CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id ijac20086401
id ijac20086401
authors Maleki, Maryam M.; Woodbury, Robert F.
year 2008
title Reinterpreting Rasmi Domes with Geometric Constraints:A Case of Goal-seeking in Parametric Systems
source International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 6 - no. 4, 375-395
summary Geometry has long been a generator of architecture. In traditional Persian architecture, Rasmi domes project a drawing onto a predefined 3D geometry. In fact, the word 'rasmi' and the verb for drawing in Persian have the same linguistic root. Projection is readily done in manual drawings or conventional CAD programs. From a constraint perspective, the dome is constrained by the drawing and the 3D geometry. If the latter constraint is replaced by invariance of distance on the original drawing, a class of domes results, but members of this class cannot be computed conventionally. Class members are developable from a planar layout of triangles, which is, in turn, generated by a simple drawing rule. This yields a parametric structure of four parameters. Three determine the initial planar diagram. One determines configuration. Further, domes in the class are mechanisms: they are not fully specified by the constraints and parameters. We develop the geometric constraints representing the location of the defining points of a dome and present a goal-seeking algorithm to solve the constraints within a propagation-based parametric modeling system.
series journal
last changed 2009/03/03 07:48

_id ascaad2007_055
id ascaad2007_055
authors Mallasi, Z.
year 2007
title Applying generative modeling procedure to explore architectural forms
source Em‘body’ing Virtual Architecture: The Third International Conference of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2007), 28-30 November 2007, Alexandria, Egypt, pp. 697-712
summary Computer generated 3D forms using generative procedures have matured in the last decade and now considered as a tangible approach for realizing architectural design ideas. As fascinating as the approach might be, it is still lacking actual application in the early architectural design process. There are many reasons for this, among them: it has many implications over the architectural design process mainly the practicality of design during the conceptual design stage; it is cumbersome to develop construction drawings for complex architectural forms; and the necessity for producing conceptual designs quickly in less time as design requirements and decisions are constantly being changed. This paper initially reports on a practical development of a computer program which generates architectural massing designs based on integrating forms generation technique in a design scheme. The influence for this development was inspired by Spirolaterals technique used in generating complex 3D architectural forms that are based on parametric shape configuration. The development has three goals: to review the principles for constructing generative forms in the conceptual design stage using simple CAD tools, to assist in the production of design schemes based on a few basic shapes and rules, and to explore 3D forms finding and generation without the need to write a complicated computer program that are difficult to produce by hand. The development resulted in generating an interesting number of 3D compositions. The author applied this technique to experiment during the production of a design scheme. The paper hence describes the current development of ArchiGen tool to produces generative 3D forms utilizing ArchiCAD © GDL programming language. The tool is embedded within ArchiCAD for generating 3D shapes. One of the main features of this implementation is that users are able to sketch 2D shapes and the tool will deform its three dimensional generation. Moreover, the user being able to abstract the architectural character from the resulting complex 3D shapes. This development extends current related work by allowing the designer to load shapes into ArchiGen which acts as vocabulary of shapes for a design scheme constraints. It is intended from this work to inspire future work focusing on using generative tools in the early conceptual design stages.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2008/01/21 22:00

_id ascaad2016_054
id ascaad2016_054
authors Mandhan, Sneha; David Birge and Alan Berger
year 2016
title Dynamic Simulation of External Visual Privacy in Arab Muslim Neighborhoods - A case study of Emirati neighborhoods in Abu Dhabi, UAE
source Parametricism Vs. Materialism: Evolution of Digital Technologies for Development [8th ASCAAD Conference Proceedings ISBN 978-0-9955691-0-2] London (United Kingdom) 7-8 November 2016, pp. 537-546
summary The countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council have, in recent years, undertaken several initiatives to make sustainability central to their urban agendas. This research aims to operationalize the concept of sustainable development – environmental, economic and socio-cultural – in the region, and develop parameters that define it. Using native neighborhoods in Abu Dhabi as a case study, it focuses on the development process of a computational toolkit which has two major components – a quantitative toolkit which contains modules for simulation of aspects of environmental and economic sustainability, and a spatial toolkit which contains modules for simulation of socio-spatial practices associated with the specific social and cultural context. One of the primary needs of these communities, identified through an extensive review of literature and through conversations with Emiratis, is that of visual and acoustical privacy. Privacy from neighbors and passers-by, externally, and between genders, internally within the house. Using this as a starting point, this paper describes the development process of a module that aims to measure levels of external visual privacy of surfaces at a housing plot level, from neighbors and passers-by. The first section of the paper establishes the context of the research. The second section focuses on describing the process of modeling built form and testing it for visibility and thus, privacy.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2017/05/25 13:34

