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CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	dd16
authors	Gibson, Kathleen
year	1999
title	STUDIO @ CORNELL
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1999.018.2
source	ACADIA Quarterly, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 18-21
summary	Unique to the interior design program at Cornell University is a planned pedagogical approach requiring equal emphasis toward manual and digital graphic communication at the freshman level. Prior to 1998, computer-based instruction only occurred at the junior year of study. Recognizing that cultural and symbolic biases against digital media were formally being instituted by curriculum policy, faculty searched for a new perspective. Central to success was the removal of illogically placed boundaries, both mental and physical. In response, students are now encouraged to cultivate a fluid dexterity between traditional and digital methods, at times using various skills concurrently for design analysis and representation (Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7). Course content for DEA115 ranges from basic orthographic drafting, paraline projection, and perspective drawing to color rendering and composition. Students utilize a full range of media: pencil, ink, marker, pastel, AutoCAD, 3DS/ MAX, and Photoshop in this graphics studio. Course meetings total six contact hours per week, constituting a three credit hour class. Assignments are purposefully created to shatter digital myths. For example, instead of a standard, rote drafting exercise, AutoCAD is used to explore design ideas through systemic object manipulation (Figures 8, 9).
series	ACADIA
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	diss_kuo
id	diss_kuo
authors	Kuo, C.J.
year	1999
title	Unsupervised Dynamic Concurrent Computer-Aided Design Assistant
source	Los Angeles: UCLA
summary	The increasing capability of computer-aided architectural design systems has strengthened the role that the computer plays in the workplace. Due to the complexity of developing new techniques and research, these systems are undertaken mostly by scientists and engineers without significant architectural input (Willey, 1991). The design concept of these systems may be based on a well-defined and well-understood process, which is not yet realized in architectural design (Galle, 1994). The output of such research may not be easily adapted into the design process. Most of the techniques assume a complete understanding of the design space (Gero and Maher, 1987) (Willey, 1991). The description or construction of the design space is always time and space consuming, and the result can never be complete due to the ever-changing nature of architectural design. This research intends to initiate a solution for the above problems. The proposed system is an unsupervised-dynamic-concurrent-computer-aided-design assistant. The “unsupervised” means the learning process is not supervised by the user because it is against the designer's nature to “think-aloud” in the design studio and it also increases the work load. It is dynamic because the size of the knowledge base is constantly changing. Concurrent means that there are multiple procedures active simultaneously. This research focuses on learning the operational knowledge from an individual designer and reapplying it in future designs. A computer system for this experiment is constructed. It is capable of The preliminary result shows a positive feedback from test subjects. The purpose of this research is to suggest a potent computational frame within which future developments may flourish.
series	thesis:PhD
last changed	2003/11/28 07:37

_id	4a1a
authors	Laird, J.E.
year	2001
title	Using Computer Game to Develop Advanced AI
source	Computer, 34 (7), July pp. 70-75
summary	Although computer and video games have existed for fewer than 40 years, they are already serious business. Entertainment software, the entertainment industry's fastest growing segment, currently generates sales surpassing the film industry's gross revenues. Computer games have significantly affected personal computer sales, providing the initial application for CD-ROMs, driving advancements in graphics technology, and motivating the purchase of ever faster machines. Next-generation computer game consoles are extending this trend, with Sony and Toshiba spending $2 billion to develop the Playstation 2 and Microsoft planning to spend more than $500 million just to market its Xbox console [1]. These investments have paid off. In the past five years, the quality and complexity of computer games have advanced significantly. Computer graphics have shown the most noticeable improvement, with the number of polygons rendered in a scene increasing almost exponentially each year, significantly enhancing the games' realism. For example, the original Playstation, released in 1995, renders 300,000 polygons per second, while Sega's Dreamcast, released in 1999, renders 3 million polygons per second. The Playstation 2 sets the current standard, rendering 66 million polygons per second, while projections indicate the Xbox will render more than lOO million polygons per second. Thus, the images on today's $300 game consoles rival or surpass those available on the previous decade's $50,000 computers. The impact of these improvements is evident in the complexity and realism of the environments underlying today's games, from detailed indoor rooms and corridors to vast outdoor landscapes. These games populate the environments with both human and computer controlled characters, making them a rich laboratory for artificial intelligence research into developing intelligent and social autonomous agents. Indeed, computer games offer a fitting subject for serious academic study, undergraduate education, and graduate student and faculty research. Creating and efficiently rendering these environments touches on every topic in a computer science curriculum. The "Teaching Game Design " sidebar describes the benefits and challenges of developing computer game design courses, an increasingly popular field of study
series	journal paper
last changed	2003/04/23 15:50

