Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	ascaad2007_044
id	ascaad2007_044
authors	Huang, C.-H. and R. J. Krawczyk
year	2007
title	Web Based BIM for Modular House Development: Query Approach in Consumer Participatory Design
source	Em‘body’ing Virtual Architecture: The Third International Conference of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2007), 28-30 November 2007, Alexandria, Egypt, pp. 559-570
summary	The paper describes the relationship of client’s requirements and available design options of the proposed system by examples of its current prototype. By integrating the nature of modularity in prefabricated housing design, a proposed web-based design system will provide information filtering questionnaires to assist customers in selecting appropriate design components. A methodology has been developed that can generate design options based on the client’s needs and available modular components from selected product suppliers making it possible to simulate the final design before processing orders for assembling and manufacturing. Overall, the research demonstrates the power of internet that acts as a feedback loop to receive the information from clients, streamline the communication in between design teams, and integrate all products and materials together.
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2008/01/21 22:00

_id	cdrf2019_297
id	cdrf2019_297
authors	H. Mohamed, D. W. Bao, and R. Snooks
year	2020
title	Super Composite: Carbon Fibre Infused 3D Printed Tectonics
doi	https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4400-6_28
source	Proceedings of the 2020 DigitalFUTURES The 2nd International Conference on Computational Design and Robotic Fabrication (CDRF 2020)
summary	This research posits an innovative process of embedding carbon fibre as the primary structure within large-scale polymer 3D printed intricate architectural forms. The design and technical implications of this research are explored and demonstrated through two proto-architectural projects, Cloud Affects and Unclear Cloud, developed by the RMIT Architecture Snooks Research Lab. These projects are designed through a tectonic approach that we describe as a super composite – an approach that creates a compression of tectonics through algorithmic selforganisation and advanced manufacturing. Framed within a critical view of the lineage of polymer 3D printing and high tech fibres in the field of architectural design, the research outlines the limitations of existing robotic processes employed in contemporary carbon fibre fabrication. In response, the paper proposes an approach we describe asInfused Fibre Reinforced Plastic (IFRP) as a novel fabrication method for intricate geometries. This method involves 3D printing of sacrificial formwork conduits within the skin of complex architectural forms that are infused with continuous carbon fibre structural elements. Through detailed observation and critical review of Cloud Affects and Unclear Cloud (Fig. 2), the paper assesses innovations and challenges of this research in areas including printing, detailing, structural analysis and FEA modelling. The paper notes how these techniques have been refined through the iterative design of the two projects, including the development of fibre distribution mapping to optimise the structural performance.
series	cdrf
email
last changed	2022/09/29 07:51

_id	acadia22_310
id	acadia22_310
authors	Koehler, Daniel
year	2022
title	Building Synthetic Data Sets or How to Learn from Future Architectures?
source	ACADIA 2022: Hybrids and Haecceities [Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Conference of the Association of Computer Aided Design in Architecture (ACADIA) ISBN 979-8-9860805-8-1]. University of Pennsylvania Stuart Weitzman School of Design. 27-29 October 2022. edited by M. Akbarzadeh, D. Aviv, H. Jamelle, and R. Stuart-Smith. 310-317.
summary	Simulating synthetic data can induce design speculation to machine learning applications. Leaning on density studies for modernist settlements, we propose an approach that mixes ratios of sets to generate buildings quickly. A case study exemplifies how quickly one can generate and analyze a set of buildings at the resolution of BIM modeling. We conclude that synthetic data sets could become a feature of daily design workflows due to being computationally inexpensive and easy to adapt.
series	ACADIA
type	paper
email
last changed	2024/02/06 14:00

