Cumincad : CUMINCAD Papers : Search Results

CumInCAD is a Cumulative Index about publications in Computer Aided Architectural Design
supported by the sibling associations ACADIA, CAADRIA, eCAADe, SIGraDi, ASCAAD and CAAD futures

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_id	ecaade2008_005
id	ecaade2008_005
authors	Breen, Jack; Stellingwerff, Martijn
year	2008
title	Capital A to Z
source	Architecture in Computro [26th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-7-2] Antwerpen (Belgium) 17-20 September 2008, pp. 759-766
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2008.759
summary	Throughout the history of architecture, the Capital – the intermediate between a column and the beam or surface it supports – has been a recurring feature in architectural composition and articulation. In this paper we describe results and findings from the Capital A to Z exercise within the Ornamatics Course from the TU-Delft MSc curriculum. We will show how this exercise combines various digital and physical processes for form finding and how further insights can come from the actual production of models and prototypes. Conclusions will be drawn regarding the integrated educational setup and regarding the influence of different methods and tools on the design process and the design results.
keywords	Computer aided manufacturing and modelling, composition, prototyping, ornamatics, education-based research
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:54

_id	sigradi2009_2000
id	sigradi2009_2000
authors	Celani, Gabriela
year	2009
title	Enseñando diseño generativo: una experiencia didáctica [Teaching Generative Design: a Learning Experience]"
source	SIGraDi 2009 - Proceedings of the 13th Congress of the Iberoamerican Society of Digital Graphics, Sao Paulo, Brazil, November 16-18, 2009
summary	Este trabajo describe el seminario de Diseño Generativo ofrecido en el programa de posgrado en el área de Arquitectura y Construcción en la Universidad de Campinas en el primer semestre de 2008. El curso tuvo como objetivo introducir el tema de los métodos sistemáticos de generación de alternativas de diseño, como base para el desarrollo de sistemas de CAAD. El método pedagógico del curso estuvo compuesto por presentaciones teóricas, lecturas, discusiones, y ejercicios prácticos. Los sistemas generativos más conocidos fueron categorizados en dos grandes grupos: el de combinaciones de elementos (como la enumeración sistemática de combinaciones y los algoritmos genéticos) y el de los sistemas basados en reglas (como los fractales y la gramática de formas). Además de constituirse en una oportunidad para proponer una categorización de los principales sistemas generativos, el curso también permitió que se hiciera una reflexión sobre la importancia de la introducción de los sistemas generativos y de las técnicas de programación en los cursos de pre-grado y pos-grado.
keywords	Generative design systems; Theoretical basis of CAAD
series	SIGRADI
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2016/03/10 09:48

_id	ddss2004_ra-33
id	ddss2004_ra-33
authors	Diappi, L., P. Bolchim, and M. Buscema
year	2004
title	Improved Understanding of Urban Sprawl Using Neural Networks
source	Van Leeuwen, J.P. and H.J.P. Timmermans (eds.) Recent Advances in Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN: 14020-2408-8, p. 33-49
summary	It is widely accepted that the spatial pattern of settlements is a crucial factor affecting quality of life and environmental sustainability, but few recent studies have attempted to examine the phenomenon of sprawl by modelling the process rather than adopting a descriptive approach. The issue was partly addressed by models of land use and transportation which were mainly developed in the UK and US in the 1970s and 1980s, but the major advances were made in the area of modelling transportation, while very little was achieved in the area of spatial and temporal land use. Models of land use and transportation are well-established tools, based on explicit, exogenouslyformulated rules within a theoretical framework. The new approaches of artificial intelligence, and in particular, systems involving parallel processing, (Neural Networks, Cellular Automata and Multi-Agent Systems) defined by the expression “Neurocomputing”, allow problems to be approached in the reverse, bottom-up, direction by discovering rules, relationships and scenarios from a database. In this article we examine the hypothesis that territorial micro-transformations occur according to a local logic, i.e. according to use, accessibility, the presence of services and conditions of centrality, periphericity or isolation of each territorial “cell” relative to its surroundings. The prediction capabilities of different architectures of supervised Neural networks are implemented to the south Metropolitan area of Milan at two different temporal thresholds and discussed. Starting from data on land use in 1980 and 1994 and by subdividing the area into square cells on an orthogonal grid, the model produces a spatial and functional map of urbanisation in 2008. An implementation of the SOM (Self Organizing Map) processing to the Data Base allows the typologies of transformation to be identified, i.e. the classes of area which are transformed in the same way and which give rise to territorial morphologies; this is an interesting by-product of the approach.
keywords	Neural Networks, Self-Organizing Maps, Land-Use Dynamics, Supervised Networks
series	DDSS
last changed	2004/07/03 22:13

