CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id 4ea3
authors Johnson, S.
year 1998
title What's in a representation, why do we care, and what does it mean? Examining evidence from psychology
source Automation in Construction 8 (1) (1998) pp. 15-24
summary This paper examines psychological evidence on the nature and role of representations in cognition. Both internal (mental) and external (physical or digital) representations are considered. It is discovered that both types of representation are deeply linked to thought processes. They are linked to learning, the ability to use existing knowledge, and problem solving strategies. The links between representations, thought processes, and behavior are so deep that even eye movements are partly governed by representations. Choice of representations can affect limited cognitive resources like attention and short-term memory by forcing a person to try to utilize poorly organized information or perform 'translations' from one representation to another. The implications of this evidence are discussed. Based on these findings, a set of guidelines are presented, for digital representations which minimize drain of cognitive resources. These guidelines describe what sorts of characteristics and behaviors a representation should exhibit, and what sorts of information it should contain in order to accommodate and facilitate design. Current attempts to implement such representations are discussed.
series journal paper
more http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed 2003/05/15 21:22

_id 8b0b
authors Johnson, Scott and Goldman, Glenn
year 2001
title Binary Oppositions: Should an Introduction to Computing in Architecture Be Taught as Separate Course?
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2001.003
source ACADIA Quarterly, vol. 20, pp. 3-5
summary For quite some time, the traditional teaching approach by most architecture schools has been to separate design studios from other courses. New courses have occasionally added, to cover subjects not previously included in the curriculum. However, as technologies change and new, computer- based design tools are developed, it is worthwhile consider whether these new technologies should be introduced into the curriculum in the same way. Should courses be added to the curriculum, to supplement replace courses covering traditional tools and media? Or unnecessary or even inappropriate for the new technologies? This Binary Oppositions debate addresses this issue. question is, “Should an introduction to computing in architecture be taught as a separate course?” I argue to the affirmative. Glenn Goldman of NJIT argues to the negative. These arguments and our respective rebuttals are presented below.
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id 4815
authors Johnson, Scott and Johnson, Brian
year 2000
title Binary Oppositions: Should Designers Learn to Think Differently in order to Better Utilize Digital Design Tools?
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2000.002.2
source ACADIA Quarterly, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 2-4
summary The development of information technology and its application to design disciplines has changed how buildings are described and even how they are built. Engineers, architects, contractors, and other parties often exchange files instead of paper drawings, and manufacturers can be sent numeric data to guide the fabrication of customized building components. The tools of the trade, even the things possible in the trade, are changing. This brings up the issue of how best to utilize this emerging technology. Should we mold this technology to fit the tasks and concepts we have in mind, or should we learn new ways of thinking about architecture and our role as architects? Do we need to get used to thinking in terms of RGB values, external file references, geometric transformations, and paper space vs. model space? In short, should designers learn to think differently in order to better utilize digital design tools?
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id ef9a
authors Johnson, Scott and Mahalingam, Ganapathy
year 2000
title Binary Oppositions: Will Computers Be Able to Design as well as Human Designers in the Foreseeable Future?
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2000.019.2
source ACADIA Quarterly, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 19-20
summary Research over the last few decades has suggested the possibility that computer-based systems may transcend their roles as media and tools for design, and actually adopt the role of designer. This prompted the topic for this debate: “Will computers be able to design as well as human designers in the foreseeable future?” Arguing to the affirmative is Ganapathy Mahalingam of North Dakota State University. I offer the argument to the negative. These arguments are presented below, so that you may weigh them and form your own opinions.
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id cc87
authors Johnson, Scott
year 1997
title What's in a Representation, Why Do We Care, and What Does It Mean? Examining Evidence from Psychology
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1997.005
source Design and Representation [ACADIA ‘97 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 1-880250-06-3] Cincinatti, Ohio (USA) 3-5 October 1997, pp. 5-15
summary This paper examines psychological evidence on the nature and role of representations in cognition. Both internal (mental) and external (physical or digital) representations are considered. It is discovered that both types of representation are deeply linked to thought processes. They are linked to learning, the ability to use existing knowledge, and problem solving strategies. The links between representations, thought processes, and behavior are so deep that even eye movements are partly governed by representations. Choice of representations can affect limited cognitive resources like attention and short-term memory by forcing a person to try to utilize poorly organized information or perform "translations" from one representation to another. The implications of this evidence are discussed. Based on these findings, a set of guidelines is presented, for digital representations which minimize drain of cognitive resources. These guidelines describe what sorts of characteristics and behaviors a representation should exhibit, and what sorts of information it should contain in order to accommodate and facilitate design. Current attempts to implement such representations are discussed.