_id sigradi2014_244
id sigradi2014_244
authors Manica, Carlo Rossano; Fábio Gonçalves Teixeira, Underléa Miotto Bruscato, Leonardo Barili Brandi, Osorio Schaeffer, Renan Willian Leite Pereira
year 2014
title Processo de Fabricação Digital de Artefato para Transporte de Maças [Digital Process for Manufacturing Artifact for Apples Transport]
source SiGraDi 2014 [Proceedings of the 18th Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics - ISBN: 978-9974-99-655-7] Uruguay - Montevideo 12 - 14 November 2014, pp. 324-327
summary This article presents the result of the activities carried out for the discipline of the program Master in Design and Technology (UFRGS), Digital Manufacturing Process as a Tool for Project. It aimed to develop a product based on digital manufacturing process. With this purpose, was designed a package for the transport of apples. In order to achieve the goal the generation of alternatives was conducted through a game and Sketch Creative Brainstorming, followed by research on the product life cycle. Subsequently, was used parametric modeling software for the package design. The use of three-dimensional modeling software Rhinoceros together with the plug-in Grasshopper allowed the construction of three-dimensional parametric models. As a result, we obtained the creation of a product that can be adapted to other fruits, avoiding rework, and run through rapid prototyping, this being a consequence of the facilities of adoption of digital fabrication.
keywords Digital fabrication; Parametric modeling; grasshoper; Packaging; Apple
series SIGRADI
email
last changed 2016/03/10 09:55

_id d939
id d939
authors Marc Aurel Schnabel
year 2007
title 8448cubed
source The Faculty of Architecture, Design and Planning, The University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, NSW, Australia www.arch.usyd.edu.au ISBN: 978-0-9581221-2-2
summary 8448cubed is an architectural design exhibition showcasing creative digital design techniques. It explores how the coupling of architectural designs with digital modelling and manufacturing methods allow for a deeper comprehension and experience of space and form. The core of this collection is held together by the idea of spatial concepts within constraints of a cube 8448 millimetres3 in volume. Materials are creatively cut using computer-aided architectural design tools, parametric design techniques and digital manufacturing processes.
keywords digital modelling, parametric modeling, digital manufacturing, form generation, exhibition
series book
type normal paper
email
more http://8448cubed.tk/
last changed 2007/11/17 16:07