_id	ac21
id	ac21
authors	Giddings B, Horne M
year	2008
title	The Changing Patterns of Architectural Design Education
source	Architecture and Modern Information Technologies, Vol. 3, No. 4. ISSN-1998-4839
summary	Digital technologies have been introduced to students of architecture for over two decades and at present it could be argued that students are producing some of the highest quality designs, and some of the most interesting forms ever to come from University Schools. The value of computer aided design (CAD) is also being demonstrated in architectural practice, with high profile, large budget, bespoke and iconic buildings designed by internationally renowned architects. This paper reviews the changing patterns of architectural design education and considers the contribution digital technologies could make to buildings with more commonplace uses. The study offers a perspective on different kinds of buildings and considers the influence that emerging technologies are having on building form. It outlines digital technologies, alongside students’ application for architectural design and considers the role they could play in the future, in developing a shared architectural language. It is suggested that some of the biggest opportunities for future research will be in the design of external spaces, often a neglected part of architectural design education.
keywords	architectural design education, digital technologies
series	other
type	normal paper
email
more	http://www.marhi.ru/AMIT
last changed	2008/11/02 20:38

_id	82b1
id	82b1
authors	Greenwood D, Horne M, Thompson E M, Allwood C M, Wernemyr C, Westerdahl B.
year	2008
title	Strategic Perspectives of the Use of Virtual Reality within the Building Industries of Four Countries.
source	International Journal of Architectural Engineering and Design Management
summary	This paper presents results from the first stage of an analysis of the use of virtual reality (VR) within the building industries of strategically selected countries, namely, China, Sweden, the UK and the US. The aims of the research are to assess VR usage and its benefits within the building industries of these countries and to identify perceived barriers to VR usage and ways of overcoming them. The countries selected offer a range of experience in the adoption of VR technologies and the paper provides an initial analysis of developments at an international level. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with senior professionals from each of six leading construction companies within each country. The findings included the rationale for the adoption of VR and the barriers to doing so, as well as some divergence between the respondents in their working definition of what visualization and, specifically, VR actually represents.
keywords	Building industry; implementation strategy;international perspectives; interview survey; virtual reality
series	other
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2008/11/26 16:54

_id	caadria2008_39_session4b_321
id	caadria2008_39_session4b_321
authors	Herr, Christiane M. and Justyna Karakiewicz
year	2008
title	Towards an understanding of design tutoring: A grounded study of presentation materials used in tutorial conversations
source	CAADRIA 2008 [Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia] Chiang Mai (Thailand) 9-12 April 2008, pp. 321-327
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2008.321
summary	In this paper we present results of a grounded study of materials presented by students during tutorial conversations over the course of a design studio. Based on key coding categories we extracted over the course of the study, we developed a vocabulary of five notions that allow us to reflect on students’ work from the tutors’ perspective. We discuss these notions and relate them to previous studies on graphic representations in conceptual design processes.
keywords	Sketching, graphic representations, design conversation, conceptual design process, grounded theory
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:51

