Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	8f1f
authors	Oxman, Rivka and Oxman, Robert
year	1993
title	Precedents: Memory Structure in Design Case Libraries
source	CAAD Futures ‘93 [Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-444-89922-7] (Pittsburgh / USA), 1993, pp. 273-287
summary	The paper presents an approach to a memory structure of design ideas in a library of design precedents. A model of case memory for design is developed. The model is composed of distinct chunks of knowledge called design stories. A formalism for the design story is proposed which represents the linkage between design issue, concept and form in stories. Stories are structured in memory according to a semantic network. The lexicon of the semantic network acts as a memory index. The memory structure and indexing system are demonstrated to enhance search and to support crosscontextual browsing and exploration in the precedent library. The approach is demonstrated in a pilot design aid system in the task domain of early conceptual design in architecture.
keywords	Knowledge-Based Systems, Case-Based Reasoning, Case-Based Design Aids Systems, Precedents, Electronic Libraries, Memory Organization, Indexing, Storage, Retrieval, Hypermedia Systems, Content Analysis
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	2005_115
id	2005_115
authors	Oxman, Rivka and Rotenstreich, Ruth
year	2005
title	Conceptual Content of Digital Design
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2005.115
source	Digital Design: The Quest for New Paradigms [23nd eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-3-2] Lisbon (Portugal) 21-24 September 2005, pp. 115-121
summary	Concepts related to digital architecture have begun to occupy a central role in current architectural discourse. Design concepts that have been the conceptual content of this discourse are now becoming integrated into the general architectural discourse. The research reports on this process of the emergence, migration, and crystallization of a new conceptual structure over the past decade under the influence of digital design and its emerging conceptual structure. The research presented in this paper examines the emergence of new ideas in architectural thinking that are related to digital architecture since 1990 until today. In order to demonstrate this shift, we have selected a representative architectural building type that is strongly and directly influenced by the conceptual content of the cultural discourse in architecture. A museum type was selected to represent features of the expression that reflects the changes and evolution of conceptual structures that underlie digital design. The research methodology is based on a method known as “content analysis”. Content analysis in our research was de- fined as including textual material in books, book chapters, essays, articles, and historical documents. A new approach for Design Content Analysis was accomplished employing the ICF analytical framework. In order to conduct a content analysis the text was coded and was broken down into categories on a variety of theoretical design themes. Our findings demonstrate that certain expressions related to digital technology have moved up from a low level descriptive function to a significant conceptual role in formulating the design content of architectural design. In our paper we describe the research, methodology findings and contribution to the definition of the conceptual content of contemporary architectural discourse on digital architecture.
keywords	Digital Design, Digital Architecture, Content Analysis, Conceptual Design
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	2e9a
authors	Oxman, Rivka E. and Gero, John S.
year	1987
title	Using an Expert System for Design Diagnosis and Design Synthesis
source	Expert Systems. 1987. vol. 4: pp. 4-15 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	This paper describes the concepts which allow an expert system to be used for both design diagnosis and design synthesis. An example of the implementation of these concepts is presented in the domain of preliminary design of domestic kitchens in the expert system PREDIKT. PREDIKT carries out both design diagnosis and design synthesis using the same knowledge base and utilizes an existing expert system shell which has forward and backward chaining capabilities. The significance of graphical interaction with expert systems in design domains is demonstrated
keywords	synthesis, expert systems, design, evaluation, architecture
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	83b7
authors	Oxman, Rivka E. and Gero, John S.
year	1988
title	Designing by Prototype Refinement in Architecture
source	Amsterdam: CMP, 1988. pp. 395- 412 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	Design knowledge in the form of a priori knowledge is put forward as an essential ingredient in knowledge-based design. The concept of the prototype in design is introduced and different strategies for refinement processes are discussed. The concept of a generative prototype is proposed as a way to represent a generative design description in knowledge-based design systems. The refinement process is considered a successive classification of prototypes and subtypes, by executing design operations associated with the type. The application of these approaches is implemented in a system called PRODS: A PROtotype-based Design System. Finally, issues such as the role of prototypes and other forms of reasoning for creative design are discussed
keywords	prototypes, knowledge base, design process
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	e2d1
authors	Oxman, Rivka E. and Oxman, Robert M.
year	1991
title	Refinement and Adaptation: Two Paradigms of Form Generation in CAAD
source	Computer Aided Architectural Design Futures: Education, Research, Applications [CAAD Futures ‘91 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 3-528-08821-4] Zürich (Switzerland), July 1991, pp. 313-328
summary	Within a transformational paradigm of form generation, refinement and adaptation are presented as two distinct concepts which can provide formalisms for encoding design knowledge. Refinement and adaptation are treated as syntactical models of form generation. Computational formal analysis is proposed as a method for the study and modelling of refinement and adaptation in design. Employing the analytical method we demonstrate that formal transformations are dependent upon their membership in classes of architectural designs. Computational issues inform generation through refinement and adaptation are identified.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	22de
authors	Oxman, Rivka E.
year	1990
title	The Role of Knowledge-Based Systems in Design and Design Education
source	Int. J. Appl. Enging, Ed England: Pergamon Press, 1990. vol. 6: pp. 255-264 : ill. includes bibliography.
summary	This paper investigates the role of Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Based Design in the emergence of a 'general design science' common to all engineering design. The advantages of the design shell's approach is demonstrated relative to the utilization of expert systems for design. The design shell is proposed as a medium to accommodate the characteristics of design knowledge. The significance of this concept is discussed with respect to formalization of knowledge, implementation, application and operation in knowledge based systems. GRPS - a generative prototype refinement design shell is defined and elaborated. A system applying this concept in a significant structure of generic knowledge in architectural design is demonstrated. It utilizes a method for representing structured knowledge by exploiting the characteristics of both rules and frames, and integrates them in a prototype based design system. Finally, the significance of such an approach in research and design teaching is discussed
keywords	design, education, knowledge base, expert systems, frames, architecture
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 13:58