_id acadia18_414
id acadia18_414
authors Marcus, Adam; Ikeda, Margaret; Jones, Evan; Metcalf, Taylor; Oliver, John; Hammerstrom, Kamille; Gossard, Daniel
year 2018
title Buoyant Ecologies Float Lab. Optimized upside-down benthos for sea level rise adaptation
source ACADIA // 2018: Recalibration. On imprecisionand infidelity. [Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 978-0-692-17729-7] Mexico City, Mexico 18-20 October, 2018, pp. 414-423
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2018.414
summary This paper describes the Buoyant Ecologies project, an ongoing research collaboration between architects, marine ecologists, and manufacturers focused on developing integrated architectural, ecological, and material responses to climate change and sea level rise. The research employs techniques of design computation and robotic fabrication to develop an approach to coastal resilience that is rooted in material performance as it relates to marine habitats. The project explores the design and production of highly performative fiber-reinforced polymer substrates that interact productively with the underwater ecosystem to promote multi-scalar habitats for invertebrate animals, encouraging ecological diversity and serving as wave-attenuating structures that mitigate coastal erosion. In this regard, the research leverages computational workflows of modeling, simulation, and fabrication to interface between human and nonhuman species in a way that benefits the broader ecosystem. The paper discusses an iterative prototyping process that has led to the design and construction of the Float Lab, a larger-scale prototype of a floating breakwater.
keywords full paper, materials & adaptive systems, performance + simulation, digital fabrication, collaboration
series ACADIA
type paper
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id sigradi2023_91
id sigradi2023_91
authors Mariano, Pedro Oscar Pizzetti, Silva, Felipe Bruno Lima de, Sônego, Yasmin Silva Sônego, Vaz, Carlos Eduardo Verzola and Cuperschmid, Ana Regina Mizrahy
year 2023
title A Low-cost Sensor for Slope and Risk Areas Monitoring: Using a Digital Twin for Landslide Prevention
source García Amen, F, Goni Fitipaldo, A L and Armagno Gentile, Á (eds.), Accelerated Landscapes - Proceedings of the XXVII International Conference of the Ibero-American Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2023), Punta del Este, Maldonado, Uruguay, 29 November - 1 December 2023, pp. 1443–1454
summary The objective of this research is to create a prototype of a low-cost remote sensing system for capturing data in slope areas at risk of landslides or movement to monitor and prevent disasters caused by landslides and enable remote monitoring in informal settlements. Therefore, the collected data can be used as a management tool by the government and citizens, also through a prototype of a digital twin. For the development, the following steps were considered: (1) data collection on the digital twins, software, and hardware needed to build the device; (2) sensor development through open-source electronic platforms; and (3) conducting tests to identify sensor improvements and programs. Through the sensor prototype, it became possible to collect landslide data on-site, thus revealing a direct alignment between real-world observations and the data collected by the sensor.
keywords Sensors, Digital twin, Parametric modeling, Landslide monitoring, Disaster mitigation
series SIGraDi
email
last changed 2024/03/08 14:08

_id sigradi2022_85
id sigradi2022_85
authors Mariano, Pedro Oscar Pizzetti; Sansao, Marcos Marciel; Vaz, Carlos Eduardo Verzola
year 2022
title Parametric modeling applied to landscape design: simulation as a tool for defining tree stratum
source Herrera, PC, Dreifuss-Serrano, C, Gómez, P, Arris-Calderon, LF, Critical Appropriations - Proceedings of the XXVI Conference of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics (SIGraDi 2022), Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, 7-11 November 2022 , pp. 225–236
summary This experiment demonstrated how the use of a process aided with computational tools, similar to the multi-criteria performative model, contributes to the learning of architecture and urbanism students in the development of designing urban and landscape projects. The study seeks to bring students closer to multi-criteria analysis in project training activities. The method used is guided by a case study that allows simulated data referring to radiation, visual permeability, and percentage of visible sky. The results were collected through the analyzes and comparisons found in the final project of the discipline, verified through the observation of the design decisions based on the simulations. This allowed us to identify the potentialities of the process in the understanding of the students in using different criteria in the initial launch of the architectural project and also to recognize the points and negatives of the use of the process.
keywords Parametric Analysis, Simulation, Multicriteria Analysis, Landscape Design
series SIGraDi
email
last changed 2023/05/16 16:55

_id 05bb
authors Marina González de Kauffman, Ede Martinez de Adrianza, Carlos González Hernández
year 2001
title Aplicacion de la programacion en cad para la modelizacion de trazados urbanos [Application of CAD-Programming for the Modeling of Urban Layouts]
source 2da Conferencia Venezolana sobre Aplicación de Computadores en Arquitectura, Maracaibo (Venezuela) december 2001, pp. 228-236
summary To generate models of branched and reticular urban layouts, under three different forms of growth (linear, radial, strips), a program designed on AutoLISP Æ for the AutoCAD Æ V-2000 has been proposed. The generated models are both graphical as well as mathematical, and for each case are produced, considering the two variables assumed as inputs: the number of houses and the number of grouping units. The mathematical data is automatically saved in a MSExcel Æ spreadsheet created through a direct connection established from the AutoCAD Æ V-2000.
series other
email
last changed 2003/02/14 08:29

