvres architecturale
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1998.072
source	Computerised Craftsmanship [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Paris (France) 24-26 September 1998, pp. 72-77
summary	A l'heure où l'ordinateur n'est pas seulement utilisé comme instrument de dessin mais de plus en plus mis à contribution comme outil d'aide à la conception, l'approche de l'informatique en Ecole d'Architecture demande une pédagogie adaptée aux disciplines enseignées qui va au delà de l'apprentissage de l'utilisation du matériel et des logiciels. Le travail demandé en 4ème année aux étudiants de l'école d'architecture de Marseille Luminy repose sur l'analyse d'un projet architectural pris dans l'oeuvre d'un architecte de leur choix. Cette analyse doit amener les étudiants à proposer une méthode de travail basée sur les outils informatiques mis à leur disposition qui les aide par la saisie et la représentation informatique du projet, à formuler et évaluer les hypothèses de conception qui ont menées à la réalisation du projet étudié. Cette approche basée sur l'analyse du projet ouvre la perspective de l'utilisation de l'outil informatique dans les étapes de l'analyse, de la conception et de la communication d'un projet.
series	eCAADe
more	http://www.paris-valdemarne.archi.fr/archive/ecaade98/html/12fasse/index.htm
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	e537
authors	Heylighen, A., Segers, R. and Neuckermans, H.
year	1998
title	InterAction through Information
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1998.087
source	Computerised Craftsmanship [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Paris (France) 24-26 September 1998, pp. 87-92
summary	Past designs have been recognised as a significant source of knowledge in architectural design. IT offers the opportunity to represent these designs not only by text, graphics and images, but also by 3D-models, computer animation, sound and video. In spite of the growing availability of multimedia archives, libraries and case bases, their contribution to the development of students? ?design craftsmanship? so far seems to be limited. If IT wants to make a valuable contribution to this development, the challenge is not to passively provide students with information on past designs, but to (inter)actively support the dynamic interplay between these designs and the student?s design process. We are developing a tool that fundamentally attempts to explore this potential by using information as a vehicle to initiate, nurture and improve this interplay. The tool, which is intended to assist (student-)architects during the early conceptual stage of design, is conceived as a an (inter)active workhouse rather than a passive warehouse: it is interactively developed by and actively develops its users? knowledge. We have implemented a working prototype of the tool, at first stage for the design studio, yet with the potential of expansion into the office setting.
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://www.paris-valdemarne.archi.fr/archive/ecaade98/html/08heylighen/index.htm
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	acadia16_140
id	acadia16_140
authors	Nejur, Andrei; Steinfeld, Kyle
year	2016
title	Ivy: Bringing a Weighted-Mesh Representations to Bear on Generative Architectural Design Applications
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2016.140
source	ACADIA // 2016: POSTHUMAN FRONTIERS: Data, Designers, and Cognitive Machines [Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-692-77095-5] Ann Arbor 27-29 October, 2016, pp. 140-151
summary	Mesh segmentation has become an important and well-researched topic in computational geometry in recent years (Agathos et al. 2008). As a result, a number of new approaches have been developed that have led to innovations in a diverse set of problems in computer graphics (CG) (Sharmir 2008). Specifically, a range of effective methods for the division of a mesh have recently been proposed, including by K-means (Shlafman et al. 2002), graph cuts (Golovinskiy and Funkhouser 2008; Katz and Tal 2003), hierarchical clustering (Garland et al. 2001; Gelfand and Guibas 2004; Golovinskiy and Funkhouser 2008), primitive fitting (Athene et al. 2004), random walks (Lai et al.), core extraction (Katz et al.) tubular multi-scale analysis (Mortara et al. 2004), spectral clustering (Liu and Zhang 2004), and critical point analysis (Lin et al. 20070, all of which depend upon a weighted graph representation, typically the dual of a given mesh (Sharmir 2008). While these approaches have been proven effective within the narrowly defined domains of application for which they have been developed (Chen 2009), they have not been brought to bear on wider classes of problems in fields outside of CG, specifically on problems relevant to generative architectural design. Given the widespread use of meshes and the utility of segmentation in GAD, by surveying the relevant and recently matured approaches to mesh segmentation in CG that share a common representation of the mesh dual, this paper identifies and takes steps to address a heretofore unrealized transfer of technology that would resolve a missed opportunity for both subject areas. Meshes are often employed by architectural designers for purposes that are distinct from and present a unique set of requirements in relation to similar applications that have enjoyed more focused study in computer science. This paper presents a survey of similar applications, including thin-sheet fabrication (Mitani and Suzuki 2004), rendering optimization (Garland et al. 2001), 3D mesh compression (Taubin et al. 1998), morphin (Shapira et al. 2008) and mesh simplification (Kalvin and Taylor 1996), and distinguish the requirements of these applications from those presented by GAD, including non-refinement in advance of the constraining of mesh geometry to planar-quad faces, and the ability to address a diversity of mesh features that may or may not be preserved. Following this survey of existing approaches and unmet needs, the authors assert that if a generalized framework for working with graph representations of meshes is developed, allowing for the interactive adjustment of edge weights, then the recent developments in mesh segmentation may be better brought to bear on GAD problems. This paper presents work toward the development of just such a framework, implemented as a plug-in for the visual programming environment Grasshopper.
keywords	tool-building, design simulation, fabrication, computation, megalith
series	ACADIA
type	paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:58