_id	ddss2008-31
id	ddss2008-31
authors	Heurkens, Erwin W.T.M.
year	2008
title	The Urban Decision RoomApplication and Evaluation of an Urban Management Instrument
source	H.J.P. Timmermans, B. de Vries (eds.) 2008, Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, ISBN 978-90-6814-173-3, University of Technology Eindhoven, published on CD
summary	The Urban Decision Room (UDR) should be placed in the tradition of urban design and planning discipline that is taught, and into which research is carried out, at the Faculty of Architecture at the Delft University of Technology. The UDR was developed at the faculty as one of the new design and planning methods with its own specific features. The UDR is specifically aimed at decision-making processes in the practice of urban planning, and particularly at complex urban area development projects. The background to the design enables the UDR to support planning decisions that are made at urban planning element level. The participants in the interactive UDR sessions are asked to provide concrete solutions for urban planning design problems (in terms of preferences for particular functions, number of plots, etc.) and to enter them in a simulation model. A computer network is then used to calculate the common solution space of all the proposals, which is then projected onto a central screen. This outcome generally provides the basis for further discussions and negotiations, after which another round as described above can be held. The paper first focuses on the background and the main features of the UDR system. Secondly, the decision-making issue and a description of a specific Urban Decision Room model, the UDR Heijsehaven will be explained. Thirdly the structure of, and the experiences from, the experimental sessions with the Urban Decision Room Heijsehaven are described. After that the results of the evaluation of the UDR system by participants is presented and finally the follow-up assignment for the UDR system is carried out.
keywords	Urban Decision Room, UDR Heijsehaven, Urban Renewal Project, Urban Planning, Urban Management Instrument, Common Solution Space, Decision Support System
series	DDSS
last changed	2008/09/01 17:06

_id	ecaade2008_092
id	ecaade2008_092
authors	Hofmeyer, Herm; Kerstens, J.G.M.
year	2008
title	A Bird’s-Eye View of Cyclic Spatial-Structural Transformations, Grammar Based Design, and Structural Optimization
source	Architecture in Computro [26th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-7-2] Antwerpen (Belgium) 17-20 September 2008, pp. 483-492
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2008.483
summary	Recently, in the research field of combined architecture and structural design, the idea of a so-called research engine has been developed. During its development, initially the intention was to develop a design-support tool, however, it now becomes clear that it may serve as a general framework for several applications. In this paper the new possibilities for the applications will be presented. As a result, a bird’s-eye view is developed on a set of applications that are often presented separately and without a larger framework in literature. In conclusion, several applications used for CAAD and CASD (Computer Aided Structural Design) can be seen as derivatives of a research engine. The other way round, the research engine can be modified and new applications may result.
keywords	Generative design, Optimisation, Spatial Design, Structural Design, Automated design
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:50

_id	3de1
id	3de1
authors	Horne M, Thompson E
year	2008
title	The Role of Virtual Reality in Built Environment Education
source	Journal of Education in the Built Environment, Vol 3, Issue 1
summary	This study builds upon previous research on the integration of Virtual Reality (VR) within the built environment curriculum and aims to investigate the role of VR and three-dimensional (3D) computer modelling on learning and teaching in a school of the built environment. In order to achieve this aim, a number of academic experiences were analysed to explore the applicability and viability of 3D computer modelling and VR into built environment subject areas. Although two-dimensional (2D) representations have been greatly accepted by built environment professions and education, 3D computer representations and VR applications, offering interactivity and immersiveness, are not yet widely accepted. The study attempts to understand the values and challenges of integrating visualisation technologies into built environment teaching and investigates tutors’ perceptions, opinions and concerns with respect to these technologies. The study reports on the integration process and considers how 3D computer modelling and VR technologies can combine with, and extend, the existing range of learning and teaching methods appropriate to different disciplines and programme areas.
keywords	3D Computer Modelling, Virtual Reality, Visualisation, Built Environment
series	other
type	normal paper
email
more	http://www.cebe.heacademy.ac.uk/jebe/
last changed	2008/11/02 20:46