series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id 0a31
authors Johnson, Scott
year 1998
title Toward Making the Language of CAAD Match the Language of Architecture: A Protean Elements Approach
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1998.093
source Computerised Craftsmanship [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Paris (France) 24-26 September 1998, pp. 93-100
summary Both in education and in practice, architecture is experiencing a division between designers and "CAD specialists." One reason for the division may be the inherent division between design concepts and CAD concepts. In a very real sense, computer use and design utilize different languages. Becoming an expert in the "craft" of CAD means having to learn to recognize and manipulate a different set of conceptual elements than is used in design. The set of concepts we use affects our thought and behavior incredibly deeply, and translation from one set of concepts to another has significant cognitive cost. This paper discusses the mismatch between architectural and CAD concepts, and proposes protean elements as a solution to the problem. Protean elements are CAD system elements which correspond to architectural elements and have attributes appropriate for the elements they represent. They can be gradually refined in a top-down manner, without demands for certain pieces of missing data, or requirements for "correctness." The goal is to help CAD systems come closer to speaking the same language as architects. A test implementation of a system based on protean elements is currently underway, and aspects of this implementation are discussed.
series eCAADe
more http://www.paris-valdemarne.archi.fr/archive/ecaade98/html/02johnson/index.htm
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id ee96
authors Johnson, Scott
year 1998
title Making Models Architectural: Protean Representations to Fit Architects’ Minds
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.1998.354
source Digital Design Studios: Do Computers Make a Difference? [ACADIA Conference Proceedings / ISBN 1-880250-07-1] Québec City (Canada) October 22-25, 1998, pp. 354-365
summary A rich vocabulary has evolved for describing architecture. It serves not only as a means of communication, but also as an embodiment of concepts relating to form, space, structure, function, mood, and symbolism. We architects not only speak in terms of walls, rooms, roofs, arches, etc., we see in terms of them and think in terms of them, as well. Such concepts are integral to our ability to design. Typical CAD representations, however, are based on geometric/mathematical elements like points, lines, planes, and symbols. Even more experimental approaches like parametric shapes or procedural assemblies correspond poorly to architectural elements, and seldom lend themselves well to making conceptual changes that would allow exploration of design alternatives. Small wonder some architecture schools experience a division between computer and studio courses, or even between computer and studio faculty. Different ways of talking and thinking are involved. The concepts involved are often mutually exclusive. This paper discusses an attempt to address this conceptual mismatch, using what are termed “protean” (meaning “very changeable”) elements. These are high-level elements corresponding to architectural concepts like “wall,” or “dome.” They each have parameters appropriate for the particular type of element they represent, and produce the polyhedra necessary for graphics based on these parameters. A system is being implemented to allow models to be constructed using these elements. The protean elements form a loosely structured model, in which some elements hierarchically contain others, and some elements are essentially freestanding, being created and manipulated independently of other elements. Characteristics of protean element are discussed, including the underlying object-oriented structure, the relationship between elements and graphics, and functions associated with the objects. A scheme is explained whereby all parts of a design can be represented even when the design includes extremely unusual forms not conforming to predictable classes of elements. The necessary support framework is also discussed; general flow of the system and mechanisms for viewing the model and editing subcomponents are explained. The current status of the project, and intentions for future work are discussed. The project has been partially implemented, and the necessary framework to support the system is mostly complete.