_id	cb5a
authors	Oxman, Rivka E.
year	1992
title	Multiple Operative and Interactive Modes in Knowledge-Based Design Systems
source	New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1992. pp. 125-143 : ill. includes bibliography
summary	A conceptual basis for the development of an expert system which is capable of integrating various modes of generation and evaluation in design is presented. This approach is based upon two sets of reasoning processes in the design system. The first enables a mapping between design requirements and solution descriptions in a generative mode of design; and the second enables a mapping between solution descriptions and performance evaluation in an evaluative and predictive mode. This concept supports a formal framework necessary for a knowledge-based design system to operate in a design partnership relation with the designer. Another fundamental concept in expert systems for design, dual direction interpretation between graphic and textual modes, is presented and elaborated. This encoding of knowledge behind the geometrical representation can be achieved in knowledge- based design systems by the development of a 'semantic interpreter' which supports a dual direction mapping process employing a geometrical knowledge, typological knowledge and evaluative knowledge. An implemented expert system for design, PREDIKT, demonstrates these concepts in the domain of kitchen design. It provides the user with a choice of alternative modes of interaction, such as: a 'design critic' for the evaluation of a design, a 'design generator' for the generation of a design, or a 'design critic-generator' for the completion of partial solutions
keywords	architecture, knowledge base, design, systems, expert systems
series	CADline
email
last changed	2003/06/02 10:24