_id	ga0010
id	ga0010
authors	Moroni, A., Zuben, F. Von and Manzolli, J.
year	2000
title	ArTbitrariness in Music
source	International Conference on Generative Art
summary	Evolution is now considered not only powerful enough to bring about the biological entities as complex as humans and conciousness, but also useful in simulation to create algorithms and structures of higher levels of complexity than could easily be built by design. In the context of artistic domains, the process of human-machine interaction is analyzed as a good framework to explore creativity and to produce results that could not be obtained without this interaction. When evolutionary computation and other computational intelligence methodologies are involved, every attempt to improve aesthetic judgement we denote as ArTbitrariness, and is interpreted as an interactive iterative optimization process. ArTbitrariness is also suggested as an effective way to produce art through an efficient manipulation of information and a proper use of computational creativity to increase the complexity of the results without neglecting the aesthetic aspects [Moroni et al., 2000]. Our emphasis will be in an approach to interactive music composition. The problem of computer generation of musical material has received extensive attention and a subclass of the field of algorithmic composition includes those applications which use the computer as something in between an instrument, in which a user "plays" through the application's interface, and a compositional aid, which a user experiments with in order to generate stimulating and varying musical material. This approach was adopted in Vox Populi, a hybrid made up of an instrument and a compositional environment. Differently from other systems found in genetic algorithms or evolutionary computation, in which people have to listen to and judge the musical items, Vox Populi uses the computer and the mouse as real-time music controllers, acting as a new interactive computer-based musical instrument. The interface is designed to be flexible for the user to modify the music being generated. It explores evolutionary computation in the context of algorithmic composition and provides a graphical interface that allows to modify the tonal center and the voice range, changing the evolution of the music by using the mouse[Moroni et al., 1999]. A piece of music consists of several sets of musical material manipulated and exposed to the listener, for example pitches, harmonies, rhythms, timbres, etc. They are composed of a finite number of elements and basically, the aim of a composer is to organize those elements in an esthetic way. Modeling a piece as a dynamic system implies a view in which the composer draws trajectories or orbits using the elements of each set [Manzolli, 1991]. Nonlinear iterative mappings are associated with interface controls. In the next page two examples of nonlinear iterative mappings with their resulting musical pieces are shown.The mappings may give rise to attractors, defined as geometric figures that represent the set of stationary states of a non-linear dynamic system, or simply trajectories to which the system is attracted. The relevance of this approach goes beyond music applications per se. Computer music systems that are built on the basis of a solid theory can be coherently embedded into multimedia environments. The richness and specialty of the music domain are likely to initiate new thinking and ideas, which will have an impact on areas such as knowledge representation and planning, and on the design of visual formalisms and human-computer interfaces in general. Above and bellow, Vox Populi interface is depicted, showing two nonlinear iterative mappings with their resulting musical pieces. References [Manzolli, 1991] J. Manzolli. Harmonic Strange Attractors, CEM BULLETIN, Vol. 2, No. 2, 4 -- 7, 1991. [Moroni et al., 1999] Moroni, J. Manzolli, F. Von Zuben, R. Gudwin. Evolutionary Computation applied to Algorithmic Composition, Proceedings of CEC99 - IEEE International Conference on Evolutionary Computation, Washington D. C., p. 807 -- 811,1999. [Moroni et al., 2000] Moroni, A., Von Zuben, F. and Manzolli, J. ArTbitration, Las Vegas, USA: Proceedings of the 2000 Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference Workshop Program – GECCO, 143 -- 145, 2000.
series	other
email
more	http://www.generativeart.com/
last changed	2003/08/07 17:25