_id ecaade03_337_95_mark
id ecaade03_337_95_mark
authors Mark, Earl
year 2003
title Programming Architectural Geometry and CNC: Advancing A Design Paradigm with Mathematical Abstraction
source Digital Design [21th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-1-6] Graz (Austria) 17-20 September 2003, pp. 337-342
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2003.337
summary Direct computer programming of architectural geometry and of CNC tool pathways can control the fabrication of form and the related treatment of material. When the entire form creation and tool path process is taken on as a design problem, there is potentially a closer link between formal design intentions and their physical realization. This paper describes several case studies that engage computer programming as a first stage in an iterative design process coupled with more explicit control over CNC tool paths. It indirectly critiques the design exploration of geometry where there is only user command control over a CAD system and where the specification of CNC pathways is also less explicit. Examples of different strategies are compared in the same educational context.
keywords CNC, geometrical modeling, design, computer programming
series eCAADe
email
more http://www.people.virginia.edu/~ejm9k
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ecaade2007_189
id ecaade2007_189
authors Mark, Earl
year 2007
title Simulating Dynamic Forces in Design with Special Effects Tools
source Predicting the Future [25th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-6-5] Frankfurt am Main (Germany) 26-29 September 2007, pp. 219-226
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2007.219
summary Special effects technology can facilitate dynamic sketching in the early stage of a design project without needing time-consuming effort. This form of sketching was tested in a design studio taught by the author. The study of dynamic materials and oceanfront site conditions set the stage at the beginning of a design process for a more comprehensive analysis later on. On the one hand, the risk of using special effects tools is that the visual look can seem convincing, but the apparent result is based upon an overly simplified set of assumptions. On the other hand, the use of such technology can be very stimulating to the design imagination without requiring complex analysis that may bog down the free flow of ideas. Once a greater commitment is made to a particular design proposal, more complete physical analysis and modeling can be undertaken to help avoid the risk of false first impressions. In the studio, cloth simulation was used to develop the design of tension membrane structures (tents) that retracted and unfurled in a series of complex movements. Fluid dynamics effects were used in the design and development of related boat dock facilities. A wind-tunnel simulation tool was used to explore the performance of the tension-membrane fabrics under varied wind loads. The visualization techniques were complemented by ¼ to ½ scale assembled components created by rapid prototyping. The use of an actual wind-tunnel further tested the prototypes in some cases. On the whole, quickly implemented special effects were the starting point for reacting to and developing some initial design concepts and served as the basis for more complete physical modeling of prototypes later on. Using animation as a design method is well established in other work (Hirschberg 06). Animation is also a helpful way to work out the step by step assembly of complex architectural form (Mark 95). The special effects tools permit a larger range of initial design alternatives to be initially considered that are subsequently narrowed down by physically based prototypes that are more predictive of real world performance.
keywords Cloth simulation, fluid dynamics effects, design sketching, special effects, tension membrane fabrics
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id ecaade2010_104
id ecaade2010_104
authors Mark, Earl
year 2010
title Optimizing Solar Insolation in Transformable Fabric Architecture: A parametric search design process
source FUTURE CITIES [28th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-9-6] ETH Zurich (Switzerland) 15-18 September 2010, pp.461-470
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2010.461
wos WOS:000340629400050
summary A design studio and a parallel research project focused on transformable fabric architecture. To facilitate a part of this work, computer based shape generation tools were used to optimize the placement of thin-film photovoltaic cells onto a transformable roof structure. In addition, the tension membrane fabric is rigged in a way that is similar to a sailing boat. The fabric is set into position by winches and cables. The winches are hand-operated so as to lower the overall energy cost. The initial computer models proceeded concurrently with the mockup of small-scale physical prototypes. In addition, the author used an open source programming language to implement a particle spring real time simulation of the fabric shapes. The simulation included a three-dimensional graphical representation of solar insolation and helped to further determine the physical geometry of the project. One of the goals was to evaluate whether larger transformations to the structure as a whole or smaller movements in the fabric would help to optimize the solar insolation benefits. As the examination of potential forms narrowed down to classical saddle shapes, the practical details of rigging the fabric imposed further limitations on its transformable nature. This paper is focused on how modeling with ad hoc tools and especially real-time computer simulation influenced the direction of the work.
keywords Transformable fabric architecture; Parametric design; Thin-film photovoltaic cells; Animation; Simulation
series eCAADe
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id cf2007_279
id cf2007_279
authors Marques, Davis; Robert Woodbury
year 2007
title Managing Contingency in Parametric Models through Implicit Relational Modeling
source Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / 978-1-4020-6527-9 2007 [Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures / 978-1-4020-6527-9] Sydney (Australia) 11–13 July 2007, pp. 279-288
summary Modeling and maintaining relationships in a parametric model compounds the work of the designer. When major changes in design direction take place, the work invested in the modeled relations is often lost. We contend that an implicit relational modeling approach provides for loosely coupled relations between the 'parts' of a design and mitigates the loss of work that occurs when changes take place. In our implemented system, implicit relations participate in a pattern of interaction known as the Dynamic Proxy.
series CAAD Futures
email
last changed 2007/07/06 12:47