_id	29b6
authors	Oxman, Rivka
year	1990
title	Architectural Knowledge Structures as "Design Shells": A Knowledge-Based View of Design and CAAD Education
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 187-199
summary	The concept of a knowledge based design shell is proposed as a basis for teaching design. The significance of the concept of design shell is discussed with respect to formalization, implementation, application and operation. GPRS-a generative prototype refinement design shell-is proposed, defined and elaborated. A plan type is introduced as one significant kind of structure of knowledge in architectural design is introduced. A method for representing syntactic and the semantic content to be used in design refinement is proposed. The method exploits the characteristics of both rules and frames, and integrates them in a prototype-based design system. This is demonstrated in a system called PRODS. Finally, the significance of such an approach in teaching is discussed.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	750a
authors	Oxman, Rivka
year	1995
title	Design Case Bases: Graphic Knowledge Bases for the Design Workspace
source	Sixth International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Futures [ISBN 9971-62-423-0] Singapore, 24-26 September 1995, pp. 555-565
summary	Cases in the domain of architecture and engineering are commonly stored and presented as graphical representations in the form of drawings. The way creative designers fit and adapt graphical representations through drawing and re-drawing is still one of the least understood phenomena in design. Modeling stich processes appears to be a key to graphic knowledge base integration in CAAD environments. The paper reports on a new approach to modeling design adaptation in a graphical environment. This approach is based upon a theory of creativity, the Representation - Re-representation Hypothesis which is here employed in the formalization of design adaptation. A 'multi-layer re-representational model' which assists in the adaptation of design drawings is developed and presented. The model is based on the transformation of chunks of knowledge in design cases into explicit re-representational structures which can support creative design in a graphic environment. This model is utilized in our current work in development of a prototype graphical case-based CAAD system.
keywords	Adaptation, Case-based CAAD, Case-based Design, Creativity, Graphical Case-Bases, Representation, Re-Representation.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	a457
authors	Oxman, Rivka
year	1997
title	Behind the Image: Representing Design Concepts
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1997.x.v9r
source	Challenges of the Future [15th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9523687-3-0] Vienna (Austria) 17-20 September 1997
summary	In this paper we report on research in which the Internet is considered an environment for the storage and retrieval of design knowledge. The nature of the net as a medium for the representation, storage and accessing of design knowledge is reviewed and the attributes of the medium are analyzed. We elaborate on the appropriateness of certain attributes of the technology as providing means for representing not only the physical representations of design, but also their conceptual content. Furthermore the research demonstrates that the embedding of design conceptual content in web-based representations provides a powerful advantage for strengthening and expediting the processes of search and retrieval in design knowledge bases.
keywords	Design Concepts
series	eCAADe
email
more	http://info.tuwien.ac.at/ecaade/proc/oxman/oxman.htm
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	2aec
authors	Oxman, Rivka
year	2000
title	Design media for the cognitive designer
source	Automation in Construction 9 (4) (2000) pp. 337-346
summary	Work on media for design which are responsive to the cognitive processes of the human designer are introduced as a paradigm for research and development. Design media are intended to support the cognitive nature of design and, particularly, the exploitation of design knowledge in computational environments. Basic theoretical assumptions are presented which underlie the development of design media. A central assumption is that designers share common forms of design knowledge which can be formalized, represented, and employed in computational environments. Generic knowledge is proposed as one such seminal form of design knowledge. We then develop a cognitive model which relates to the internal mental representations, strategies and mechanisms of generic design. The paper emphasizes the theoretical foundations of design media. This theoretical discussion is then exemplified through case studies presenting current research for the support of visual cognition in design. We introduce an approach to design schema as a visual form of generic design knowledge. Secondly we present a conceptual framework for the support of schema emergence in visual reasoning in design media. Finally, some implications of schema emergence in design collaboration are presented and discussed.
series	journal paper
more	http://www.elsevier.com/locate/autcon
last changed	2003/05/15 21:23