_id	cfcd
authors	Shaviv, E.
year	1999
title	Integrating energy consciousness in the design process
source	Automation in Construction 8 (4) (1999) pp. 463-472
summary	The design process for an intelligent, energy conscious building which was built, along with the design tools that were applied, is presented. The building, situated in the hot–humid climate of Rehovot, Israel, houses the laboratories and offices of the Weizmann Institute's Environmental Science and Energy Research Department. Alternative bio-climatic design options were proposed and evaluated throughout the detailed design stage. A building energy performance index (BEPI) was established for each alternative. This index reflects the total amount of energy consumption for heating, cooling, ventilating and lighting used per square meter of floor area. Thermal modeling for the different design alternatives were carried out by means of an hourly dynamic simulation model. The model solves simultaneously the heat transfer equations through all exterior walls, taking into account the thermal mass of each external wall as well as internal partitions. The model was extended to include hourly calculations of daylighting and geometrical shading coefficient of the windows, as well as automated and `smart' control strategies.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:23

_id	2e09
authors	Wells, Alison
year	1999
title	Exploring the Development of the Independent, Electronic, Scholarly Journal
source	University of Sheffield, Department of Information Studies
summary	This dissertation sets out to examine the extent of independent, electronic scholarly journals, that is, those that are available through the Internet, usually the World Wide Web, free of charge to the reader, and publish academic articles, usually peer reviewed. A list of journals was drawn up using the NewJour archive of journal announcements, supplemented by the World Wide Web Virtual Library and Glasgow University library catalogue. The 387 journals that were found were then categorised in the following categories: Title, URL, originating country, whether it was peer reviewed, organisation or person responsible, broad subject, narrow subject, format, language, whether there was a print version, year of first issue, year of latest issue and number of issues and articles per year. An e-mail survey was also carried out of the 84 electronic journals that had some way of determining their readership, either by having voluntary or compulsory registration, or sending e-mail updates to subscribers. The survey asked for the number of subscribers to each journal, and also the number of hits the Web site received each month It was found that most of the journals were following one of three strategies: () a Niche Market strategy - focusing a highly specialised journal to a small audience. () a Vanity Publishing strategy - producing journals in a mainstream area, with no external funding.(*) a Commercial strategy - producing journals in a mainstream area, with attempts made to gain external funding through sponsorship and advertising. It was concluded that unless the current market for electronic journals changed in some way, either by journal budgets devolving to academic departments, or some collaborative action between universities, that the future for electronic journals was as part of "one-stop shops" for particular subjects, with a mixture of free and paid for journals (or article servers), together with other related services, controlled by commercial outfits.
series	thesis:MSc
more	http://panizzi.shef.ac.uk/elecdiss/edl0001/
last changed	2003/02/12 22:37

_id	a8d1
authors	Galle, Per
year	1981
title	An Algorithm for Exhaustive Generation of Building Floor Plans
source	Communications of the ACM December, 1981. vol. 2: pp.813-823, [3] : ill. includes bibliography.
summary	The combinatorial complexity of most floor plan design problems makes it practically impossible to obtain a systematic knowledge of possible solutions using pencil and paper. The objective of this paper is to contribute to the development of computer methods providing such knowledge for the designer. The paper describes an algorithm which generates all possible rectangular plans on modular grids with congruent cells, subject to constraints on total area, room areas, wall lengths, room adjacencies, and room orientations. To make room sizes regular and limit the solution set only, such grids are used which minimize the number of cells in the smallest room. The description is sufficiently detailed to serve as a basis for programming. Test results for a Pascal implementation of the algorithm are reported. Realistic problems up to ten rooms have been solved in modest length of computer time. The results indicate that the approach of exhaustive generation may prove to be more fruitful than generally assumed
keywords	architecture, floor plans, automation, design, planning, algorithms, combinatorics, grids, constraints, synthesis
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:08

_id	620a
authors	Galle, Per
year	1983
title	A Theorem Relating to Exhaustive Generation of Floor Plans
source	Bulletin of Computer Aided Architectural Design. May, 1983. pp. 30-33 : ill
summary	Many problems arise in connection with automated design of architectural floor plans. If modular grids are used, one problem is to avoid repeated generation of the same plan on different modular grids. Using the concept of 'modular complexity,' the paper presents and proves a theorem which offers a solution to this problem
keywords	automation, design, planning, architecture, floor plans, grids, search, synthesis
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:08