_id	8c6d
authors	Brooks, H. Gordon
year	1988
title	A New Communication Model for Architecture Using Video and 3D Computer Animated Graphics
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1988.263
source	Computing in Design Education [ACADIA Conference Proceedings] Ann Arbor (Michigan / USA) 28-30 October 1988, pp. 263-274
summary	The University of Arkansas School of Architecture has produced a half-hour television program describing Richard Meier's Atheneum in New Harmony, Indiana. The program uses an analysis technique developed by Dr. Geoffrey Baker, RIBA. The treatment for the material is a combination of on- site video and computer generated 3D animated graphics. An instrument was developed to evaluate the video and its 3D graphics. Based on analysis of the test data several conclusions are apparent. Students believe the video to be very helpful in understanding this building. This video appears to be paced too quickly for understanding in one viewing. Repetitive viewings of the video are helpful in understanding the content. Some students are able to understand principles presented visually better than those presented verbally, but best learning happens when information is reinforced visually and verbally.
series	ACADIA
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	e336
authors	Achten, H., Roelen, W., Boekholt, J.-Th., Turksma, A. and Jessurun, J.
year	1999
title	Virtual Reality in the Design Studio: The Eindhoven Perspective
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1999.169
source	Architectural Computing from Turing to 2000 [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-5-7] Liverpool (UK) 15-17 September 1999, pp. 169-177
summary	Since 1991 Virtual Reality has been used in student projects in the Building Information Technology group. It started as an experimental tool to assess the impact of VR technology in design, using the environment of the associated Calibre Institute. The technology was further developed in Calibre to become an important presentation tool for assessing design variants and final design solutions. However, it was only sporadically used in student projects. A major shift occurred in 1997 with a number of student projects in which various computer technologies including VR were used in the whole of the design process. In 1998, the new Design Systems group started a design studio with the explicit aim to integrate VR in the whole design process. The teaching effort was combined with the research program that investigates VR as a design support environment. This has lead to increasing number of innovative student projects. The paper describes the context and history of VR in Eindhoven and presents the current set-UP of the studio. It discusses the impact of the technology on the design process and outlines pedagogical issues in the studio work.
keywords	Virtual Reality, Design Studio, Student Projects
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ddss9801
id	ddss9801
authors	Achten, Henri and Leeuwen, Jos van
year	1998
title	A Feature-Based Description Technique for Design Processes: A Case Study
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fourth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning Maastricht, the Netherlands), ISBN 90-6814-081-7, July 26-29, 1998
summary	In order to develop appropriate tools for decision support in design processes, it is necessary to found them on an understanding of design. Analytical techniques of design processes that have a direct relationship with tool development can enhance design support systems development. The paper focuses on a design support system in the VR-DIS research program. The aim of this research program is to develop insight in the architectural design process and to establish design tools for architectsworking in Virtual Reality. The basic approach for data modelling in VR in this research is based on an extension of the Feature Based Modelling paradigm taken from design in mechanical engineering. The computer model of the design in the system is a Feature-based model. This paper describes design processes in terms of changes in the Feature-based model of the design. For this purpose, a case of a house design is used. Drawings in the conceptual design phase up to the preliminary design phase arestudied. Each state of the drawings is described in terms of a Feature-model. Particular design actions such as creation of spaces, definition of architectural elements, and changes during the design process can be expressed in terms of changes in the Feature-model. Because of the use of Features, the changes can be formalised in the VR-DIS system. The description in terms of Features offers an analytical toolthat leads to a functional brief for design support tools. The paper ends with a discussion of implications and future work.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:15