_id	623d
authors	Oxman, Rivka
year	2002
title	On E-Learning in Cyberspace - A Collaborative Construction of Knowledge of Places in Cyberspace
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2002.122
source	Connecting the Real and the Virtual - design e-ducation [20th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-9541183-0-8] Warsaw (Poland) 18-20 September 2002, pp. 122-125
summary	The paper describes an experimental program whose objective was to identify generic design concepts of “virtual place”. The design of virtual space constitutes a special and new class of design in which the visual constituents of place and their symbolic construction should be pre-defined and specified in order to enable design. A goal of this work has been to make a conceptual mapping of Cyberspace. The experiment was carried on in an e-learning environment in which a design class collaboratively constructed a generic knowledge base for the design of “virtual place”. We present the basis for the conceptual mapping employing the ICF formalism as an e-learning environment in making the survey, analysis and the categorization of relevant sites.
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	sigradi2007_af51
id	sigradi2007_af51
authors	Oxman, Rivka
year	2007
title	Digital Design – Integrating Content, Models and Skill [Diseño digital - Integrando contenidos, modelos y habilidades]
source	SIGraDi 2007 - [Proceedings of the 11th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] México D.F. - México 23-25 October 2007, pp. 93-96
summary	Digital design is currently emerging as a unique field of design endeavour, motivated by its own body of theoretical sources and unique methodologies. The paper introduces current changes in theory and methodology. Following this theoretical introduction, the paper presents an experimental framework for digital design. The novelty of this framework is the way it reflects the need to address both digital design content and digital design skill. A series of experimental designs carried out in an experimental design studio at the faculty of Architecture and T.P at the Technion presents and demonstrates this framework.
keywords	Digital Design; Digital Architecture; Performance-based Design; Generative Design; Digital Design Studio
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:57

_id	ijac20076101
id	ijac20076101
authors	Oxman, Rivka
year	2008
title	Performance-based Design: Current Practices and Research Issues
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 6 - no. 1, pp. 1-17
summary	In view of current developments in the theory and technology of digital design, potential novel directions for environments that support performance-based design are beginning to emerge. The field of performance-based design is defined through an analysis of current work in the field. Various models of performance-based architectural design are presented and discussed. On the basis of this analysis, key concepts and issues in the application of performance-based design in architecture are defined and certain research directions for the development of new approaches are presented. Finally we propose a new approach termed: Performative Design. Performative Design suggests that in creating simulation environments for performance-based architectural design both generative and evaluative capabilities can be integrated within performance-based simulations. The potential of performance-based simulation as a model of performance-based design is explored through a case study from an experimental digital design studio. Implication of this work on future research directions in the field is explicated.
series	journal
last changed	2008/06/18 08:12

_id	ecaade2007_198
id	ecaade2007_198
authors	Oxman, Rivka; Hammer, Roey; Ari, Shoham Ben
year	2007
title	Performative Design in Architecture
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2007.227
source	Predicting the Future [25th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-6-5] Frankfurt am Main (Germany) 26-29 September 2007, pp. 227-234
summary	In view of current developments in the theory and technology of digital design, certain potential for novel direction in virtual prototyping is beginning to emerge. In this paper an approach for the employment of virtual prototyping as a generative environment for performance-based design is proposed. The term combines both the concepts of performance and digital generation. In creating digital design environments for design the generative capabilities are incorporated within performance-based simulations. The potential of performance-based simulation as a digital design methodology in architectural design is explored. Experiments in digital architectural design illustrate this approach. Works in a framework of an ‘experimental digital design’ are presented and illustrated.
keywords	Digital design, performance-based design, design generation
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	a6c8
authors	Oxman, Robert
year	1992
title	The Library of Babel: The Representation of Technological Knowledge in Electronic Libraries
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1992.101
source	CAAD Instruction: The New Teaching of an Architect? [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Barcelona (Spain) 12-14 November 1992, pp. 101-118
summary	With the development of storage media such as the CD ROM, the availability and usage of very large data bases of information has dramatically opened new vistas for the creation of electronic libraries. From dictionaries and encyclopedias to historical treatises, the electronic packaging of large and cumbersome information sources has begun to demonstrate its utility and efficiency. Today the bridge to an unknown territory of electronic knowledge resources lies here at the boundary between the passive (though electronically accelerated) access to information through electronic books and the user interactive access to knowledge. This paper is about that boundary.
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	ddss9471
id	ddss9471
authors	Oxman, Robert
year	1994
title	The Reflective Eye: Visual Reasoning in the Sketch
source	Second Design and Decision Support Systems in Architecture & Urban Planning (Vaals, the Netherlands), August 15-19, 1994
summary	Despite recent advances in our understanding of design thinking, we still lack a comprehensive theoretical approach to cognitive processes in design and particularly to visual reasoning. Of scientific interest in its own right, understanding non-verbal reasoning is also relevant to a wide range of subjects in the area of visual data resources for designers. This paper presents research into visual reasoning through the study of cognitive acts and processes associated with design drawing. Employing case studies in the design sketch, a vocabulary is defined for describing phenomena of visual reasoning in design as they are revealed in the sketch. Classes of reasoning processes are proposed as strings of graphic acts of state transformation. A theoretical schema is developed which relates the individual act of visual reasoning manifested in the sketch, of sketch sequences, with larger global cognitive phenomena such as analogical or associative reasoning in design. Based upon this schema, a symbol system for these acts and processes is proposed as a coding technique in the observation, analysis and recording of non-verbal processes in design.
series	DDSS
email
last changed	2003/08/07 16:36