_id	ascaad2007_002
id	ascaad2007_002
authors	Abdellatif, R. and C. Calderon
year	2007
title	SecondLife: A Computer-Mediated Tool for Distance-Learning in Architecture Education?
source	Em‘body’ing Virtual Architecture: The Third International Conference of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2007), 28-30 November 2007, Alexandria, Egypt, pp. 17-34
summary	Despite the importance of distance learning for its ability to reach a wide audience, easiness to access materials, and its lower cost compared to traditional learning, architecture education has not been well served by distance education. This is because it has a higher level of learning objectives, it is taught by coaching methodologies, and involves nonverbal forms of communication. One of the most common learning methods used in the design studio is the Criticism/Critique, which is a graphic and oral type of communication between the tutor and the students. In this investigation, Second Life, a massive multi-user online virtual environment that offers three-dimensional spatial capabilities via Avatars impersonation, is used as a computer-mediated tool for text and graphic-based communication in a distance learning situation. The study describes a demonstration experiment where students had to communicate with their tutor, display and describe their projects at a distance, in a purposely designed criticism space in SecondLife. The main objective of this paper is to observe and document the effects and the use of SecondLife virtual environment as an online 3D graphical-based tool of computer-mediated communication in distance learning in architecture education. The study also answers some questions: How well did the students use the tools of the medium provide? Was there a sense of personal communication and realism gained through using Avatars in the virtual environment? Did SecondLife provide a successful means of communication for a graphic-based context? And what are the students’ opinions about the learning environment? Using multiple methods of data collection, mainly based on an electronic observation of the experiment, questioning the participants before and after the experiment, and the analysis of the chat transcripts, the study presents descriptive results of the experiment, and discusses its main features. Proposals for modifications are made for future replications.
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2008/01/21 22:00

_id	ascaad2007_006
id	ascaad2007_006
authors	Afify, H.M.N. and Z. A. Abd ElGhaffar
year	2007
title	Advanced Digital Manufacturing Techniques (CAM) in Architecture
source	Em‘body’ing Virtual Architecture: The Third International Conference of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2007), 28-30 November 2007, Alexandria, Egypt, pp. 67-80
summary	Building projects today are not only born out digitally, but they are also realized digitally through "file-to-factory" processes of computer aided manufacturing (CAM) and computer numerically controlled (CNC) technologies. It was the challenge of constructability that brought into question, what new instruments of practice are needed to take advantage of the opportunities opened up by the digital modes of production, instead of whether a particular form is buildable. In this case of building construction, architects could design with attention to innovative details, afforded by unique shapes and sizes, knowing that whatever they created on their computer screen could be fabricated digitally for an affordable price. The aims of the research are to discuss and analyze the digital manufacturing techniques (CAM) in architecture and its fabrication, production process. To understand how these technologies fit within a broader context of architectural practice. The research begins with defining, what is digital manufacturing in architecture, its potentials, components and influences in the contemporary architecture. Further more it discusses the digital fabrication, Two- dimensional cutting, subtractive fabrication, additive fabrication and formative fabrication. The assembly technique, building skin, new materials and mass- customization in digital manufacturing techniques (CAM). That will be a hand in analyzing several case studies.
keywords	Digital technology in architecture, Digital manufacturing, Formative fabrication, New materials, Fabrication machines and software.
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2008/01/21 22:00