_id	caadria2008_77_session7b_635
id	caadria2008_77_session7b_635
authors	Loemker, Thorsten M.
year	2008
title	In-situ Analyses of Buildings by means of Smart Devices and Location Based Services
source	CAADRIA 2008 [Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia] Chiang Mai (Thailand) 9-12 April 2008, pp. 635-641
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2008.635
summary	In this research we examined if it might be possible that a client accomplishes an ad-hoc analysis of an existing building with the intention of prospective revitalization. The aim is to give a client who incidentally faces a building the possibility to run an in situ usability simulation. To accomplish this we recommend Location Based Services that can be accessed by common remote sensing devices. These devices should automatically connect to server-based applications, which compare the requirements of the client with the existing building and run remote simulations on concrete further utilization. The newly generated information will then be passed back to the clients’ device. In the paper we address a scenario of a prospective client who visits a city where he hits on an unused building he might be interest in. The client wishes to gain immediate and accurate information if the building is able to meet his demands regarding the space needed for his company. Different techniques investigated, their assets and drawbacks will be described that could accomplish suchlike tasks.
keywords	Location Based Services, Smart Environments, Ubiquitous Computing, Optimization
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	ecaade2008_164
id	ecaade2008_164
authors	M. Loemker, Thorsten; Degering , Albrecht
year	2008
title	Design To Cost with the Aid of Numerical Optimization Techniques
source	Architecture in Computro [26th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-7-2] Antwerpen (Belgium) 17-20 September 2008, pp. 501-506
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2008.501
summary	This paper discusses the use of optimization methods in the architectural design process. It points out the possible scope of integration with regard to building costs in the design of new buildings.
keywords	Optimization, Layout-Planning, Design to Cost
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 07:59

_id	ijac20086401
id	ijac20086401
authors	Maleki, Maryam M.; Woodbury, Robert F.
year	2008
title	Reinterpreting Rasmi Domes with Geometric Constraints:A Case of Goal-seeking in Parametric Systems
source	International Journal of Architectural Computing vol. 6 - no. 4, 375-395
summary	Geometry has long been a generator of architecture. In traditional Persian architecture, Rasmi domes project a drawing onto a predefined 3D geometry. In fact, the word 'rasmi' and the verb for drawing in Persian have the same linguistic root. Projection is readily done in manual drawings or conventional CAD programs. From a constraint perspective, the dome is constrained by the drawing and the 3D geometry. If the latter constraint is replaced by invariance of distance on the original drawing, a class of domes results, but members of this class cannot be computed conventionally. Class members are developable from a planar layout of triangles, which is, in turn, generated by a simple drawing rule. This yields a parametric structure of four parameters. Three determine the initial planar diagram. One determines configuration. Further, domes in the class are mechanisms: they are not fully specified by the constraints and parameters. We develop the geometric constraints representing the location of the defining points of a dome and present a goal-seeking algorithm to solve the constraints within a propagation-based parametric modeling system.
series	journal
last changed	2009/03/03 07:48

_id	ddss2008-35
id	ddss2008-35
authors	Neema, M.N. and A. Ohgai
year	2008
title	A GA-based Multi-Objective Optimization Model for Location Planning of Urban Parks and Open Spaces A Case Study on Dhaka City
source	H.J.P. Timmermans, B. de Vries (eds.) 2008, Design & Decision Support Systems in Architecture and Urban Planning, ISBN 978-90-6814-173-3, University of Technology Eindhoven, published on CD
summary	In this paper, we present a new multi-objective location model for urban parks and open spaces (POSs) planning. We developed a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based multi-objective optimization model (GAMOOM) to derive optimum locations of POSs by considering four incommensurable objectives with the provision of POSs near: 1) densely populated areas, 2) air polluted areas, 3) noisy areas, and 4) areas without open spaces. The success of the model is presented through its application as a case study on Dhaka City. Obtained results indicate that the model can successfully provide optimum location of required POSs. The findings from this study also signify that optimum location of POSs obtained by utilizing only the second objective is substantially different than that of others. Moreover, there is also difference in optimum location of POSs by taking into account only the third objective when compared with others. Therefore, considering single objective cannot give optimum results for good POSs planning. So, it is verified that POSs should be planned by optimizing multiple objectives instead of single objective. The outcome of this multi-objective GAMOOM model does have an implication on how POSs should be designed and managed by the planning authority for not only sustainable environment but also better quality of life in a city.
keywords	Genetic Algorithm (GA), Multi-Objective Optimization, Parks and Open Space (POS)
series	DDSS
last changed	2008/09/01 17:06