series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id acadia04_230
id acadia04_230
authors Johnson, Scott
year 2004
title Linking Analysis and Architectural Data: Why It's Harder than We Thought
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2004.230
source Fabrication: Examining the Digital Practice of Architecture [Proceedings of the 23rd Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture and the 2004 Conference of the AIA Technology in Architectural Practice Knowledge Community / ISBN 0-9696665-2-7] Cambridge (Ontario) 8-14 November, 2004, 230-243
summary This paper considers high-level, architecturally oriented repre­sentations, like Building Information Models (BIMs), and examines the difficulty of integrating analyses with such representations. Structural analysis is selected as a sample analysis domain, and is examined by integrating a structural analysis into the test implementation of a program that utilizes architecturally oriented elements. A fundamental problem is found to be that architecturally oriented elements are inappropriate for structural analysis. Methods for sequentially analyzing architectural elements are discussed, but are found to be inadequate. Accurate analysis requires analyzing the entire structure at once using a representation specific to structural analysis. A method for generating a structural representation based on the architectural representation is discussed, but the process is not simple. The process is complicated by the fact that architectural elements and structural elements do not correspond in a one-to-one or even a one-to-many manner. An accurate structural representation may even require semi-fictitious elements not corresponding to actual physical components. These findings are believed to be true for other analysis domains, as well.
keywords Representations, Building Information Models, Proteus, structural analysis, finite elements
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id b549
authors Johnson, W., Jellinek, H., Klotz, L., Rao, R. and Card, S.
year 1993
title Bridging the paper and electronic worlds: the paper user interface
source Proc. of INTERCHI '93, ACM Press, pp. 507-512
summary Since its invention millenia ago, paper has served as one of our primary communications media. Its inherent physical properties make it easy to use, transport, and store, and cheap to manufacture. Despite these advantages, paper remains a second class citizen in the electronic world In this paper, we present a new technology for bridging the paper and the electronic worlds. In the new technology, the user interface moves beyond the workstation and onto paper itself. We describe paper user interface technology and its, implementation in a particular system called XAX.
series other
last changed 2003/04/23 15:50

_id a07a
authors Johnson,Scott and Clayton , Mark
year 2000
title Binary Oppositions: Should Buildings Designed with a Computer “Look Like” They Were Designed with a Computer?
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2000.019.3
source ACADIA Quarterly, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 19-21
summary This article marks the trial introduction of what I hope will become a regular feature in the ACADIA Quarterly, a forum for the debate of opposing viewpoints on various CAD issues. In each issue, I intend to present a controversial, CADrelated topic, and argue it, pro and con, with another ACADIAn. It is my hope that the discussions in this article will cause us all to form knowledgeable opinions on subjects we hadn’t previously considered, examine our views on debatable subjects more critically, make us better informed about differing viewpoints, and perhaps even change a few minds.
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id 0420
authors Johnson,Scott and Mueller, Volker
year 2000
title Binary Oppositions: Are Computers Yet Aids for Design?
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2000.004
source ACADIA Quarterly, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 4-6
summary In the previous issue of the Quarterly, Dr. Ganapathy Mahalingam and I debated whether computers themselves would be able to design well in the foreseeable future. The topic for the current issue concerns computers aiding human designers. It is a separate goal from that considered in the previous issue, and it might be either easier or more difficult to achieve.
series ACADIA
email
last changed 2022/06/07 07:52

_id e5c4
authors Johnson-Laird
year 1983
title Mental Models
source Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
summary As psychological representations of real, hypothetical, or imaginary situations, mental models were first postulated by the Scottish psychologist Kenneth Craik (1943), who wrote that the mind constructs "small-scale models" of reality to anticipate events, to reason, and to underlie . The models are constructed in working memory as a result of perception, the comprehension of discourse, or imagination (see 1982; Johnson-Laird 1983). A crucial feature is that their structure corresponds to the structure of what they represent. Mental models are accordingly akin to architects' models of buildings and to chemists' models of complex molecules.
series other
last changed 2003/04/23 15:50

_id 4777
authors Jokela, M., Keinânen, A., Lahtela, H. and Lassila K.
year 1997
title Integrated building simulation tool RIUSKA
source Building Simulation, Prague, Czech Republic
summary A new integrated simulation system for the building services design and facilities management purposes is being developed by Insinööritoimisto Olof Granlund Oy. The system covers the thermal simulation needs of the whole building life cycle from the preliminary design to renovations. The main components of the simulation system are a simulation database, user interfaces, a result module, a building geometry modeller and a calculation engine. The building geometry modeller generates a 3-D surface model of the building. The calculation engine of the first version is DOE 2.1E. The simulation database is linked to other design databases and design programs so that redundant input data is avoided.
series other
last changed 2003/04/23 15:50