_id	caadria2007_677
id	caadria2007_677
authors	Anbusivan, R.
year	2007
title	Automation of Passive Solar Design System
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2007.x.l5x
source	CAADRIA 2007 [Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia] Nanjing (China) 19-21 April 2007
summary	This research, focus on the automation of passive solar design system using computational method. The quantitative nature of passive solar design system makes the automation possible. The automation is done in stages, because implementing the passive solar design system is not an isolated process, but intertwined with the overall design process. The first phase of automation concentrates in conceptual stage, to avoid major deviations in later stages of the design. The conceptual stage use Eco-grammar (A preset Design guidelines for corresponding climate) and user inputs for initial form generation. The second stage of automation is done after the user finalize the model with respect to its position rotation and arrangements. In this stage manipulation of vertex, edges and faces of the forms were manipulated using genetic algorithm. The value of mutation or crossover done in genetic algorithm is suggested by knowledge engine (preloaded design knowledge). Until the form obtains or reach closer to the desired values of performance the loop between analysis and mutation, crossover will be continued. On the basis of analysis result further manipulations may change from the previous which is guided by the knowledge engine.
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	ascaad2007_045
id	ascaad2007_045
authors	Bazlamit, R. and M. Verma
year	2007
title	Nature Replay: An immersive installation
source	Em‘body’ing Virtual Architecture: The Third International Conference of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2007), 28-30 November 2007, Alexandria, Egypt, pp. 571-586
summary	This project aims at addressing playgrounds and their utilization in current urban scenarios, in developing and under-developed countries. It experiments with digital technology to re-create a play space wherein children can actively engage with each other and the space utilizing upon a unique medium of play. As playgrounds have traditionally always been situated within a natural habitat or environment, this further reinforces the concept of developing the idea- based on something closely related to nature. Working around notions related to nature, music and how can children play around them; conceptualized ‘Nature rePlay”; an immersive environment making use of interactive digital media in both real urban settings and performing arts.
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2008/01/21 22:00

_id	ecaade2007_077
id	ecaade2007_077
authors	Breen, Jack; Stellingwerff, Martijn
year	2007
title	The DigiTile Project
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2007.059
source	Predicting the Future [25th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-6-5] Frankfurt am Main (Germany) 26-29 September 2007, pp. 59-66
summary	The influx of computer-based design and presentation platforms, particularly in conjunction with computer aided physical modelling and manufacturing techniques, has stimulated a renewed focus on imaginative, innovative architectural product design. Essentially, the ambition of the DigiTile exercise was to stimulate the development of individual proposals for new kinds of surface articulations on the basis of a tile-like unit, or set of units. Inspirations varied widely: from precedents ranging from history to nature, as well as from contemporary design practice and graphic imagery. The prevailing freshness and technical inquisitiveness amongst the participants contributed to the generation and concretisation of distinctive tiling concepts, many of which have arguably not been seen before. The findings and conclusions are based upon the array of outcomes from the programme so far, as well from a very recent session. Furthermore, the paper highlights the kinds of opportunities for hands-on education-based compositional studies that we foresee in the near future.
keywords	Computer aided manufacturing and modelling, composition, prototyping, tiling, ornamatics, education-based research
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ecaade2007_032
id	ecaade2007_032
authors	Bridges, Alan
year	2007
title	Scenario-based Design
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2007.441
source	Predicting the Future [25th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-6-5] Frankfurt am Main (Germany) 26-29 September 2007, pp. 441-446
summary	The concepts underlying “scenario-based” design are introduced and put forward as a computationally-supportable alternative to sketching in early-stage design. From the analysis of a number of structured interviews with practicing designers, key design scenarios are identified. These scenarios are then generalised and outline guidelines developed for structuring early stage design, making use of TRIZ methodologies.
keywords	Scenario, TRIZ, architectural design
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	ijac20075402
id	ijac20075402
authors	Burry, Jane R.
year	2007
title	Mindful Spaces: Computational Geometry and the Conceptual Spaces in which Designers Operate
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 5 - no. 4, pp. 611-624
summary	Combinatorial computational geometry, while dealing with geometric objects as discrete entities, provides the means both to analyse and to construct relationships between these objects and relate them to other non-geometrical entities. This paper explores some ways in which this may be used in design through a review of six, one-semester-long design explorations by undergraduate and postgraduate students in the Flexible Modeling for Design and Prototyping course between 2004 and 2007. The course focuses on using computational geometry firstly to construct topologically defined design models based on graphs of relationships between objects (parametric design,) and concurrently to output physical prototypes from these "flexible models"(an application of numerical computational geometry). It supports students to make early design explorations. Many have built flexible models to explore design iterations for a static spatial outcome. Some have built models of real time responsive dynamic systems. In this educational context, computational geometry has enabled a range of design iterations that would have been challenging to uncover through physical analogue means alone. It has, perhaps more significantly, extended the students' own concept of the space in which they design.
series	journal
email
last changed	2008/02/25 20:30