_id	9d5f
id	9d5f
authors	Podevyn M, Horne M, Fisher P, Thompson, E
year	2008
title	Global Visualisation Engines – Issues for Urban Landscape Planning Participation Processes
source	Digital Design in Landscape Architecture 2008, Proceedings at Anhalt University of Applied Sciences, 29-31 May 2008
summary	Traditional planning processes use two-dimensional drawings, plans, sections, elevations and artists’ impressions to communicate design intent to interested parties. Three-dimensional computer visualisation technologies that support the planning process raise institutional and organisational challenges as their perceived benefits are considered. Virtual Reality (VR) models add interactivity and immersiveness to landscape visualisations but require appropriate technical input and management. This paper explores two main themes. Firstly, how interactive 3D computer simulations of planning proposals can be adopted to successfully improve the traditional process. It reports on a pilot study to examine how architects, clients, planning officers and university researchers have worked together to systematically examine and analyse this changing process. It reports on issues concerned with ownership of city models, the roles and the compatibility, accuracy and remote sharing of urban data. Secondly, we explore the emerging theme of web-based GIS applications and their impact on architectural visualisation. The process of placing urban data onto Google Earth was tested and the resulting issues emerging with this software, including IT and data management and accuracy issues for suitable architectural visualisation are discussed. The study also reports and offers an overview of placing accurate urban landscape data onto Google Earth and a discussion of using this method for online public participation and communicating technical building information.
keywords	3D modelling, planning process, VR city models, Google Earth
series	other
type	normal paper
email
last changed	2008/11/02 21:09