_id	6672
authors	Af Klercker, Jonas
year	1998
title	A CAVE-Interface in CAAD-Education
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1998.110
source	Computerised Craftsmanship [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Paris (France) 24-26 September 1998, pp. 110-115
summary	The so called "CAVE-interface" is a very interesting and thrilling development for architects! It supports a better illusion of space by exposing almost a 270° view of a computer model than the 60° which can be viewed on an ordinary computer screen. At the Lund University we have got the possibility to experiment with a CAVE-installation, using it in research and the education of CAAD. The technique and two experiments are discribed. The possibilities are discussed and some problems and questions are put forward.
series	eCAADe
more	http://www.paris-valdemarne.archi.fr/archive/ecaade98/html/31af_klercker/index.htm
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	6433
authors	Agranovich-Ponomarieva, E. and Litvinova, A.
year	1998
title	The "Real Space - Cyberspace" Paradigm
source	Cyber-Real Design [Conference Proceedings / ISBN 83-905377-2-9] Bialystock (Poland), 23-25 April 1998, pp. 141-145
summary	In a chain of "real - perceived - imagined space" the computer reduces to a uniform model of only real and imagined space. It cannot undertake man's function or it cannot build the perception model. However, perception assumes physiological perception, psychological estimation and understanding, and emotional ho-experience. For a person the seizing of space during perception is constructing temporary spatial images and their development. The communicative relations of the person with environment are established during revealing internal and external structural communications and the interior represents the message, unwrapped in space and perceived in time. The real space is formed under influence of the sum of conceptual restrictions. The character of these restrictions depends on a super idea, a type of an initial situation, character of installations and on social-cultural stereotypes of the author. Without this stage transition to real architectural object is impossible. Result of activity of an architect at this stage becomes creation hypothetical cyberspace, with its own peculiarities and laws.
series	plCAD
last changed	1999/04/08 17:16

_id	de77
authors	Ahmad Rafi, M.E.
year	1998
title	Computer animation for architectural visualisation
source	University of Strathclyde
summary	This thesis critically reviews the state of architectural animation, and relates this specific field to the more general motion-based representations, particularly traditional film-making techniques. It identifies key elements from traditional filmmaking and shows how these elements can improve computer-based architectural animation. The process of identification of the key elements from traditional film-making starts with a critical survey of the use of motion-based representation in local architectural practices and an empirical analysis of several architectural-based documentary films and past and present computer animations. All of the key ideas are illustrated on video by comparing real shooting clips to digital sequences focusing on production and post-production works. Some of these were implemented in two live projects ( Ministry of Finance, Malaysia and Damansara Parade ) for architects to understand the real problems and potentials in each process. These sets of illustrations expand the architect ideas to make full use of the motion-based process to improve the skill of combining architectural information in a good animation. The overall production process becomes more efficient when the motion-based footage is edited using a non-linear editing platform as it enhances the professional appearance as well as vastly saving most of the production time. The thesis concludes with specific recommendations relative to the stage at which the animation is produced. This technology can be best utilised with the right skills (a gained from film-making) and an understanding of each stage that requires a different level of input and gives a certain impact to the viewers.
series	thesis:PhD
email
last changed	2003/11/21 15:15