_id	acadia07_104
id	acadia07_104
authors	Chen, Chien-Lin; Johnson, Brian R.
year	2007
title	DVIN: A Dual View Information Navigation System
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.acadia.2007.104
source	Expanding Bodies: Art • Cities• Environment [Proceedings of the 27th Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design in Architecture / ISBN 978-0-9780978-6-8] Halifax (Nova Scotia) 1-7 October 2007, 104-109
summary	Differences in the preferred modes of representation of architects and their clients create challenges to their collaboration in the design process. Traditional two-dimensional drawings such as plans, sections and elevations form the backbone of architectural representation, anchoring text labels to record relevant non-graphical information. Nominally geometric “slices” through the proposed building volume, these drawings employ abstractions and conventions unique to professional practice. In contrast, non-architects think about building configuration largely through experiential or photographic perspective. This challenge increases over the life of the project. Simple drawings, such as those used in schematic design, are easily understood by all parties. However, as the building design develops the architects encode more and more design detail through the drawing conventions of construction documents, inadvertently making this detail less and less accessible to non-architects. We present DVIN, a prototype system that uses coordinated plan and perspective views for navigation of building information models, linking the information to an individual’s spatial navigation skills rather than their document navigation skills. This web-based application was developed using Java and VRML. The prototype makes it easier for naive users to locate and query building information, whether they are a client, a facility manager, or possibly an emergency responder. * NOTE: two pages missing from the printed proceedings have been appended to the PDF version of this paper and numbered 'erratum page 1' and 'erratum page 2' *
series	ACADIA
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	sigradi2007_af06
id	sigradi2007_af06
authors	Chiarella, Mauro; Underlea Bruscato; Rodrigo Garcia Alvarado; María Elena Tosello; Hernán Barría Chateau
year	2007
title	3x1 Digital Hybrids: International workshops and videoconferences about digital architecture [3x1 Híbridos Digitales: Talleres y videoconferencias internacionales sobre arquitectura digital]
source	SIGraDi 2007 - [Proceedings of the 11th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] México D.F. - México 23-25 October 2007, pp. 135-140
summary	Through the creation of an inter-text of different discursive levels, although for “natives as for digital immigrants”, it has developed a teaching experience in three Latin American scenarios (Chile, Argentina, Brasil), through two pedagogical modalities: international videoconferences and in person practical workshops. The videoconferences facilitated the general theoretical discussion, stating multiples contents, anticipating and framing the later activity of the in person workshop, and returning in discussions and critical insights at the end of each workshop. In the in person workshops, new design strategies of generation of spaces and surfaces were entered upon, through analog-digital resources of ideation and representation.
keywords	Hybrid; videoconference; workshop; fold
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:48