_id a582
authors Marshall, Tony B.
year 1992
title The Computer as a Graphic Medium in Conceptual Design
source Mission - Method - Madness [ACADIA Conference Proceedings / ISBN 1-880250-01-2] 1992, pp. 39-47
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1992.039
summary The success CAD has experienced in the architectural profession demonstrates that architects have been willing to replace traditional drafting media with computers and electronic plotters for the production of working drawings. Its expanded use in the design development phase for 3D modeling and rendering further justifies CAD's usefulness as a presentation medium. The schematic design phase however, has hardly been influenced by the evolution of CAD. Most architects simply have not come to view the computer as a viable design medium. One reason for this might be the strong correspondence between architectural CAD and plan view graphics, as used in working drawings, compared to the weak correspondence between architectural CAD and plan view graphics, as used in schematic design. The role of the actual graphic medium during schematic design should not be overlooked in the development of CAD applications.

In order to produce practical CAD applications for schematic design we must explore the computer’s potential as a form of expression and its role as a graphic medium. An examination of the use of traditional graphic media during schematic design will provide some clues regarding what capabilities CAD must provide and how a system should operate in order to be useful during conceptual design.

series ACADIA
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id 29cf
authors Martens, B., Linzer. H. and Voigt, A. (Ed.)
year 1997
title Challenges of the Future
source 15th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-3-0 / Vienna (Austria) 17-20 September 1997, CD-Rom
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1997
summary As most of us have observed in the past few years, we have begun to emerge as intermediaries between education, practice and the new technologies. We have begun to provide new computational research orientations to the generation of knowledge about design and design&planning process. Over and above acting as a medium of access to tools, we have begun to function in new roles in our schools as strengthening the presence of theories and the intellectual content of design and planning education.

The emergence of new media and techniques are further influencing our function as interpreters of the conceptual implications of change and development. This is the challenge of ECAADE Vienna 97. We believe that it will be an exhilarating experience.

keywords Collaborative Teamwork, Digital Design Process, Spatial Modeling
series eCAADe
email
more http://info.tuwien.ac.at/ecaade/
last changed 2022/06/07 07:49