_id	e78b
authors	Akin, O. and Akin, C.
year	1998
title	On the process of creativity in puzzles, inventions, and designs
source	Automation in Construction 7 (2-3) (1998) pp. 123-138
summary	The most common means of identifying creativity has been through its products. In architecture, music, writing, art, even puzzle solving and scientific discovery, the prerequisite for considering creativity has been the presence of a creative product. Alternatively, anecdotal descriptions have been used to identify processes that are considered creative. Many scientific discoveries have been linked to a sudden realization or unexplainable revelation punctuated with the AHA! response. Outside of the creative product itself and the AHA! response, the kinds of concrete evidence that point to the process of creativity are precious few. Our purpose here is to further examine these phenomena and develop hypotheses about the nature of the creative process. Our ultimate aim is to develop a general theory of creativity. We intend to base this theory on a set of conditions that are necessary for the creative process to take place in a number of domains: puzzles, scientific discoveries, and design, with special emphasis on architectural design.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	ddss9802
id	ddss9802
authors	Akin, O., Aygen, Z., Cumming, M., Donia, M., Sen, R. and Zhang, Y.
year	1998
title	Computational Specification of Building Requirements in theEarly Stages of Design
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fourth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning Maastricht, the Netherlands), ISBN 90-6814-081-7, July 26-29, 1998
summary	We have been exploring computational techniques to help building designers to specify design requirements during the early stages of design. In the past, little has been accomplished in this area either in terms of innovative computational technologies or the improvement of design performance.The prospect of improving design productivity and creating a seamless process between requirements specification and formal design are our primary motivations. This research has been conducted as partof a larger project entitled SEED (Software Environment to Support Early Phases in Building Design). SEED features an open-ended modular architecture, where each module provides support for a design activity that takes place in early design stages. Each module is supported by a database to store and retrieve information, as well as a user interface to support the interaction with designers. The module described in this paper, SEED-Pro (the architectural programming module of SEED), is a workingprototype for building design requirements specification. It can be used by other modules in SEED or by design systems in other domains, such as mechanical engineering, civil engineering, industrial designand electrical engineering. Our approach to SEED-Pro is divided into two phases: core, and support functionalities. The core functionalities operate in an interactive mode relying on a case-based approach to retrieve and adapt complex specification records to the problem at hand. The supportfunctionalities include the case-base, the data-base, and the standards processing environment for building specification tasks. Our findings indicate that SEED-Pro: (1) is a tool that structures the unstructured domain of design requirements; (2) enables the integration of design requirements with the rest of the design process, (3) leads to the creation of complex case-bases and (4) enables the observation of their performance in the context of real world design problems.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:15

_id	d35f
authors	Akin, O.
year	1997
title	Researching Descriptive Models of Design
source	Automation in Construction 7 (2-3) (1998) pp. 97-100
summary	This special double issue is a result of the international symposium and workshop on „Descriptive Models of Design“ wich was held during July 1-5, 1996, at Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey. The primary goal of the symposium was to promote greater understanding and to develop recommendations for funding policy and practices in the area of descriptive models of design.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:22

_id	ddssar0203
id	ddssar0203
authors	Alkass, Sabah and Jrade, Ahmad
year	2002
title	A Web-Based Virtual Reality Model for Preliminary Estimates of Hi-Rise Building Projects
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Sixth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part one: Architecture Proceedings Avegoor, the Netherlands), 2002
summary	Cost estimating of a construction project at its early stage is considered to be very important task since it will be used as a base to commit or otherwise not to commit funds to that project. Preparation of a reliableand realistic preliminary estimate to aid the decision makers to commit funds for a specific project is a complicated assignment. Traditional methods and operations produced unsatisfactory aid due to lack ofaccuracy especially in the pre-design stage of a project. This participates in the increase of percentage of bankruptcy in the construction industry, which has dramatically climbed up and ranked as 15 percent of thewhole bankruptcies claimed in Canada (Statistic Canada 1998). This paper presents a methodology for developing and a Web-based model to automate preliminary cost estimates for hi-rise buildings. This is achieved by integrating a database with design drawings in a Virtual Reality (VR) environment. The model will automatically generate preliminary estimates after modifying a 3D CAD drawing. It provides the user the option to visualize and simulate the drawing and its cost data through VR environment. Having done that, it will allow owners, architects and cost engineers to view a constructed building project, change its geometric objects and shapes, and accordingly generate a new conceptual cost estimate.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:15