_id	caadria2007_273
id	caadria2007_273
authors	Chitchian, Davood; H.C. Bekkering
year	2007
title	Sustaining Design Decision Makers in the AEC industry
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2007.x.w3a
source	CAADRIA 2007 [Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia] Nanjing (China) 19-21 April 2007
summary	Today’s typical decision making problem such as strategic planning, portfolio analysis, resource allocation and human resource management involves a variety of tangible and intangible strategic goals, conflicting constraints, dozens or hundreds of alternative initiatives to be pursued, and limited resources. A decision maker cannot meaningfully combine all of this information to make right decisions. To sustain decision makers in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry, this paper proposes a tool to transfers a complex problem into a concept of hierarchical structure consisting of goal and its criteria and sub-criteria. Irrespective of the applied domains, this tool provides a flexible means for tackling the complex decision making process. It embeds a mathematical model for prioritization and decision making which is based on the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP).
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	sigradi2007_af70
id	sigradi2007_af70
authors	Corona Martínez, Alfonso; Libertad Vigo; José R. Kós; Denise B. Pinheiro Machado
year	2007
title	Archinet-MetaUniversity: Alfa Project phase3: The transversal integration [Archinet-MetaUniversidad: Proyecto ALFA en Fase3: La integración transversal]
source	SIGraDi 2007 - [Proceedings of the 11th Iberoamerican Congress of Digital Graphics] México D.F. - México 23-25 October 2007, pp. 131-134
summary	This paper presents the results of a workshop which took place in Rio de Janeiro and gathered Brazilian and international exchange students with tutors from eight universities located in Latin America and Europe. The design process highlighted the advantages and limitations of the communication between the tutors, educated with traditional tools and students who enter at the university already familiar with digital tools. The manipulation of images assumes a primary position, particularly in an environment based on several foreign languages. However, this process also exposed the limitations of images to represent the essence of the place.
keywords	Theory & Education; Design & Communication; Multidisciplinary Transversal Disciplines; Sustainability & Urban Preservation; Colaborative & Teaching implementations
series	SIGRADI
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:49

_id	b92c
id	b92c
authors	Derix, Christian
year	2012
title	Digital Masterplanning: Computing Urban Design
source	In Urban Design and Planning: Institution of Civil Engineers, Thomas Telford Publishers, ahead-of-print
summary	The digital revolution has finally reached urban design as one of the last design communities not very familiar with computing. This is despite the city and geography being the natural fields for systems analogy and digital models of mathematical and statistical simulation were developed in the 60s and 70s for urban planning, much before industrial or architectural design. The recent arrival of urban design simulations is however not as innovative and radical as their 50 year old counterparts since they use computing solely for policy visualization, quantity evaluation or pattern generation. The Computational Design and Research Group [CDR] at Aedas\|R&D started in 2007 to develop an open platform of lightweight applications – Digital Masterplanning – in collaboration with partners from academia and industry to provide methods for urban design, based on computational methods called meta-heuristic algorithms. An attempt to encode empirical knowledge and design assumptions into simulations is described where designers can assemble the resulting applications according to scales and brief into custom workflows.
keywords	Spatial Planning, Urban Design, Meta-Heuristic Algorithms, Computational Design
series	journal paper
type	normal paper
email
more	http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/article/10.1680/udap.9.00041
last changed	2012/09/20 17:41

_id	ecaade2007_137
id	ecaade2007_137
authors	Dillenburger, Benjamin; Thesseling, Frank; Kotnik, Toni; Annen, Monika; Fuhr, Claudia; Girot-Ifrah, Yael; Tann, Martin; Shin, Dong Youn; Markovic, Sladjana; Versteeg, Meindert; Wendt, Tobias; Zäh, Matthias
year	2007
title	Architectural Use of Computer Controlled Deformation Techniques on the Example of CNC-Bent Tube Structures
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2007.021
source	Predicting the Future [25th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-6-5] Frankfurt am Main (Germany) 26-29 September 2007, pp. 21-26
summary	Steel tubes as construction material have an enormous capacity. CNC bending machines have the ability to deform material into all three dimensions in contrast to other popular CNC techniques for architectural design that use subtractive methods like laser-cutting and milling. The research examines the potential of a digital deforming process of CNC-Bending. During three months the authors developed several design concepts, programmed the necessary software for generating the structure and produced three architectural prototypes shown at an exhibition. Altogether they were constructed out of more than 500 pieces of steel tubes and over 5000 bends.
keywords	CNC bending, NURBS-curve approximation, tubular structure, swarm behavior, parameterization
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	ecaade2007_136
id	ecaade2007_136
authors	Dohmen, Philipp; Rüdenauer, Kai
year	2007
title	Digital Chains in Modern Architecture
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2007.801
source	Predicting the Future [25th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-6-5] Frankfurt am Main (Germany) 26-29 September 2007, pp. 801-804
summary	The “digital chain” is a continuous digital organization process, from the draft right into the manufacturing. Now one of these chains is applied on a mountain shelter. The individual steps are programmed and connected by universal interfaces. The computer is used not as passive digital drawing board, but as self-dependent tool that exerts influence on. Rules, dependence and aims, are formulated by the architect the computer can optimize due to its computing power. The role of the architect shifts thereby from the form designer to the role of a process designer. The aesthetics of the results is exciting and unusually, organically and self-evident - it is however always the result of given parameters. One topic is the complexity. The constructional modeling of the computers is a substantial support and easement. With programming techniques and parameterized construction, a high degree of individualizing becomes possible. A further point is efficiency. Construction with individual units, which former on was just realizable with high time and cost, become economically in this manner today. Furthermore computer-controlled machines work with precision and a detailing, which would be by workmanship neither temporally nor technically obtainable.
keywords	Digital chain, mass customization, one of a kind production
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:55