_id	a666
authors	Galle, Per
year	1986
title	Abstraction as a Tool of Automated Floor-Plan Design
source	Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. 1986. vol. 13: pp. 21-46 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	The automated design of architectural floor plans satisfying given topological and dimensional constraints is a challenging field of research. In this paper ABSTRACTION is pointed out as an important conceptual tool of this field. A critical discussion of existing plan-design methods leads to the conclusion that the potentials of abstraction as a tool have not yet been fully recognized. The rest of the paper is an attempt to improve this situation by suggesting a new approach to automated floor-plan design. Theoretically, design is viewed as a one-to-many relation; a tree whose lines are directed from the root (the problem) towards the leaves (the solutions). Abstraction is viewed as the inverse many-to-one relation. A particular relation of abstraction is defined, such that the intermediate nodes of the tree (between root and leaves) are themselves floor plans, but are less detailed than the solutions. From the study of this concept of abstraction, it is concluded that the design algorithm based on it is likely to have certain useful properties
keywords	layout, automation, design, architecture, floor plans, abstraction
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:08

_id	a7c1
authors	Galle, Per
year	1987
title	A Basic Problem Definition Language for Automated Floor Plan Design
source	113 p. 1987. DIKU Research Report No. 87/4
summary	CADLINE has abstract only. Algorithms for automated floor plan design need a machine- readable description of properties of the desired floor plans. In this report BPDL ('Basic Problem Definition Language'), a rudimentary language for stating such descriptions, is developed. The development is based on a discussion of pragmatic aspects of possible features of the language. The resulting language is described by formal definitions of syntax and semantics, accompanied by informal explanations. Finally, experiments with a floor plan design algorithm that supports BPDL are reported and it is concluded that even a rudimentary language like BPDL can describe relatively non- trivial floor plan layouts, provided a set of geometrical primitives, attributes and relations that make up the language are carefully chosen. Further research along the lines of BPDL is suggested, and the importance of a systematic approach to development of future specification languages for architectural design is stressed
keywords	architecture, floor plans, design, attributes, relations, semantics, algorithms, synthesis, planning, languages
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:08

_id	801f
authors	Galle, Per
year	1987
title	Branch & Sample : Systematic Combinatorial Search without Optimization
source	73 p. 1987. DIKU Research Report No. 87/5. CADLINE has abstract only
summary	Many constraint satisfaction problems are combinatorically explosive, i.e. have far too many solutions. Optimization techniques may help in selecting solutions for consideration, but a reasonable measure of optimality is not always at hand. The branch & sample algorithm is presented as an alternative to optimization. If the constraints themselves limit the solution set sufficiently, the algorithm finds all solutions, but otherwise a suitable number of solutions (determined by the user) is generated, such that each new solution has a maximal distance to those already generated. The distance measure used is a so called ultrametric distance expressible in terms of the search tree: solutions are viewed as m-tuples of fixed length, each of whose m decision variables corresponds to a level in the search tree. The distance between two solutions is the number of edges from their leaf nodes to the closest common predecessor node in the tree. For problems whose decision variables depend on each other (as is often the case) the set of solutions generated in this way corresponds well to the intuitive notion of a 'representative sample.' The principles of Branch & Sample are first introduced informally, then the algorithm is developed by stepwise refinement, and two examples of its use are given. A fully tested application-independent implementation of the algorithm in C is given as an appendix
keywords	algorithms, combinatorics, search, constraints, floor plans, layout, synthesis, architecture
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:08