_id eaea2003_24-ws-joklova-kosco
id eaea2003_24-ws-joklova-kosco
authors Joklova, V., Kosco, I.
year 2004
title Virtual Communication and IT in Architectural Education and Practice
source Spatial Simulation and Evaluation - New Tools in Architectural and Urban Design [Proceedings of the 6th European Architectural Endoscopy Association Conference / ISBN 80-227-2088-7], pp. 116-121
summary Research and innovation in the field of IT and communication facilities and technologies represents a new dimension, characteristic for the end of 20th and beginning of 21st century. Information technologies provide great opportunities in the process of architectural and urban design creation and spatial evaluation. They are very powerful tools for the architect, either in practice or still student, to express his thoughts, work, design. Information technologies also present strong means for communication in the process of generation of architectural and urban design. Main target in the educational activity of the Department of Computer Aided Architectural Design at the Faculty of Architecture is to train students in making the most efficient choices for software methods and technologies, which they use in their studio project works in architecture, landscape design, interior or industrial design. The aspects of teaching, research activity and own architectural practice creativity is in many way stressed.
series EAEA
more http://info.tuwien.ac.at/eaea
last changed 2005/09/09 10:43

_id 489e
authors Jolliet, Aimé and Quincerot, Richard
year 1987
title Video et Architecture
doi https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1987.x.h9m
source Architectural Education and the Information Explosion [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Zurich (Switzerland) 5-7 September 1987.
summary L'institution architecturale est organisée à partir du postulat d'une incommunicabilité de l'architecture ("I'espace indicible" de Le Corbusier, par exemple), ce qui ne facilite pas l'enseignement ni l'exercice professionnel. Comme l'ont montré divers travaux théoriques, ce postulat n'a rien de nécessaire, bien qu'il joue un rôle institutionnel historiquement situé. Une activité pratique de communication de l'architecture par la vidéo conduit à la même conclusion: bien des opportunités existent d'exploiter les techniques médiatiques contemporaines pour les mettre au service de l'architecture, de son enseignement et des pratiques professionnelles. La présentation s'appuie sur quinze ans d'expérience d'enseignement et de production de vidéos dans l'Ecole d'architecture de l'Université de Genève ayant permis la réalisation d'une centaine d'émissions sur l'architecture, la construction et l'urbanisme.
series eCAADe
last changed 2022/06/07 07:50

_id f51d
authors Jones, Angie, Davis, B., Miller, S., Olsen, S. and Bonney, S.
year 2000
title 3D Studio Max 3 Professional Animation with CDROM
source New Riders Publishing
summary The market for 3D professionals is growing. More educational institutions are offering classes on the subject and more specialized training houses are going into business. Bearing this in mind, animation skills are invaluable to serious graphics professionals, and using 3D Studio MAX 3 as an animation tool can significantly increase their marketability as animators. This book is focused toward intermediate MAX users who are looking to take their animation skill to the next level. 3D Studio MAX 3 Professional Animation shows you how to use tools and commands together to obtain professional animation results.
series other
last changed 2003/02/26 18:58

_id 7e07
authors Jones, C.
year 1996
title Visualization and Optimization
source Kluwer Academic, Norwell, MA
summary The illustrated book discusses how techniques from computer graphics can be usefully applied to optimization practice and research; it also discusses how optimization has been applied to visualization itself.
series other
last changed 2003/04/23 15:14