_id	ascaad2007_028
id	ascaad2007_028
authors	Elmasry, M.H. and E.M. Farid
year	2007
title	User Participation and Mass Customization as Key Factors in the Future Residential Building
source	Em‘body’ing Virtual Architecture: The Third International Conference of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2007), 28-30 November 2007, Alexandria, Egypt, pp. 327-342
summary	The adoption of mass customization concepts, new manufacturing technologies together with the user participation, can open up an opportunity to the future residential buildings to achieve both a status of art and commodity, breaking the typical dichotonomy in architecture and meeting the individual needs and values of the future clients .The paper emphasizes on the concept of introducing the design as critical selling point where the customers can make their choices and changes through an interactive Web site exploring how mass customization and co-design will affect the architectural design / construction process of the residential multi-storey buildings.
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2008/01/21 22:00

_id	ecaade2007_118
id	ecaade2007_118
authors	Fricker, Pia; Hovestadt, Ludger; Braach, Markus; Dillenburger, Benjamin; Dohmen, Philipp; Rüdenauer, Kai; Lemmerzahl, Steffen; Lehnerer, Alexander
year	2007
title	Organised Complexity
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2007.695
source	Predicting the Future [25th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-6-5] Frankfurt am Main (Germany) 26-29 September 2007, pp. 695-701
summary	The objective of the paper is to demonstrate the application of architectural research and design methods from the fields of strategic design, digital production and design chains to facilitate the completion of demanding large-scale building projects. Since we have concentrated the efforts of the past few years on various aspects of building practice while applying and testing the “Digital Chain” method to several concrete projects, we are now engaged with linking the individual phases in order to make the final step towards the reality of building practice. With this knowledge, we attempt to propose a new way of thinking in the design and building sector based on digitized planning processes.
keywords	Collaborative design, parametric design, user participation in design, strategic design
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	ascaad2007_061
id	ascaad2007_061
authors	Fujita, H.; J. Hakura and M. Kurematsu
year	2007
title	Cognitive Modeling in Design Based on Human Emotional reasoning: Computer based Cognitive interaction based on mimesis of human emotional behavior
source	Em‘body’ing Virtual Architecture: The Third International Conference of the Arab Society for Computer Aided Architectural Design (ASCAAD 2007), 28-30 November 2007, Alexandria, Egypt, pp. 783-798
summary	This paper presents a progress development results of Virtual intelligent interface based on human facial and voice recognition. We this is new challenge for sensing the user emotional space and interact with it. It is part of the cognitive spatial design needed to have the mentality of the designer been part of the system recognition. This is experimental built prototype. We think that the practices reported in this work contribute to integrate (corporate) the cognitive intention of the designer with the knowledge of the system, The architect can use these design practices to inhale the emotional practices into the design using such experiment.
series	ASCAAD
email
last changed	2008/01/21 22:00

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