_id	2ac0
authors	Galle, Per
year	1987
title	A Formalized Concept of Sketching in Automated Floor Plan Design
source	177 p. 1987. DIKO Research Report No.87/3
summary	CADLINE has abstract only. Automated floor plan design, though originally motivated by the difficulties encountered by architects manually designing building layouts, raise several questions that may be of relevance to related application areas as well. e.g. design of electronic circuitry. One such question is, 'how do we come from a given set of constraints on size and placement of rooms (components) to a set of floor plans (circuit layouts) that satisfy these constraints?' In manual architectural design, sketches are used as an intermediate step. The present work is a study of a number of formalizations of the sketch concept which have been or could be used in computer- generation of architectural floor plans. A particular type of sketch, called the 'delta-derivative', is suggested and developed. The delta-derivative of a desired solution plan is an approximation of that solution plan and usually several other similar or 'equivalent' solutions. The idea is to generate sketches ('abstract' plans) before solutions ('concrete' plans), because they are simpler to compute, weeding out sketches that are not 'promising', and trying to refine the remaining sketches into solutions proper, thus limiting the amount of combinatorial search. Several abstraction levels of sketches may be used in this process. However, constraints as specified by the user of an automated design system are assumed to apply to the solutions; therefore a major theoretical problem which is addressed in the report is the derivation of sketch-level constraints that define which sketches to be generated. A comprehensive floor plan design system based on these ideas has been implemented, and empirical results are reported which confirms certain predicted advantages of delta-derivatives but also shows that the sketch-level constraints based on the developed theory are too weak if used alone; they allow generation of too many sketches which cannot possibly be refined into solutions. The report finally conjectures a solution to this problem
keywords	CAD, planning, architecture, floor plans, design, combinatorics, programming, abstraction
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:08

_id	a9b9
authors	Galle, Per
year	1989
title	Computer Methods in Architectural Problem Solving : Critique and Proposals
source	Journal of Architectural and Planning Research. Spring, 1989. vol. 6: pp. 34-54 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	While the development of modelling and drafting tools for computer-aided design has reached a state of considerable maturity, computerized decision support in architectural sketch design is still in its infancy after more than 20 years. The paper analyzes the difficulties of developing computer tools for architectural problem solving in the early stages of design where decisions of majors importance are made. The potentials of computer methods are discussed in relation to design as a static system of information, and to design as a creative process. Two key problems are identified, and on this background current computer methods intended for use in architectural sketch design are critically reviewed. As a result some guidelines are suggested for future research into computer-aided architectural problem solving. The purpose of the paper is twofold: (1) to encourage research that will take this field into a state of maturity and acceptance by practitioners, and (2) to provoke further debate on the question of how to do it
keywords	architecture, CAD, design process, information, problem solving
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:08

_id	e832
authors	Galle, Per
year	1989
title	Branch & Sample : A Simple Strategy for Constraints Satisfaction
source	March, 1989. 29: pp. 395-408 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	Many constraint satisfaction problems have too many solutions for exhaustive generation. Optimization techniques may help in selecting a small number of solutions for consideration, but a reasonable measure of optimality is not always at hand. A simple algorithm called Branch & Sample is suggested as an alternative to optimization. Combining breath-first and depth- first search Branch & Sample finds solution distributed over the search tree. The aim is to obtain a limited set of solutions that corresponds well to the intuitive motion of a representative, uniformly scattered sample. A precise definition of this notion is discussed in relation to the algorithm whose effect is illustrated by two geometric design problems. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated and it is concluded that Branch & Sample is applicable to certain types of problems, and refinements can extend the scope of application
keywords	automation, design, constraints, backtracking
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:08

_id	e3c7
authors	Galle, Per
year	1989
title	Computer Methods in Architectural Problem Solving: Critique and Proposals
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1989.x.t9u
source	CAAD: Education - Research and Practice [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 87-982875-2-4] Aarhus (Denmark) 21-23 September 1989, pp. 6.4.1-6.4.21
summary	While the development of modeling and drafting tools for computer-aided design has reached a state of considerable maturity, computerized decision support in architectural sketch design is still in its infancy after more than 20 years. The paper analyzes the difficulties of developing computer tools for architectural problem solving in the early stages of design where decisions of major importance are made. The potentials of computer methods are discussed in relation to design as a static system of information and to design as a dynamic creative process. Two key problems are identified, and on this background current computer methods intended for use in architectural sketch design are critically reviewed. As a result some guidelines are suggested for future research into computer- aided architectural problem solving. The purpose of the paper is twofold: (1) to encourage research that will take this field into a state of maturity and acceptance by practitioners, and (2) to provoke further debate on the question of how to do it.
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	439f
authors	Galle, Per
year	1990
title	A language of Abstract Floor Plans
source	Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design. 1990. vol. 17: pp. 173-204 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	Theoretical and experimental results from the implementation of a system for computer-aided floor-plan design are reported. The system is based on a potentially exhaustive search for solutions that satisfy user-specified constraints, but the paper concentrates on techniques for limiting and guiding the search. The emphasis is on two aspects of floor-plan design: the use of a formalized concept of sketching, and the language in which design constraints are specified by the user. A well-defined concept of abstract draft plans is achieved by limiting corner coordinates to intervals, rather than single numbers. Mathematical properties of draft and their defining constraints as derived from the user's constraints are outlined, and the role of drafts in computer- aided floor plan design is investigated and illustrated by examples. The specification language is based on a small set of primitives whose combined power of expression is also illustrated. The syntax and semantics of the language are formally defined (in two appendices), and the importance of careful development of languages for future design automation is pointed out
keywords	floor plans, design, CAD, architecture, automation, synthesis, combinatorics, layout
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:08