_id	3
authors	Andia, Alfredo
year	1998
title	Computadoras y Arquitectura en la Era Digital (Computers and Architecture in the Digital Era)
source	II Seminario Iberoamericano de Grafico Digital [SIGRADI Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-97190-0-X] Mar del Plata (Argentina) 9-11 september 1998, pp. 22-31
summary	It seems that when architects think, and talk about computers, they only reflect on very narrow images of the phenomenon. Architects think that the impact of computers in their profession is only related to how PCs, CAD/CAM, networks, software, peripherals, can improve the way they work today. Architects, by enlarge, are unable to reflect beyond the screen of their computers and the wall of their offices when it comes to recognize the real consequences resulting from the new technological advances. In this paper we argue that we should think differently. We must recognize that computers are having much more profound impact on the profession. Computers - the technology of the fantastic, par excellence - are changing the city! They are fundamentally transforming the way we use space, and buildings! Computers are beginning to create new kinds of urban cultures and infrastructures. Building types such as offices, banks, retail spaces, and museums are being transformed into virtual workplaces, telecommuting centers, networks of automated teller machines, home banking, smart stores and multimedia experiences. Computers are transforming the concept of working, the concept of banking, the concept of shopping, etc. In the end, something fundamental about the architecture of these activities.
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	0f09
authors	Ando, H., Kubota, A. and Kiriyama, T.
year	1998
title	Study on the collaborative design process over the internet: A case study on VRML 2.0 specification design
source	Design Studies 19, pp. 289-308
summary	In this paper, we analyze the process of VRML 2.0 (Virtual Reality Modeling Language, Version 2.0) specification design for the deeper understanding of Internet-based collaboration. The VRML design process has the characteristics of being open to the public, geographically distributed, long-term, large-scale, and diverse. First, we examine the overall features of the design process by analyzing the VRML mailing list archive statistically. Secondly, we extract prototyping vocabulary (operational patterns) from the document change log. Thirdly, we analyze the process of proposing and agreeing with the PROTO node in detail. The results of analysis provide us with a guidance for facilitating innovation in the Internet-based collaboration.
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/11/21 15:15

_id	ga9815
id	ga9815
authors	Annunziato, M.
year	1998
title	The Nagual Experiment
source	International Conference on Generative Art
summary	This paper refers to an experiment about the use of artificial life structures in order to simulate/evocate natural or artificial patterns. These patterns are the effect of the self-organisation of a population of individuals during their process of development and growth. Although the local dynamics and interactions have a chaotic (partially random) behaviour, the global dynamics of the population produces interesting and well structured patterns. The graphic images generated with these procedures show a wide variety of structures in terms of life (growth) simulations and graphic geometries.
series	other
email
more	http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed	2003/08/07 17:25

_id	16
authors	Araya, N., Alvarado, R.G. and Gallador, N.A.
year	1998
title	Sintaxis Grafica de la Multimedia (Graphical Syntax of Multimedia)
source	II Seminario Iberoamericano de Grafico Digital [SIGRADI Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-97190-0-X] Mar del Plata (Argentina) 9-11 september 1998, pp. 140-145
summary	The multimedia offers an integration that must be made by the subject with the stimuli given, in their majority visual. For that reason it is interesting to know how effective may be the use of images and to propose some basic norms for designing multimedia software based on a graphic syntax
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:47

_id	ddss9803
id	ddss9803
authors	Arentze, T., Borgers, A. and Timmermans, H.
year	1998
title	Extending spatial DSS with spatial choice models of multipurpose shopping trip behaviour
source	Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Fourth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning Maastricht, the Netherlands), ISBN 90-6814-081-7, July 26-29, 1998
summary	Spatial choice or interaction models have been widely used in spatial DSS or customised GIS for analysing the impacts of retail location plans. The models typically used, however, do not account for spatial agglomeration effects on spatial choice behaviour. This study develops a model system for analysing the impacts of retail plans based on a choice model of multipurpose behaviour developed in earlier work. The model system is implemented in the spatial DSS called Location Planner. An empirical study demonstrates the empirical estimation and use of the model for analysing the impacts of an expansion of floor space in the major shopping centre of a middle-sized city in The Netherlands. The results indicate that agglomeration effects as predicted by the model can have substantial impacts on the performance of retail systems. Therefore, it is argued that when incorporated in a spatial DSS, the more complex models have the potential to improve the use of these systems for impact analysis.
series	DDSS
last changed	2003/11/21 15:16

_id	ascaad2006_paper19
id	ascaad2006_paper19
authors	Arjun, G. and J. Plume
year	2006
title	Collaborative Architectural Design as a reflective Conversation: an agent facilitated system to support collaborative conceptual design
source	Computing in Architecture / Re-Thinking the Discourse: The Second International Conference of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2006), 25-27 April 2006, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
summary	In this paper, definitions of collaborative design are discussed and understood in terms of a designer’s cognitive collaborations to explore his/her experiential memory for remote idea associations. Based on Schon’s reflective practice theory, Valkenburg and Dorst’s (1998) description of collaborative team designing is adopted as a model for a proposed design conversation system. The design conversation system is aimed at triggering the experiential memory of the designer by associating significant ideas from different design domains to provide different perspectives of a design situation. The paper describes a proposed framework for the design conversation system incorporating computational agents in a blackboard architecture environment.
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2007/04/08 19:47

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