_id ascaad2010_179
id ascaad2010_179
authors Jones, Charles; Kevin Sweet
year 2010
title Over Constrained
source CAAD - Cities - Sustainability [5th International Conference Proceedings of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2010 / ISBN 978-1-907349-02-7], Fez (Morocco), 19-21 October 2010, pp. 179-188
summary Parametric software has fundamentally changed the way in which architecture is conceptualized, developed and even constructed. The ability to assign parameters or numeric variables to specific portions of a project has allowed designers the potential to test variations of their design. Small changes to a single parameter can have an exponential effect on the designed object and alter its appearance beyond original preconceptions in both positive and negative ways. Parametric software also has the ability to constrain or restrict geometry to set values, parameters or conditions. This has the benefit of allowing portions of a form to remain constant or unchanged while simultaneously allowing for a great degree of flexibility in response to a design intent. Constraining portions of a design allows architects to respond to existing or unalterable conditions by ""locking down"" information within a project and then explore those portions that can change more freely. This programmed relationship between the parameter and the form, once established, can give the illusion of minimal effort for maximum output. The ease in which geometrical form can be altered and shaped by a single variable can mislead beginning designers into thinking that the software makes these relationships for them. What is hidden, is the programming or connections needed between the parameters and the geometry in order to produce such dramatic change. Finally, thinking parametrically about design reintroduces the concept of a rigorous, intent driven, fabrication oriented practice; a practice lost in a digital era where the novelty of new tools was sufficient to produce new form. Because parametric models must have established relationships to all parts of the design, each component must have a purpose, be well thought out, and have a direct relationship to a real world object. The introduction of parametric design methodologies into an architectural pedagogy reestablishes architectural praxis in an academic setting. Students are taught to design based on creating relationships to connected components; just as they would do in a professional architectural practice. This paper outlines how Digital Project – a parametric based software – was introduced into an academic setting in an attempt reconnect the ideologies of academia with the practicalities of professional practice. In order to take full advantage of Digital Project as a parameter based software, a project that creates modular, flexible geometries was devised. Produced over one semester, the project set out to find ways of controlling designed geometry through variable parameters that allowed the initial module to be instantiated or replicated into a wall condition: maintaining a unified whole of discrete components. This paper outlines this process, the results and how the outcomes demonstrates the parametric ideologies described above.
series ASCAAD
email
last changed 2011/03/01 07:36

_id ddssar0216
id ddssar0216
authors Jones, Dennis B.
year 2002
title The Quantum Matrix:A Three Dimensional Data Integration and Collaboration ToolFor Virtual Environments
source Timmermans, Harry (Ed.), Sixth Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning - Part one: Architecture Proceedings Avegoor, the Netherlands), 2002
summary If a picture is worth a thousand words, what if they could walk and talk? How would you like to bring a whole new dimension to your ideas; to use visualization to convey a sense of time and motion, to use imagery to give your ideas vividness; to use sound to give them voice and view them threedimensionally. The Matrix allows you to do all of this and much more. The Matrix resembles Rubik’s cube, but its purpose is to store, manage and access data of all types and to view them in three dimensions in virtual environments such as the CAVE and on your desktop. The current version can store, access and view almost anything that is in digital form, including:Text files Pictures Video Clips Sound Files Spreadsheets URL’s HTML pages Databases CAD drawings Gantt Charts Business Graphics VRML modelsExecutable Programs OLE (Object Link & Embedded) The Matrix is a three-dimensional multimedia and document management tool. The Matrix anticipates the convergence of electronic media into one consistent environment for analysis and representation. the Matrix uses VMRL and OpenGL technologies to allow the user to be immersed in their data as withCinerama, IMAX and Virtual Reality Environments. The Matrix allows the user to exercise their creativity by interactively placing and organizing their data three dimensionally and navigating through and viewingdata and documents in 3D (monocular and binocular – stereo). The Matrix user interface is simple to use. Employing the now familiar “drag and drop” method to manage data and documents. Items can be placed into the matrix grid at a user selected matrix cube location. Upon dropping a document on a cube it appears as a mapped image onto the surface. Navigating through the 3D Matrix-space is fun. All navigation uses real-time animation giving you instant feed back as to where you are. Data drilling is as simple as mouse click on a Matrix cube. Double clicking the on an object in the matrix activates that object. Data dreams was an image that preexisted the program by several years. The dream was to create a new way oforganizing and exploring data. The Qube image was created using Microstation by Bentley Systems, Inc. The figure was modeled using Poser by MetaCreations and composited using Adobe Photoshop.
series DDSS
last changed 2003/08/07 16:36

_id c7b6
authors Jones, Gerald E.
year 1985
title Can Creativity be Automated
source Computer Graphics World. April, 1985. vol. 8: pp. 73-77
summary Some graphic tasks once left to human creative intuition and skill have been automated with considerable success
keywords It is becoming necessary to ask then, what aspects of the creative process, cannot or should not, be automated? design, automation, creativity
series CADline
last changed 2003/06/02 13:58

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