_id	84e1
authors	Kovacs, Laszio Bela and Galle, Per
year	1990
title	Logic Programming for Concept Modelling and Support of Urban Housing Design : A Pilot Study
source	1990. 134 p. CADLINE has abstract only
summary	Starting from a case study of manual sketch design of a residential area, the authors develop a prototypical site plan for low to medium density housing. The layout keeps pedestrian and vehicular traffic separated and provides open green area as well as a concentrated urban atmosphere. The constituents of the prototype layout are identified and a system of concepts devised accordingly. This conceptual analysis is formalized, using a Horn clause logic notation. Aspects of the resulting logic model concerning design of walking lines and plazas are refined into a considerable amount of detail. This exercise in knowledge representation seems to indicate that it will be possible, within the logic programming paradigm, to implement computerized support systems able to cooperate with and simulate designers working with architectural design. The main result of the study is that logical analysis of a particular prototype design can result in a collection of quite general concepts which are potentially useful in many other context than that of the prototype, for other kinds of design tasks. The report concludes by recommending several lines or aspects of future research in this area
keywords	architecture, design, logic, programming, knowledge base, systems, CAD, layout, prototypes
series	CADline
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	e978
authors	[Zupancic] Strojan, Tadeja Z.
year	1999
title	CyberUniversity
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1999.196
source	Architectural Computing from Turing to 2000 [eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-5-7] Liverpool (UK) 15-17 September 1999, pp. 196-200
summary	The study of a cyberuniversity derives from an analogy between real urban space and its virtual "substitution". It represents an attempt to balance some views, which seems to be contrary, exclusive, but they are just parts of the same wholeness. Especially the notion of a cyber society is lately considered such an exaggeration, that it is possible to forget the meaning of a real life experience and interactions, which are already threatened. One should contribute to the awarness that is used in such a comparison, it is "just" an analogy, not a real similarity. At the same time it is possible to point out some limitations of a cyberspace and indicate a more realistic view of the meaning of cyber communities. Awarness of the development processes could help to find a balance between reality and virtuality, using cyberfacilities not to destroy us (our identity) but to improve the quality of our (real) life.
keywords	University, Cyberuniversity, Space, Cyberspace
series	eCAADe
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	bacd
authors	Abadí Abbo, Isaac
year	1999
title	APPLICATION OF SPATIAL DESIGN ABILITY IN A POSTGRADUATE COURSE
source	Full-scale Modeling and the Simulation of Light [Proceedings of the 7th European Full-scale Modeling Association Conference / ISBN 3-85437-167-5] Florence (Italy) 18-20 February 1999, pp. 75-82
summary	Spatial Design Ability (SDA) has been defined by the author (1983) as the capacity to anticipate the effects (psychological impressions) that architectural spaces or its components produce in observers or users. This concept, which requires the evaluation of spaces by the people that uses it, was proposed as a guideline to a Masters Degree Course in Architectural Design at the Universidad Autonoma de Aguascalientes in Mexico. The theory and the exercises required for the experience needed a model that could simulate spaces in terms of all the variables involved. Full-scale modeling as has been tested in previous research, offered the most effective mean to experiment with space. A simple, primitive model was designed and built: an articulated ceiling that allows variation in height and shape, and a series of wooden panels for the walls and structure. Several exercises were carried out, mainly to experience cause -effect relationships between space and the psychological impressions they produce. Students researched into spatial taxonomy, intentional sequences of space and spatial character. Results showed that students achieved the expected anticipation of space and that full-scale modeling, even with a simple model, proved to be an effective tool for this purpose. The low cost of the model and the short time it took to be built, opens an important possibility for Institutions involved in architectural studies, both as a research and as a learning tool.
keywords	Spatial Design Ability, Architectural Space, User Evaluation, Learning, Model Simulation, Real Environments
series	other
type	normal paper
email
more	http://info.tuwien.ac.at/efa
last changed	2004/05/04 11:27