_id 8d1a
authors Martens, Bob and Voigt, Andreas
year 2001
title Virtual and full-scale modeling: A collection of resources
source CAADRIA 2001 [Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia / ISBN 1-86487-096-6] Sydney 19-21 April 2001, pp. 201-204
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2001.201
summary In this paper the relationship between Virtual and Full-scale Mo-deling will be traced back. A number of publications supports the dis-semination of existing knowledge resp. experiences. Although a series of biannual EFA-Conferences (European Full-scale Modeling Association) produced a remarkable number of useful papers, the "scientific output" beyond this platform remained to be so far in the dust of gray literature. On the other hand the rapid growing interest for computer applications and tools rediscovered the working area of 1:1 simulation more or less the other way around. Although the term VR in the nineties was strongly occupied by computer-interfaces resp. -representations, soon the insight gained in importance that reality is by far more complex than some 10.000 polygons. Furthermore, some kind of unproductive competition resp. defense of good old modeling tra-ditions versus promising computer technology seemed to act as the main activity. However, the fusion of Virtual and Full-Scale Mo-de-ling could indefinitely serve as a promising field of research.
series CAADRIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:59

_id b0e0
authors Martens, Bob
year 1991
title THE ERECTION OF A FULL-SCALE LABORATORY AT THE TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA
source Proceedings of the 3rd European Full-Scale Modelling Conference / ISBN 91-7740044-5 / Lund (Sweden) 13-16 September 1990, pp. 44-52
summary Since 1977 the Institut für Raumgestaltung ('Architectural Styling of Space') had been trying to set up a full-scale laboratory designed for teaching and research purposes. The aim was even more so invigorated by the International Architecture Symposion "Man and Architectural Space" organized by our institute (1984).
keywords Full-scale Modeling, Model Simulation, Real Environments
series other
type normal paper
email
more http://info.tuwien.ac.at/efa
last changed 2004/05/04 15:17

_id b0f7
authors Martens, Bob
year 1992
title A FINISHING TOUCH TO THE FULL-SCALE LABORATORY AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY IN VIENNA
source Proceedings of the 4rd European Full-Scale Modelling Conference / Lausanne (Switzerland) 9-12 September 1992, Part A, pp. 7-14
summary The development planning of the full-scale laboratory at the Vienna University of Technology was already presented to the third E.F.A. Conference in Lund (1990). Exchange of experience has greatly encouraged us to take all measures necessary for an immediate provisional operation. Working experience was of considerable significance regarding reconstruction work having repeatedly been postponed ever since 1988. This paper deals with the Vienna full-scale laboratory in its ultimate form and all the equipment designed therefore. Summarizingly, the further measures for operation are being considered.
keywords Full-scale Modeling, Model Simulation, Real Environments
series other
type normal paper
email
more http://info.tuwien.ac.at/efa
last changed 2004/05/04 15:30

_id 9092
authors Martens, Bob
year 1992
title TOOLS FOR VISUAL SIMULATION OF SPACE AND THEIR USE BY STUDENTS
source Proceedings of the 4rd European Full-Scale Modelling Conference / Lausanne (Switzerland) 9-12 September 1992, Part B, pp. 33-38
summary Most visual representations of architectural space are still done using drawings of ground plan, section and view. Yet, when experience is lacking - as with students or laypeople - these two-dimensional representations hardly show their correspondence to a three-dimensional reality. This article examines the various visual techniques for spatial simulation available today and their implementation by students involved with architectural projects.
keywords Full-scale Modeling, Model Simulation, Real Environments
series other
type normal paper
email
more http://info.tuwien.ac.at/efa
last changed 2004/05/04 15:39

_id 2895
authors Martens, Bob
year 1992
title Full-Scale Exercices: Spatial Experiments in Lausanne and Vienna
source Proceedings of the 4rd European Full-Scale Modelling Conference / Lausanne (Switzerland) 9-12 September 1992, Part C, pp. 17-20
summary This contribution deals with the question, what the simulation in full-scale can convey to the architecture students within their architecture studies. Is it predominantly their independant investigation of architectural space, an aid for decision making regarding their confrontation with "space" as such? Or should the student rather rely on his own imagination? Apart from some exeptions it is the built space that is the subject of all and every planning work, and it is then at the latest that all the advantages and shortcomings are uncovered. Spatial experiments performed is Lausanne in Vienna are introduced, special attention been given to the specific methodical procedure involved.
keywords Full-scale Modeling, Model Simulation, Real Environments
series other
email
more http://info.tuwien.ac.at/efa
last changed 2003/08/25 10:12

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