_id	0565
authors	Oxman, Robert and Oxman, Rivka
year	1990
title	The Computability of Architectural Knowledge
source	The Electronic Design Studio: Architectural Knowledge and Media in the Computer Era [CAAD Futures ‘89 Conference Proceedings / ISBN 0-262-13254-0] Cambridge (Massachusetts / USA), 1989, pp. 171-185
summary	In an important contribution to the theoretical foundation of design computing, Mitchell noted "an increasingly urgent need to establish a demonstrably sound, comprehensive, rigorously formalized theoretical foundation upon which to base practical software development efforts" (Mitchell, 1986). In this paper we propose such a theoretical framework. A basic assumption of this work is that the advancement of design computing is dependent upon the emergence of a rigorous formulation of knowledge in design. We present a model of knowledge in architectural design which suggests a promising conceptual basis for dealing with knowledge in computer-aided design systems. We require models which can represent the formal knowledge and manipulative operations of the designer in all of their complexity-that is formal models rather than just geometric models. Shape Grammars (Stiny,1980) represent an example of such models, and constitute a relatively high level of design knowledge as compared to, for example, use of symmetry operations to generate simple formal configurations. Building upon an understanding of the classes of design knowledge as the conceptual basis for formal modeling systems may contribute a new realization of the potential of the medium for design. This will require a comprehensive approach to the definition of architectural and design knowledge. We consider here the implications of a well-defined body of architectural and design knowledge for design education and the potential mutual interaction-in a knowledge-rich environment-of design learning and CAAD learning. The computational factors connected with the representation of design knowledge and its integration in design systems are among the key problems of CAAD. Mitchell's model of knowledge in design incorporates formal knowledge in a comprehensive, multi-level, hierarchical structure in which types of knowledge are correlated with computational concepts. In the main focus of this paper we present a structured, multi-level model of design knowledge which we discuss with respect to current architectural theoretical considerations. Finally, we analyze the computational and educational relevance of such models.
series	CAAD Futures
email
last changed	2003/05/16 20:58

_id	c2dd
authors	Oxman, Robert
year	1986
title	Towards a New Pedagogy
source	Journal of Architectural Education. Summer, 1986. vol. 39: pp. 22-28 : ill. includes some bibliographical notes
summary	This paper proposes the potential of design studies as a vehicle for the transfer of what might be considered 'architectural knowledge' as compared to 'professional experience.' An analogy with language study is suggested as a means of conveying the distinction between the acquisition of general design knowledge - a knowledge base which is not domain specific - and its application in dealing with ad-hoc problems
keywords	design, knowledge acquisition, education, architecture
series	CADline
last changed	1999/02/12 15:09

_id	6225
authors	Ozcan, Oguzhan
year	1992
title	Specification of a Hypermedia System for the Topkapi Palace
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.1992.119
source	CAAD Instruction: The New Teaching of an Architect? [eCAADe Conference Proceedings] Barcelona (Spain) 12-14 November 1992, pp. 119-132
summary	This paper summaries a doctoral investigation being carried out in the ABACUS group of the University of Strathclyde into the relevance of advanced multi-media technology to the explanation and investigation of the complex development of architecture which has historical and/or cultural significance.
series	eCAADe
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

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