_id	cf2011_p109
id	cf2011_p109
authors	Abdelmohsen, Sherif; Lee Jinkook, Eastman Chuck
year	2011
title	Automated Cost Analysis of Concept Design BIM Models
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures 2011 [Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / ISBN 9782874561429] Liege (Belgium) 4-8 July 2011, pp. 403-418.
summary	AUTOMATED COST ANALYSIS OF CONCEPT DESIGN BIM MODELS Interoperability: BIM models and cost models This paper introduces the automated cost analysis developed for the General Services Administration (GSA) and the analysis results of a case study involving a concept design courthouse BIM model. The purpose of this study is to investigate interoperability issues related to integrating design and analysis tools; specifically BIM models and cost models. Previous efforts to generate cost estimates from BIM models have focused on developing two necessary but disjoint processes: 1) extracting accurate quantity take off data from BIM models, and 2) manipulating cost analysis results to provide informative feedback. Some recent efforts involve developing detailed definitions, enhanced IFC-based formats and in-house standards for assemblies that encompass building models (e.g. US Corps of Engineers). Some commercial applications enhance the level of detail associated to BIM objects with assembly descriptions to produce lightweight BIM models that can be used by different applications for various purposes (e.g. Autodesk for design review, Navisworks for scheduling, Innovaya for visual estimating, etc.). This study suggests the integration of design and analysis tools by means of managing all building data in one shared repository accessible to multiple domains in the AEC industry (Eastman, 1999; Eastman et al., 2008; authors, 2010). Our approach aims at providing an integrated platform that incorporates a quantity take off extraction method from IFC models, a cost analysis model, and a comprehensive cost reporting scheme, using the Solibri Model Checker (SMC) development environment. Approach As part of the effort to improve the performance of federal buildings, GSA evaluates concept design alternatives based on their compliance with specific requirements, including cost analysis. Two basic challenges emerge in the process of automating cost analysis for BIM models: 1) At this early concept design stage, only minimal information is available to produce a reliable analysis, such as space names and areas, and building gross area, 2) design alternatives share a lot of programmatic requirements such as location, functional spaces and other data. It is thus crucial to integrate other factors that contribute to substantial cost differences such as perimeter, and exterior wall and roof areas. These are extracted from BIM models using IFC data and input through XML into the Parametric Cost Engineering System (PACES, 2010) software to generate cost analysis reports. PACES uses this limited dataset at a conceptual stage and RSMeans (2010) data to infer cost assemblies at different levels of detail. Functionalities Cost model import module The cost model import module has three main functionalities: generating the input dataset necessary for the cost model, performing a semantic mapping between building type specific names and name aggregation structures in PACES known as functional space areas (FSAs), and managing cost data external to the BIM model, such as location and construction duration. The module computes building data such as footprint, gross area, perimeter, external wall and roof area and building space areas. This data is generated through SMC in the form of an XML file and imported into PACES. Reporting module The reporting module uses the cost report generated by PACES to develop a comprehensive report in the form of an excel spreadsheet. This report consists of a systems-elemental estimate that shows the main systems of the building in terms of UniFormat categories, escalation, markups, overhead and conditions, a UniFormat Level III report, and a cost breakdown that provides a summary of material, equipment, labor and total costs. Building parameters are integrated in the report to provide insight on the variations among design alternatives.
keywords	building information modeling, interoperability, cost analysis, IFC
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2012/02/11 19:21

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