_id	caadria2008_57_session6a_472
id	caadria2008_57_session6a_472
authors	Prats, S. Lim, M.; S. Chase, S. Garner
year	2008
title	Sketching in Design: Formalising a Transformational Process
source	CAADRIA 2008 [Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia] Chiang Mai (Thailand) 9-12 April 2008, pp. 472-478
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2008.472
summary	The process of sketching can support the sort of transformational thinking that is seen as essential for the interpretation and reinterpretation of ideas in innovative design (Suwa 2003). In this paper, the initial outputs and findings of an ongoing project called Design Synthesis and Shape Generation are described based on experimental investigations of the mechanics of sketching from practicing architects and industrial designers as they responded to a series of conceptual design tasks. Preliminary analyses of the experimental data suggest that the interactions of designers with their sketches can be formalised according to a finite number of generalised shape rules. These rules formalise the transformations and reinterpretation of shapes for example through deformation or restructuring.
keywords	Sketching; Exploration; Computer supported design; Shape rule
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	ecaade2008_010
id	ecaade2008_010
authors	R. Lyon , Eduardo
year	2008
title	CAD and CAM Systems Integration:
source	Architecture in Computro [26th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-7-2] Antwerpen (Belgium) 17-20 September 2008, pp. 837-844
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2008.837
summary	CAM systems traduce design information from CAD systems in to different manufacturing routines in order to produce NC code for CNC machinery. The output from the CAM software is usually a simple text file of G and M code, usually containing thousand of lines of code. Later this code is transferred to a machine tool using a direct numerical control (DNC) program. This translation process becomes extremely important in developing a digital design and fabrication approach. Consequently the aim in this research is; to investigate CAD-CAM workflow; to analyze final product deviation from design intent; and to determine where in the workflow, and how design strategies and design decisions correlates to manufacturing results.
keywords	Design Computing, CAD and CAM integration, Digital fabrication
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	ecaade2008_196
id	ecaade2008_196
authors	Rajendran, Puaneswaran M.; Rafi, Ahmad
year	2008
title	Experiential Design of Space in Virtual Environment: Cubism as an Art Application
source	Architecture in Computro [26th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-7-2] Antwerpen (Belgium) 17-20 September 2008, pp. 383-388
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2008.383
summary	This paper presents an experiential design concept as one of the approaches to design a good storytelling in VEs. We tested this concept and related it within cubism art to understand spaces based on its original form particularly the shapes, planes and volumes. This experiment revealed elements of expression and abstractions through layers of intrinsic knowledge within the VEs that were extremely difficult to understand when viewed in their original forms. New spaces were also discovered within the VEs thus suggesting evidence on the stories within the art form. This paper also suggested that VEs provide a better understanding of spaces and abstract spaces, scale through different depth of illusions and spatial representation.
keywords	Experiential design, virtual environment, space design, navigation
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	ecaade2008_088
id	ecaade2008_088
authors	Reffat, Rabee M.
year	2008
title	Investigating Patterns of Contemporary Architecture using Data Mining Techniques
source	Architecture in Computro [26th eCAADe Conference Proceedings / ISBN 978-0-9541183-7-2] Antwerpen (Belgium) 17-20 September 2008, pp. 601-608
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.ecaade.2008.601
summary	This paper addresses the utilization of Data Mining as an advanced technique of information technologies to investigate and identify the patterns of architectural features of contemporary architecture in Saudi Arabia in two suggested building types: houses and commercial office buildings. Such patterns will help in developing a model of patterns of architectural features that can be utilized to augment the architectural context of Saudi Arabia. The paper presents a constructed framework that provides a comprehensive analysis of recognition criteria for identifying each architectural feature of the nominated set of nine features. These architectural features include: spatial relationships, space allocation, circulation, building form, façade treatment, building structure, external finishes, environmental aspects, and cultural features. The recognition criteria for these architectural features are expressed in the attribute-value format. Such criteria are extracted for houses and commercial office buildings specifically within the context of Saudi contemporary architecture based on extensive case analysis that represents the diversity of architectural designs of houses and commercial office buildings. The paper also, introduces a process model of applying Data Mining for investigating patterns of contemporary architecture.
keywords	Architectural Patterns, Data Mining, Architectural Features
series	eCAADe
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	caadria2008_71_session7a_587
id	caadria2008_71_session7a_587
authors	Reffat, Rabee M.; Yaman Khaeruzzaman, Emad El-Sebakhy, I Putu Raharja
year	2008
title	Interactive Architectural Compositions in 3D Real-Time Virtual Environments
source	CAADRIA 2008 [Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Computer Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia] Chiang Mai (Thailand) 9-12 April 2008, pp. 587-593
doi	https://doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2008.587
summary	This paper presents an interactive computational system for developing architectural compositions within a 3D real-time virtual environment. The features of implemented system within the interface of Activeworlds platform includes (a) providing a set of 3D building objects that are made available within the virtual environment and can be utilized by the user to construct architectural compositions; (b) allowing users to modify both geometrical and non-geometrical properties of these objects; and (c) maintaining interrelationships between these objects using constrain-based rules automated by the developed system in real-time. The developed IAMVE (Interactive Architectural Modeling in Virtual Environments) system provides more flexibility to architectural designers and develops an edge to multi-user real time 3D virtual environments to be better utilized in the context of architectural design
keywords	3D Virtual Environments, 3D Modeling; Architectural Compositions, User Interactivity
series	CAADRIA
email
last changed	2022/06/07 08:00

_id	cdc2008_267
id	cdc2008_267
authors	Rojas, Francisca M.; Kristian Kloeckl and Carlo Ratti
year	2008
title	Dynamic City: Investigations into the sensing, analysis and application of real-time, location-based data
source	First International Conference on Critical Digital: What Matters(s)? - 18-19 April 2008, Harvard University Graduate School of Design, Cambridge (USA), pp. 267-278
summary	Over the past decade, our cities have been blanketed with digital bits. Unlike the old electromagnetic, unidirectional waves, these bits are bidirectional – they communicate – and are thus tied to human activities. Our hypothesis is that by analyzing these bits we can gain an augmented, fine-grained understanding of how the city functions - socially, economically and yes, even psychologically. Some preliminary results from different projects recently carried out at MIT senseable city lab are discussed below.
email
last changed	2009/01/07 08:05

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